Logic Express 7 Reference Manual Apple Computer, Inc. © 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All rights reserved. Under the copyright laws, this manual may not be copied, in whole or in part, without the written consent of Apple. Your rights to the software are governed by the accompanying software licence agreement. The Apple logo is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. Use of the "keyboard" Apple logo (Option-Shift-K) for commercial purposes without the prior written consent of Apple may constitute trademark infringement and unfair competition in violation of federal and state laws. Every effort has been made to ensure that the information in this manual is accurate. Apple Computer, Inc. is not responsible for printing or clerical errors. Apple Computer, Inc. 1 Infinite Loop Cupertino, CA 95014-2084 408-996-1010 www.apple.com Apple, the Apple logo, Aqua, Final Cut, Final Cut Pro, FireWire, iBook, iMac, iPod, iTunes, Logic, Mac, Macintosh, Mac OS, PowerBook, Power Mac, Power Macintosh, and QuickTime are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. Finder and GarageBand are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. AppleCare is a service mark of Apple Computer, Inc. Helvetica is a registered trademark of Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG, available from Linotype Library GmbH. Other company and product names mentioned herein are trademarks of their respective companies. Mention of third-party products is for informational purposes only and constitutes neither an endorsement nor a recommendation. Apple assumes no responsibility with regard to the performance or use of these products. 1 Contents Preface 9 9 10 13 13 14 16 21 32 33 35 36 44 49 51 60 62 67 68 70 70 73 73 82 84 86 89 91 91 92 100 Logic Reference What Is Logic? About This Manual Using Logic Using the Mouse Input Options Tools and the Toolbox Window Functions Edit Operations Selection Techniques General Functions of the Editors Key Commands Step Input Caps Lock Keyboard Song Administration Standard MIDI Files Apple Loops GarageBand File Import ReCycle Import OPEN TL Import Bouncing and POW-r Dithering Transport The Transport Window The Bar Ruler Cycle Mode Recording Chase Events Arrange Window Overview Tracks Arrange Channel Strip Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 3 101 107 116 120 122 124 127 128 132 Chapter 4 133 133 141 145 148 153 153 154 159 162 181 189 191 192 194 211 218 221 225 225 227 232 233 236 239 240 240 242 244 245 MIDI Instruments MIDI Regions MIDI Region Playback Parameters Quantization Folders Aliases Time and Key Signature Editor Altering the Display Reset Functions Audio in the Arrange Window Regions Audio Recording Functions Freeze The Environment Environment--Introduction Basic Operation The MIDI Signal Path Environment Objects Faders Environment Exchange Logic's Mixing Facilities Audio Mixer Audio Objects in the Audio and Track Mixer Audio Object Types Track Mixer MIDI Channel Strips Automation Automation--Introduction Track Based Automation Region Based Automation Hyper Draw Conversion of Automation Data Global Tracks Display Options for Global Tracks How to Create, Move, Copy, and Delete Global Events Tempo Track Signature Track Transposition Track Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 4 Contents 247 Chapter 9 249 249 251 253 256 260 268 271 271 274 274 275 275 277 280 288 291 297 297 299 300 302 305 309 310 311 311 312 313 319 323 323 324 325 327 Video Track Audio Window Audio Window--Introduction Layout Display Operation File Administration Further Options Audio Drivers The Audio Hardware and Drivers Dialog Audio Engine Realtime Sample Rate Conversion Sample Editor Sample Editor--Introduction Display The Sample Edit Window in Use Functions Digital Factory Event List Using the Event List Display Operation Event List Structure Event Type Structure Tips for Numerical Input Event Float Window Hyper Editor Hyper Editor--Introduction Hyper Sets Event Definitions Operation Matrix Editor Matrix Editor--Introduction Display Editing Notes Hyper Draw in the Matrix Window Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Contents 5 Chapter 15 329 329 331 332 336 339 339 341 342 343 343 344 348 369 371 374 380 398 401 410 423 425 432 437 437 439 444 447 447 448 451 451 453 459 460 461 461 465 466 Score Editor Score Editor--Introduction Elements of the Score Edit Window Notation Concept General Appearance Input Methods in the Score Window Score Display Options--a Survey Printout Graphic Export Realtime MIDI Recording Step Input Mouse Input The Part Box Move, Copy, and Paste Editing or Deleting Notes and Symbols The Display Parameter Box Score Styles Note Attributes Instrument Sets and Score Display Levels Song Settings for Score Display Score Preferences Text: Input and Display Chord Symbols The Transform Window Transform Window--Introduction Transformation Parameter Sets Tempo Display and Functions Tempo List Editor Synchronization Functions Synchronization Window Bar Ruler--Time Ruler Sync Problems and Solutions Video Synchronizing QuickTime Movies Song Settings and Preferences Song Settings Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 6 Contents 476 Chapter 21 487 488 490 495 498 500 501 511 Preferences Control Surface Support Installation Setup Window Parameters Control Surface Preferences Customizing Control Surfaces The Controller Assignments Window Glossary Index Contents 7 Recent years have seen a revolution in the use of personal computers for creating music. Music projects that until recently would have required an array of professional studio equipment can now be completed in a home or project studio, using a personal computer and readily available resources. A personal computer with a fast processor and enough RAM can now serve as a workstation for recording, arranging, mixing, and producing complete music projects, which can be played back on the computer, burned on a CD or DVD, or distributed over the Internet. What Is Logic? Logic is an integrated system for composing, producing, and scoring music, built specifically for Mac OS X. Musicians can create professional sounding original music compositions, royalty-free soundtracks for Final Cut Pro video projects, and more. Logic allows you to build musical arrangements using MIDI and software instruments alongside audio recordings of acoustic instruments, vocal performances and prerecorded audio files. You can freely combine and arrange loops plus MIDI and software instrument parts in Logic's Arrange window, add professional-quality effects, mix your music in stereo, and export the final mix to a standard audio file or an audio CD that can be played on any multimedia-equipped computer, home stereo or imported into Final Cut Pro or other applications. Logic includes the following features, amongst many others: · Record MIDI information via connected MIDI input devices, such as keyboards, and play back this information via any connected MIDI device or Logic's integrated software instruments. · Create, arrange, and edit MIDI projects, and print out musical notation via a printer connected to your computer. · Digitally record acoustic and electric instruments or vocal performances into your projects, and process these audio recordings with Logic's in-built real-time effects. Preface 9 Logic Reference · Make use of the integrated software instruments, including: ES1 and EXS24 or third· · · · · · · party Audio Unit instruments. Load songs or channel strips from Apple's GarageBand application, and edit them, making use of the additional processing and editing possibilities afforded by Logic. Mix your MIDI and audio tracks, including effects and software-based instrument settings, via a sophisticated total recall mix automation system. Logic includes highquality effects plug-ins that you can use in your projects. You can also install thirdparty effects in the Audio Units plug-in format. Bounce all audio data, including effects and mix automation settings, to a stereo file for mastering or further processing. Work in real time: You can work on Logic projects in real time, adding, and editing audio and MIDI parts while the project is playing, and hear the results of your changes immediately. Use existing loop libraries: Logic directly supports Apple Loop files, and is compatible with a wide variety of existing audio file types, including those created in ReCycle. Locate and preview files easily: The Apple Loop Browser, part of the Logic interface, provides powerful file browsing and search features, making it easy to locate loops by instrument, genre, mood, or other search criteria. Mix Apple Loops recorded at different tempos and keys: Logic automatically matches loops to the project tempo and key, allowing you to freely combine loops from different sources in a single project. About This Manual This book is the final arbiter on all things in Logic, and covers all areas of the program in detail. You will find descriptions of the most essential aspects of Logic's interface, commands, and menus in the Using Logic chapter. These descriptions are often paired with instructions or examples for accomplishing specific tasks. Chapter 2 discusses the use of Logic's Transport functions and covers the navigation of your Logic projects. The following chapters will provide you with an overview and complete description of all parameters and functions available in each of Logic's editing and file handling windows. You will learn how to make use of the arranging, recording, and editing facilities available--for MIDI and audio data--in these chapters. Later chapters discuss mixing, automation, and Logic's preferences, Song settings and synchronization options. 10 Preface Logic Reference The Onscreen Help system--accessible from Logic's Help menu--is fundamentally the Reference Manuals in electronic form. It has the advantage of being at your fingertips when you need it, and is also searchable. Even if you're the type who just doesn't like reading manuals, we ask that you read the next section. It will provide you with essential information on the basic operation of Logic's interface. Please note that all topics described herein were accurate at the date of printing. For up to date information on changes or additions made after printing, please refer to the Late Breaking News on the Logic DVD, and/or to the Update Info, included with each Logic update. Conventions of This Manual... Before commencing, we'd like to cover the following conventions used in this manual. Menu Functions For functions that can be reached via hierarchical menus, the different menu levels are described as follows: Menu > Menu entry > Function. Important Entries Some text will be shown as follows: Important: Information on function or parameter. These entries discuss a key concept or technical information that should, or must, be followed or taken into account. Please pay special attention to these entries. Notes Some sections provide additional information or tips that will assist your use of Logic. These are displayed as shown below: Note: Information on function or parameter. Key Commands Many Logic functions can be activated or accessed with key commands--computer keyboard shortcuts. The key commands mentioned in this guide are based on the standard Key Command Set, assigned by the Logic Setup Assistant. Where possible, we have also included the standard Key Commands for PowerBook users. These are based on the PowerBook Key Command Set, assigned in the Logic Setup Assistant. Preface Logic Reference 11 1 Using Logic 1 The following chapter will guide you through Logic's basic interface elements, file handling options and common input techniques. You will also learn about a number of shortcuts and features that will accelerate your workflow, and assist you while learning about Logic. Using the Mouse The mouse can be used in the following ways in Logic: Clicking Place the mouse pointer on the object (button, input field and so on) and press the mouse button once. Double-Clicking The same as clicking on an object, but you press the mouse button twice, in quick succession. You can set a suitable interval between clicks in the System Preferences (Keyboard and Mouse pane). Grabbing or Clicking and Holding The same as clicking on an object, but you keep the mouse button held down. Moving or Dragging Grab the object, and move the mouse (keeping the mouse button held down) to the desired position. Mouse Wheel Events You can use the mouse wheel to scroll vertically in Logic. There are also some modifiers supported: · If you press Command, the mouse wheel can be used to scroll horizontally. · If you press Option, the mouse wheel can be used to zoom in/out vertically. · If you press Option-Command, the mouse wheel can be used to zoom in/out horizontally. 13 · If you press Option-Control, the mouse wheel can be used to zoom in/out ...