User manual APPLE LOGIC EXPRESS 7 - REFERENCE MANUAL

Logic Express 7 Reference Manual Apple Computer, Inc. © 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All rights reserved. Under the copyright laws, this manual may not be copied, in whole or in part, without the written consent of Apple. Your rights to the software are governed by the accompanying software licence agreement. The Apple logo is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. Use of the "keyboard" Apple logo (Option-Shift-K) for commercial purposes without the prior written consent of Apple may constitute trademark infringement and unfair competition in violation of federal and state laws. Every effort has been made to ensure that the information in this manual is accurate. Apple Computer, Inc. is not responsible for printing or clerical errors. Apple Computer, Inc. 1 Infinite Loop Cupertino, CA 95014-2084 408-996-1010 www.apple.com Apple, the Apple logo, Aqua, Final Cut, Final Cut Pro, FireWire, iBook, iMac, iPod, iTunes, Logic, Mac, Macintosh, Mac OS, PowerBook, Power Mac, Power Macintosh, and QuickTime are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. Finder and GarageBand are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. AppleCare is a service mark of Apple Computer, Inc. Helvetica is a registered trademark of Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG, available from Linotype Library GmbH. Other company and product names mentioned herein are trademarks of their respective companies. Mention of third-party products is for informational purposes only and constitutes neither an endorsement nor a recommendation. Apple assumes no responsibility with regard to the performance or use of these products. 1 Contents Preface 9 9 10 13 13 14 16 21 32 33 35 36 44 49 51 60 62 67 68 70 70 73 73 82 84 86 89 91 91 92 100 Logic Reference What Is Logic? About This Manual Using Logic Using the Mouse Input Options Tools and the Toolbox Window Functions Edit Operations Selection Techniques General Functions of the Editors Key Commands Step Input Caps Lock Keyboard Song Administration Standard MIDI Files Apple Loops GarageBand File Import ReCycle Import OPEN TL Import Bouncing and POW-r Dithering Transport The Transport Window The Bar Ruler Cycle Mode Recording Chase Events Arrange Window Overview Tracks Arrange Channel Strip Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 3 101 107 116 120 122 124 127 128 132 Chapter 4 133 133 141 145 148 153 153 154 159 162 181 189 191 192 194 211 218 221 225 225 227 232 233 236 239 240 240 242 244 245 MIDI Instruments MIDI Regions MIDI Region Playback Parameters Quantization Folders Aliases Time and Key Signature Editor Altering the Display Reset Functions Audio in the Arrange Window Regions Audio Recording Functions Freeze The Environment Environment--Introduction Basic Operation The MIDI Signal Path Environment Objects Faders Environment Exchange Logic's Mixing Facilities Audio Mixer Audio Objects in the Audio and Track Mixer Audio Object Types Track Mixer MIDI Channel Strips Automation Automation--Introduction Track Based Automation Region Based Automation Hyper Draw Conversion of Automation Data Global Tracks Display Options for Global Tracks How to Create, Move, Copy, and Delete Global Events Tempo Track Signature Track Transposition Track Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 4 Contents 247 Chapter 9 249 249 251 253 256 260 268 271 271 274 274 275 275 277 280 288 291 297 297 299 300 302 305 309 310 311 311 312 313 319 323 323 324 325 327 Video Track Audio Window Audio Window--Introduction Layout Display Operation File Administration Further Options Audio Drivers The Audio Hardware and Drivers Dialog Audio Engine Realtime Sample Rate Conversion Sample Editor Sample Editor--Introduction Display The Sample Edit Window in Use Functions Digital Factory Event List Using the Event List Display Operation Event List Structure Event Type Structure Tips for Numerical Input Event Float Window Hyper Editor Hyper Editor--Introduction Hyper Sets Event Definitions Operation Matrix Editor Matrix Editor--Introduction Display Editing Notes Hyper Draw in the Matrix Window Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Contents 5 Chapter 15 329 329 331 332 336 339 339 341 342 343 343 344 348 369 371 374 380 398 401 410 423 425 432 437 437 439 444 447 447 448 451 451 453 459 460 461 461 465 466 Score Editor Score Editor--Introduction Elements of the Score Edit Window Notation Concept General Appearance Input Methods in the Score Window Score Display Options--a Survey Printout Graphic Export Realtime MIDI Recording Step Input Mouse Input The Part Box Move, Copy, and Paste Editing or Deleting Notes and Symbols The Display Parameter Box Score Styles Note Attributes Instrument Sets and Score Display Levels Song Settings for Score Display Score Preferences Text: Input and Display Chord Symbols The Transform Window Transform Window--Introduction Transformation Parameter Sets Tempo Display and Functions Tempo List Editor Synchronization Functions Synchronization Window Bar Ruler--Time Ruler Sync Problems and Solutions Video Synchronizing QuickTime Movies Song Settings and Preferences Song Settings Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 6 Contents 476 Chapter 21 487 488 490 495 498 500 501 511 Preferences Control Surface Support Installation Setup Window Parameters Control Surface Preferences Customizing Control Surfaces The Controller Assignments Window Glossary Index Contents 7 Recent years have seen a revolution in the use of personal computers for creating music. Music projects that until recently would have required an array of professional studio equipment can now be completed in a home or project studio, using a personal computer and readily available resources. A personal computer with a fast processor and enough RAM can now serve as a workstation for recording, arranging, mixing, and producing complete music projects, which can be played back on the computer, burned on a CD or DVD, or distributed over the Internet. What Is Logic? Logic is an integrated system for composing, producing, and scoring music, built specifically for Mac OS X. Musicians can create professional sounding original music compositions, royalty-free soundtracks for Final Cut Pro video projects, and more. Logic allows you to build musical arrangements using MIDI and software instruments alongside audio recordings of acoustic instruments, vocal performances and prerecorded audio files. You can freely combine and arrange loops plus MIDI and software instrument parts in Logic's Arrange window, add professional-quality effects, mix your music in stereo, and export the final mix to a standard audio file or an audio CD that can be played on any multimedia-equipped computer, home stereo or imported into Final Cut Pro or other applications. Logic includes the following features, amongst many others: · Record MIDI information via connected MIDI input devices, such as keyboards, and play back this information via any connected MIDI device or Logic's integrated software instruments. · Create, arrange, and edit MIDI projects, and print out musical notation via a printer connected to your computer. · Digitally record acoustic and electric instruments or vocal performances into your projects, and process these audio recordings with Logic's in-built real-time effects. Preface 9 Logic Reference · Make use of the integrated software instruments, including: ES1 and EXS24 or third· · · · · · · party Audio Unit instruments. Load songs or channel strips from Apple's GarageBand application, and edit them, making use of the additional processing and editing possibilities afforded by Logic. Mix your MIDI and audio tracks, including effects and software-based instrument settings, via a sophisticated total recall mix automation system. Logic includes highquality effects plug-ins that you can use in your projects. You can also install thirdparty effects in the Audio Units plug-in format. Bounce all audio data, including effects and mix automation settings, to a stereo file for mastering or further processing. Work in real time: You can work on Logic projects in real time, adding, and editing audio and MIDI parts while the project is playing, and hear the results of your changes immediately. Use existing loop libraries: Logic directly supports Apple Loop files, and is compatible with a wide variety of existing audio file types, including those created in ReCycle. Locate and preview files easily: The Apple Loop Browser, part of the Logic interface, provides powerful file browsing and search features, making it easy to locate loops by instrument, genre, mood, or other search criteria. Mix Apple Loops recorded at different tempos and keys: Logic automatically matches loops to the project tempo and key, allowing you to freely combine loops from different sources in a single project. About This Manual This book is the final arbiter on all things in Logic, and covers all areas of the program in detail. You will find descriptions of the most essential aspects of Logic's interface, commands, and menus in the Using Logic chapter. These descriptions are often paired with instructions or examples for accomplishing specific tasks. Chapter 2 discusses the use of Logic's Transport functions and covers the navigation of your Logic projects. The following chapters will provide you with an overview and complete description of all parameters and functions available in each of Logic's editing and file handling windows. You will learn how to make use of the arranging, recording, and editing facilities available--for MIDI and audio data--in these chapters. Later chapters discuss mixing, automation, and Logic's preferences, Song settings and synchronization options. 10 Preface Logic Reference The Onscreen Help system--accessible from Logic's Help menu--is fundamentally the Reference Manuals in electronic form. It has the advantage of being at your fingertips when you need it, and is also searchable. Even if you're the type who just doesn't like reading manuals, we ask that you read the next section. It will provide you with essential information on the basic operation of Logic's interface. Please note that all topics described herein were accurate at the date of printing. For up to date information on changes or additions made after printing, please refer to the Late Breaking News on the Logic DVD, and/or to the Update Info, included with each Logic update. Conventions of This Manual... Before commencing, we'd like to cover the following conventions used in this manual. Menu Functions For functions that can be reached via hierarchical menus, the different menu levels are described as follows: Menu > Menu entry > Function. Important Entries Some text will be shown as follows: Important: Information on function or parameter. These entries discuss a key concept or technical information that should, or must, be followed or taken into account. Please pay special attention to these entries. Notes Some sections provide additional information or tips that will assist your use of Logic. These are displayed as shown below: Note: Information on function or parameter. Key Commands Many Logic functions can be activated or accessed with key commands--computer keyboard shortcuts. The key commands mentioned in this guide are based on the standard Key Command Set, assigned by the Logic Setup Assistant. Where possible, we have also included the standard Key Commands for PowerBook users. These are based on the PowerBook Key Command Set, assigned in the Logic Setup Assistant. Preface Logic Reference 11 1 Using Logic 1 The following chapter will guide you through Logic's basic interface elements, file handling options and common input techniques. You will also learn about a number of shortcuts and features that will accelerate your workflow, and assist you while learning about Logic. Using the Mouse The mouse can be used in the following ways in Logic: Clicking Place the mouse pointer on the object (button, input field and so on) and press the mouse button once. Double-Clicking The same as clicking on an object, but you press the mouse button twice, in quick succession. You can set a suitable interval between clicks in the System Preferences (Keyboard and Mouse pane). Grabbing or Clicking and Holding The same as clicking on an object, but you keep the mouse button held down. Moving or Dragging Grab the object, and move the mouse (keeping the mouse button held down) to the desired position. Mouse Wheel Events You can use the mouse wheel to scroll vertically in Logic. There are also some modifiers supported: · If you press Command, the mouse wheel can be used to scroll horizontally. · If you press Option, the mouse wheel can be used to zoom in/out vertically. · If you press Option-Command, the mouse wheel can be used to zoom in/out horizontally. 13 · If you press Option-Control, the mouse wheel can be used to zoom in/out in both directions. Note: Logic also supports mice with two wheels. The second wheel works like the first wheel, but with interchanged axes. Input Options This section discusses the various methods available for interaction with parameters, and data entry tasks. Mouse Input Checkboxes Checkboxes are square boxes that are "checked" when you click them, in order to activate an option (or function). Click the checkbox a second time to remove the "check" and deactivate the option. , Pull-Down Menus Pull-down menus open when you click-hold on certain input fields or buttons. You can select a function from within such menus by highlighting the desired item with the mouse, and releasing the mouse button. If you wish to select an item that is outside the visible section of the menu, · move the mouse over the top or bottom edge of the menu; the further you move it, the faster you will scroll through the menu. · hold down Shift as you do this. You can then release the mouse button, and use the scroll bar to the right of the pull-down menu to browse. When the mouse reaches the entry you wish to use, release Shift. Mouse as Slider You can set most numerical parameters (even note values or names) by grabbing the parameter value, and moving the mouse up or down. If the parameter consists of several separate numbers (song position, for example), you can adjust each number individually using this method. 14 Chapter 1 Using Logic Using the Mouse for In/Decrementing Nearly all parameter values that can be set using the mouse as a slider (and even some of the pull-down menu parameters) may also be increased or decreased in single units by clicking on the top or bottom half of the value, while holding down Control. Numerical Input Double-clicking on a numerical parameter value opens an input field. The existing value is highlighted, and ready to be overwritten by a new entry. You can also use the mouse to make a partial selection in an input field, so that only the highlighted part is overwritten. As long as the input field is open, the computer keyboard may only be used for data entry, and may not be used for key commands (with the exception of the main menu functions). Arithmetical Operations You can enter numbers at any time by typing in an arithmetical operation: "+2" or "-5" , for example, which changes the current value by/to that amount. ASCII Code You can also input numbers as ASCII code: just place a ` or " in front of the selected key, and the ASCII code will be input as a number. As an example: · "! results in a value of 33 · "a results in a value of 97 This function is particularly useful for entering text in SysEx strings. Cancel Numerical Input Direct numerical input can be canceled by entering no text at all and pressing Enter or Return. Chapter 1 Using Logic 15 Text Input You can input text names in the same way as numbers, but you only need to click a name field once to allow input. You can directly click on an object with the Text tool to rename it. Numbered Names Any number of selected Objects or Regions can be assigned same name. If the name ends with a number, this number will automatically be incremented by 1 for each subsequent Object or Region. This allows you to quickly, and uniquely, name all of the Regions on a track or all of the Fader Objects in the Environment, as examples. Note: To turn off automatic numbering, place a space after the number at the end of the Object or Region name. All selected Objects and Region will then end in the same number. Tools and the Toolbox Logic allows recorded data to be handled graphically. This means that you don't need to input instructions in command lines in order to perform operations, but rather, do so by manipulating graphical "objects" This is done with the help of Tools (see "The Tools" . on page 18). Each edit window provides different Toolboxes that are suitable for the tasks performed in the editor. The Arrange window Toolbox looks like this: When editing objects graphically, you always have two tools available at the mouse pointer position: one is already active, the other is activated by holding down Command. 16 Chapter 1 Using Logic You can change the currently active tool by clicking on another tool in the Toolbox. The mouse pointer then adopts the shape of the tool you clicked on, allowing you to instantly identify the active tool by looking at the cursor graphic: the Eraser is used for deleting, the Scissors for cutting and the Glue Tool for merging Regions, as examples. To assign a tool to Command, click on the desired tool in the Toolbox, with Command depressed. If you have a suitable mouse, you can also assign the right mouse button to a third tool, allowing the use of three assignable tools: · left-click · Command- (left) click · right-click Note: You can also assign the Toolbox to the right mouse button with the Global > Editing > Right Mouse Button Opens Toolbox preference. This allows you to open the Toolbox at the mouse cursor position by right-clicking anywhere in the working area of the open window. Tools are only effective in the working area of the window in which they were selected. You can define individual tools for each opened window. A tool (the Scissors, for example) basically affects the Objects or Regions that you click on. If multiple Objects or Regions are selected, they will all be affected by the tool (the Scissors would cut all selected Regions at the same song position, for example). Note: The Toolbox can be hidden in the Arrange and Score Editor windows to save onscreen space, which can be very helpful if you only have a small monitor. The function is accessible via the View > Toolbox menu option. Selecting Tools You select the tool you wish to use by clicking on it (with the left or right mouse button) in the Toolbox (or clicking while holding down Command for the alternate tool). Note: You can use the Set next Tool and Set previous Tool key commands to switch to the neighboring tool in the top window. Opening the Toolbox at the Mouse Position Use the Show Tools key command (default: Esc) to open a Toolbox at the mouse position. When a Toolbox is opened at the mouse position, you can also use one of the number keys to select a tool. The tools are always numbered from left to right and top to bottom. Press the Show Tools key command a second time to switch to the pointer, and close the Toolbox. Chapter 1 Using Logic 17 Using Key Commands Each tool can be selected via a specific key command. Key commands that switch to a specific tool toggle between this tool and the previously selected tool. The Tools Here are two example Toolboxes, which contain most of the tools available in Logic: Arrange Toolbox Eraser Pencil Pointer Mute tool Magnifying Glass (Zoom tool) Crossfade tool Text tool Scissors Solo tool Glue tool Score Toolbox Text tool Eraser Pencil Pointer Mute tool Sizer tool Quantize tool Velocity tool Camera tool Glue tool Scissors Layout tool Magnifying Glass Voice Splitter Solo tool All tools, including a number of tools not displayed in the images, are described below. As mentioned earlier, some tools are specific to certain editing windows. Pointer The Pointer is the default tool. The mouse also takes on this shape outside the working area when making a menu selection or inputting a data value. Within the working area, the pointer is used for selecting (by clicking on Objects or Regions), moving (by grabbing and dragging), copying (by holding down Option and dragging), and editing lengths (by grabbing the bottom right corner and dragging). Grabbing and dragging anywhere on the window background activates a "rubber band" that allows the , selection of multiple Regions or Objects. Note: When changing the lengths of multiple Regions, you can make all lengths equal by holding Shift-Option. 18 Chapter 1 Using Logic Pencil The Pencil is used to add new Regions. You can also select, drag, and alter the length of Regions while the Pencil tool is active. Scissors The Scissors tool is used to split Regions, allowing individual sections to be copied, moved or deleted. Text Tool The Text tool is used to name Regions, or add text to a musical score. Layout Tool The Layout tool is used to graphically move events in the Score Editor, in order to optimize the display (bars to lines: "Local Formatting" for example), without altering , the timing of the actual MIDI events. Size Tool The Size tool is used to adjust the size of graphic elements in the score. It looks similar to the bottom right corner of a Mac window, which is also used for resizing tasks. Magnifying Glass The Magnifying Glass allows you to zoom in on a "rubber-banded" section, up to the full window size. You can revert to the normal zoom level by clicking on the background with the tool. You can also access this function when other tools are selected by holding down Control. Solo Tool Click-holding on a Region with the Solo tool allows you to listen to the selected Regions in isolation during playback. Moving the mouse vertically also outputs any events the cursor touches, even when the sequencer is stopped. Mute Tool Clicking on a Region with the Mute tool prevents it from playing. A dot is placed in front of the Region name (and the Region is shaded if the Preferences > Display > Arrange > Muted Regions are textured preference is active), to indicate that it is muted. You can unmute the Region by clicking on it again with the Mute tool. If multiple Regions are selected, the setting of the clicked Region applies to all selected Regions. Finger Tool The Finger is used to alter note lengths in the Matrix Editor. Eraser Tool The Eraser deletes selected Regions and Objects. When you click on an Object or Region with the Eraser, all of the currently selected Objects and Regions are deleted (as if you had used Backspace). Chapter 1 Using Logic 19 Glue Tool The Glue tool performs the reverse operation of the Scissors tool. All selected Regions are merged into a single Region, which is assigned the name and track position of the first Region on the time axis. Crosshair Tool The Crosshair is used to input a linear series of MIDI events in the Hyper Editor. MIDI Thru Tool Clicking on an instrument in the Environment with the MIDI Thru tool assigns the instrument to the selected track in the Arrange window, thereby making it the active MIDI Thru instrument. Voice Splitter Tool You can separate polyphonic voices onto different staves in the Score Editor by drawing a dividing line with the Voice Splitter tool (provided you are using a polyphonic score style). Camera Tool The Camera tool is used to select, and export, sections of the Score Editor display as graphics files. Quantize Tool The Quantize tool is used to correct the timing of MIDI note events in the Matrix and Score Editors. Velocity Tool You can use the Velocity tool to change the velocity of notes in the Matrix and Score Editors. Help Tags A help tag appears just below the mouse cursor position--for as long as the mouse button is held down--when using many of the tools. The help tag provides useful feedback about the type of operation you are performing. Important: You must enable the Preferences > Display > Show Help Tags option in order to view help tags during editing operations. During operations involving Regions, the help tag will look something like this: From left to right (and from top to bottom), the values indicate: (name of ) operation, mouse (or Region) position, Region name, track number, and length of the Region. 20 Chapter 1 Using Logic During operations involving events, the help tag looks something like this: From left to right, the values indicate: (name of ) operation, mouse (or event) position, event type, event MIDI channel, first data byte (note pitch, for example), second data byte (note velocity, for example), and event length (note length, for example). Window Functions The basic functions of the Logic windows are the same as those in other Macintosh applications. The display options available in Logic's windows are far more extensive, however, than those of other programs. In Logic, you can open different combinations of windows (even several of the same type) and adjust each one individually. All open windows in a song are constantly updated. This means that the windows update to follow the song position, and any alterations made in one window immediately update the display of all other windows you are working with. It is also easy to save different window arrangements (called "Screensets"), and recall them with the push of a button. Working With Windows Opening Windows All Logic windows can be opened from the Windows menu. The corresponding key command (Open Arrange, Command-1, for example) is displayed beside each menu item, allowing you to open the window without using the mouse. You can open as many of the same type of window as you like. The Toggle ... Window key commands allow you to define one key command to: · bring an open window (of an assigned type) to the front, · open a window of the assigned type, · close a window of the assigned type, if it is in front (the active window). Setting Window Size You can adjust window size by dragging the lower right-hand corner of the window, as with any window in the Finder. Chapter 1 Using Logic 21 Window Buttons The three buttons found at the top left of all windows (except the Transport) perform the following operations: · Left button (black dot): closes the window. · Center button (minus sign): minimizes the window, and places an icon on the Dock. The window can be restored by clicking on the icon in the Dock. · Right button (plus sign); resizes the window to the maximum screen size. A second click on the icon will restore the original window size. Moving Up One Level in the Display Hierarchy Clicking the button featuring the square graphic (Up One Display Level button--or UDL button) in the top left corner of the window takes you to the next (higher) display level. Note: Double-clicking on the background of the edit area of a window also takes you to the next highest display level. Display Levels in the Editors Normally, the editors are at the lowest display level, which shows individual events. Clicking the UDL button, at the upper left corner of the editor window, allows you to move up one level in the hierarchy. As an example, if you are currently looking at the events in a MIDI Region inside a folder, the display will switch to a view of the MIDI Region in the parent folder. In the Matrix and Hyper Editors, this step up the display hierarchy means that you will then see an Arrange window. In this scenario, a change to the lowest display hierarchy level will cause the relevant editor to reappear. At the Arrange level, you will see the local menus of the Matrix or Score Editors, which also contain all of the Arrange window functions. Double-clicking on a MIDI Region opens the Hyper, Matrix, Score Editor, or Event List display of the contents of the MIDI Region. Use of this facility, in conjunction with the UDL button allows you to quickly switch to another MIDI Region, and edit its contents. 22 Chapter 1 Using Logic Clicking the UDL button in the Event List moves you up one level in the hierarchy, just like the other editors. In the Event List, however, the form of the display remains the same but instead of a listing of individual events, you'll see a list of Regions--along with their position, name, track number, and length. The MIDI Region that you were just editing will be selected in the list of Regions. Once again, double-clicking on a MIDI Region (or using the Go Into Folder or Region key command) takes you back to the lowest display level, showing the contents of the MIDI Region. Double-clicking on an Audio Region opens the Region in the Sample Editor. In the Score Editor, clicking on the UDL button, or double-clicking on the background takes you to the higher display level. Unlike the other editors, individual events can also be edited while in higher display levels in the Score Editor. Double-clicking on a staff (at an empty point), takes you back to a lower display level. Selecting the Working Area The scroll bars are situated at the right and bottom edges of a window, if you can only see a portion of the total working area in either the vertical or horizontal dimension. You can move the visible section by clicking the arrows, or grabbing and dragging the scroll slider. There are two points of note: · The size relationship of the scroll slider to the entire scroll bar corresponds to the size of the visible section of the window, in relation to the overall window size. · The visible section changes as you move the scroll slider. The X/Y scroll element is situated at the bottom left corner of the window. By grabbing and dragging it, you can move the horizontal and vertical window section, as if you were dragging both scroll bars simultaneously. When the cursor hovers over the X/Y scroll element, a crosshair icon with four arrowheads is displayed. You can also engage the X/Y scroll feature by holding down a third button (the mouse wheel button, for example), and moving the mouse. The distance of the mouse pointer position from the initial clicked position determines the scrolling speed. Note: Touching the background of the Arrange Window while holding Shift-Control also allows you to scroll the window both horizontally and vertically. Chapter 1 Using Logic 23 Use the Page Up, Page Down, Page Left, and Page Right key commands to scroll one page up, down, left, or right, as if you had clicked in the grey region (in the scroll bar) above/below the vertical scroll slider, or to the left/right of the horizontal scroll slider. The Page Top, Page Bottom, Page Left most and Page Right most key commands move the visible section of the working area to the top, bottom, left, or right, just as if you had grabbed one of the scrollers, and moved it to one of its extreme positions. In the Arrange window, Event List, Hyper, and Matrix editors, View > Scroll To Selection allows you to move the visible window section to the first set of selected events. This function is available as a key command in the Arrange and Various MIDI Region Editors area. The key command works in the currently-active window. Closing Windows You can close windows by clicking on the close symbol at the top left. If you hold down Option as you click, all windows of the active song will be closed. Holding Shift while clicking closes all windows of all currently loaded songs. Zooming The Zoom sliders are used to zoom in and out of the working area display. Selection of different Zoom slider values reduces or increases the size of Objects and Regions in the displayed screen section, allowing you to see more Objects and Regions in the same space (zoom out) or a detailed display of fewer Objects and Regions (zoom in). While zooming, the top-left selected Object/Region is kept in the visible area of the screen, whenever possible. The horizontal Zoom slider is located to the bottom-left of the working area of the screen--in the Arrange window, it's just under the Track List. The vertical Zoom slider is found at the top right of the active window. 24 Chapter 1 Using Logic Clicking on the more closely spaced bars will reduce the zoom level. Clicking on the widely spaced bars will increase the zoom level. You can click-hold and drag the Zoom sliders to step through several zoom levels. Any relative size differences between tracks/objects will be retained when zooming. Command-clicking in the left/right (horizontal) or top/bottom (vertical) half of the Zoom slider decreases/increases the zoom factor by one step. Storing and Recalling Zoom Settings You can store three different zoom settings for each window via use of the Save as Zoom 1­3 key commands. Use Recall Zoom 1­3 to recall your zoomed settings. These commands only apply to the top (active) window. Zooming in on One Section of the Screen To enlarge a section of the screen to fill the whole window, use the Magnifying Glass tool to drag a "rubber band" over the desired area. You can do this more than once. Auto Track Zoom The Arrange menu View > Auto Track Zoom function automatically enlarges the currently selected track. The track size can be manually set by dragging the lower left corner of any track in the Track List (the cursor will change to a "finger" icon). Reverting to the Previous Zoom Setting Click on the background with the Magnifying Glass. This will return the zoom level to the original setting, by backtracking through the previous steps. You can access the Magnifying Glass functions from any other tool (apart from the Pencil) by holding down Control. The pointer will display the active tool, until you press the mouse button. As long as the button is pressed, it will display the Magnifying Glass tool. Window Elements Adjusting the Size of the Window Elements If you move the mouse over the top left corner of the Arrange area, the mouse pointer turns into a crosshair. By dragging it, you can adjust the size of the Bar Ruler, Arrange area, Track List, and Transport field buttons. You can also adjust the window elements in the Score, Hyper, and Matrix Editors using the same method. Concealing/Revealing the Transport Functions Use View > Transportto display or remove the Transport panel from the top left corner of the Hyper, Matrix, or Arrange windows. The number of buttons and indicators shown is dependent on the amount of available screen space. Chapter 1 Using Logic 25 Concealing/Revealing the Parameters The View > Parameters function allows you to display or remove the entire area (which contains the Region parameters, Instrument parameters, and the Toolbox) to the left of the Arrange, Environment, and other edit windows. Hiding these parameters provides more space for the editing window itself. In many windows, you can hide and/or reveal further screen elements, such as the Toolbox. These display options are always available from the View menu. Concealing/Revealing the Local Menu Bar and Scroll Bars Command-Option-click on the window title bar to toggle the display of the local menu bar and scroll bars. This allows you configure small floating windows, which can be stored as part of a Screenset. Resizing the Parameters Area You can alter the size of the entire Parameters area in the Arrange, Score, Hyper, and Environment windows by moving your mouse cursor over the resize bars (the gray, vertical bar with the two vertical lines) between the Parameters area and the column to the right. As an example, the Arrange window's Track List. The cursor appearance will change, allowing you to click and drag horizontally. As you do so, the Parameters area is resized, until the mouse button is released. The smallest "unit" of the resizing grid is the width of a tool in the toolbox. This facility makes reading parameter names and labels clearer. Menu Handling Given Logic's extensive range of data manipulation functions, it would be impractical to display all of them in the main menu bar. To ensure that only relevant functions are available in each editor, a local menu system is employed. Logic's menus are accessed in the same way as in other applications: click-hold on the menu title, move the mouse over the desired item, and release the mouse button. In hierarchical menus, a right-pointing arrow is shown beside the item. If you highlight such an item, a sub-menu will be displayed to the right. To select an item from this submenu, move the mouse to the right, into the sub-menu, and then move vertically over the desired item. Release the mouse button to activate the selected function. Note: A short click on any of the local menus will result in the menu remaining open, even after you have released the mouse button. A long click will result in the behavior described above. 26 Chapter 1 Using Logic Window Types There are two different types of windows in Logic: normal windows and float windows. The contents of all windows that belong to the current song are always updated, regardless of type. Normal Windows You can open as many normal windows as you want, including several of the same type. Even though the contents of all windows are constantly updated, only one of the windows ever has the status of being the "top" or "active" window. This is the window , that is in the foreground when several normal windows overlap. Topped, or active, windows can be recognized by a title bar that is not dimmed out, and black name. The illustration above shows the active, non-floating Arrange window The main distinguishing characteristic of this window is that key commands only affect this window, and not any of the others. The Windows > Next Window menu function brings the next open window to the top, if it is fully obscured by other windows. In background windows, you can not only observe changes, but make almost any kind of change, without having to bring the window into the foreground. To do so, simply long click on it. Background windows are identified by a white title bar (they can be positioned next to the top window, or tiled underneath it) and faded name. You can bring a window to the foreground by clicking on it, clicking on the title bar, or by accessing one of the local menu functions. Chapter 1 Using Logic 27 Float Windows Float windows are so named because they always "float" in the foreground, even above the topped normal window (if there are a lot of open float windows, they will inevitably cover each other up--just click on one to bring it to the foreground). The illustration above shows the Arrange window as float window. Float windows are recognizable by their narrower, gray title bar. Mouse operations can be carried out in the same way as in normal windows. The most common example of a float window is the Transport window. You can open any other window as a float window by holding down Option while selecting the desired edit window from the Windows menu. Note: Holding down Option while opening a window with a key command does not open the window as a float. Relationships Between Windows The two buttons at the top left of a window, determine its relationship to the song position (Catch), or to other windows (Link, Contents Link, or Contents Catch). Catch The Catch function ensures that the visible section of a window follows the song position as the song plays. 28 Chapter 1 Using Logic If the button featuring the walking man is lit, the window's display follows the song position as the song plays. If the button is not lit, the display does not update, even when the song position line moves past the right edge of the visible portion of the window (Catch Clock Position). Note: If you move the visible section manually, Catch is automatically switched off, ensuring that the newly displayed section doesn't then disappear. The Catch when Sequencer starts (Preferences > Global > Catch) option enables Catch mode whenever you press Play or Pause. Link, Contents Link, and Contents Catch You can define these display options to control how information is displayed when working with related editor windows. Link When the button featuring the chain link icon is activated in a given window, this window always displays the same contents as the topped window. The display is adjusted whenever the selection in the topped window is altered. Here's an example: imagine the topped window is an editor. In Linked mode, the other editor windows can display the same data in another form (with the exception of the Arrange window, which does not display event data). Here's another example, using the Environment window; The top window is the Arrange window. In Linked mode, the Environment window will display the instrument that corresponds to the selected track in the Arrange window. As you switch tracks in the Arrange, the Environment will update to reflect the selection. Contents Link Double-clicking on the Link button activates Contents Link mode. This means that the window always shows the contents of the Region or Object selected in the top window. The display is therefore always one level below that of the top window. Here's an example: if the top window is an Arrange window, in Contents Link mode the editor windows can show the events of a selected MIDI Region. Selecting a different MIDI Region in the Arrange window will cause the display of the linked editor to switch to the newly-selected MIDI Region. Chapter 1 Using Logic 29 You could also use Contents Link mode in an Arrange window, to display the contents of the folders in another Arrange window. Contents Catch By simultaneously switching on Catch and Contents Link, you activate Contents Catch mode. Initially, this is equivalent to Contents Link mode, but when the song position reaches the next Region on the same track, the contents of this Region are then displayed. You could use this mode in an Arrange window, much as you would in Contents Link mode. The editors would then show the events of whichever MIDI Region is currently being played on a track. Screensets Normally, you lay out your windows on the screen in a way that suits your working methods. This layout of various windows, including the display size, zoom, position of each window and other settings is called a Screenset, and can be stored. Once defined, you can freely switch between different Screensets, much as you might swap between different computer monitors. Storing Screensets Screensets are numbered from 1 to 99 (using only the 1 to 9 computer keys. The 0 key is used for the Stop command). You can see the number of the current Screenset beside the word Windows in the main menu. You don't need to save Screensets with an explicit command. It happens automatically, as soon as you switch to another Screenset. Thus, without any effort, your current working view is always stored in the current Screenset. Switching Screensets Just input the number of the desired Screenset (1 to 9). For two-digit Screensets hold down Control while entering the first digit. Protecting Screensets Use the Lock/Unlock Current Screenset key command or Windows > Screensets > Lock Screensetmenu option to prevent the current Screenset from being altered. A · appears in front of the Screenset number to indicate that it is locked. Reuse the key or menu command (the default is Shift-L) to unlock the Screenset. The File > New command deactivates all Screenset locks. 30 Chapter 1 Using Logic Copying Screensets To copy the current Screenset to a destination Screenset, hold down Shift when you switch Screensets. Two digit Screensets are copied by holding Shift-Control 1+1, ..., 9+9. You can also use menu functions to copy Screensets via the Clipboard: Switch to the Screenset you would like to copy, and select Windows > Screensets > Copy Screenset, then type in the Screenset number that you wish to copy to, and select Windows > Screensets > Paste Screenset. You can also copy individual Screensets between different songs using this method. To import all Screensets from another song, please make use of the File > Song Settings > Import Settings option. Reverting to a Stored Screenset The Revert to Current Screenset key command resets your screen to its state prior to importing the current Screenset. Recalling Screensets 1 to 9 Screensets 1 to 9 can be recalled by freely-defined key and MIDI remote commands, not only the number keys. This allows you to define the number keys for other purposes, such as toggling windows on and off, as described above. The 1 to 9 key commands are called Recall Screenset 1 (...9, respectively) in the Key Commands window. Sequencer Controlled Screenset Switching You can automatically switch Screensets through the use of meta event # 49--just add it to a MIDI Regionin the Event Editor. To switch a Screenset automatically: 1 Set the song position to the point where you'd like the Screenset to change. 2 Hold down Command and click in the Event Editor on the button shown below. 3 The inserted meta event has a default value of 50 (Song Select). 4 Alter the number in the NUM column from 50 to 49. This changes the name to Screenset. 5 Input the desired Screenset number in the (VAL) column. You can stop the switching by muting the MIDI Region that contains the meta 49 event. Chapter 1 Using Logic 31 Window Management Functions The Windows > Tile Windows function tiles all open windows, and makes them all the same size. The Windows > Stack Windows function stacks all open windows on top of one another, so that at least a part of the title bar is visible for each window, no matter which is the foreground window at the time. The Windows > Tile Windows horizontally function tiles all open windows, using all available horizontal space for each individual window (if possible). Edit Operations The local edit menus in Logic's various windows all take the same form. The top two items are Undo and Redo. Below Redo are the typical Clipboard functions (see "The Clipboard" on page 32), and at the bottom of each are the main selection commands. Undo Undo allows you to reverse the previous edit. The default key command for Undo is Command-Z. Multiple Undo and Redo An unlimited number of editing steps can be undone. This also applies to the Redo function. You can determine the number of undo steps in the Preferences menu. The Clipboard The Clipboard is an invisible area of memory, into which you can cut or copy selected objects, allowing them to be pasted to a different location. The Clipboard is universal, which means that it can be used to exchange objects between songs. Cut All selected objects are removed from their current position, and placed on the Clipboard. The previous contents of the Clipboard are overwritten in the process (key command is Command-X). Copy A copy of all selected objects is placed on the Clipboard. The selected objects are left in place. Here too, the previous contents of the Clipboard are overwritten (key command is Command-C). Paste All objects from the Clipboard are copied into the top window. The Clipboard is not erased in the process (key command is Command-V). 32 Chapter 1 Using Logic The contents of the Clipboard are added at the current song position (if they are events or Regions). The song position is incremented by the length of the pasted Region/ event(s). In the Arrange window, the contents of the Clipboard are pasted to the selected track. If events are pasted into the Arrange window, either a new MIDI Region or Region is created, or the events are added to a selected MIDI Region. Any existing Regions remain unchanged. In the Environment window, the Objects are pasted into the layer currently being displayed, at their original positions. Clear Any selected objects are erased. Clear has no effect on the Clipboard, and is functionally identical to pressing the Backspace key. Selection Techniques Whenever you want to perform a function on one or more objects, you first need to select the objecs. This applies equally to Regions, individual events or Environment Objects. Selected objects are either displayed in an inverted color scheme, or will flash (in the Score Editor). An object selected in one window will also be selected in all other windows that display that object. Changing the top window doesn't affect the selection (as long as you don't click on the background, which deselects everything. Be sure to click on the window's title bar). Goto Selection Start/End The Goto Selection Start/End key command moves the song position line to the location of the first/most recently selected event in the top window. Selecting Individual Objects Individual objects may be selected by clicking on them, and deselected by clicking on the background or by selecting another object. You can also use the Select next/previous Region/event key commands (default: right/left arrows, M/I in the Event List). Select first/last selects the first/last object of the currently displayed level. Selecting Alphabetically The Tab key selects the next alphabetical object. In the Arrange or Environment windows, pressing any letter key selects the first object with a name that begins with the chosen letter (as in the Mac's Finder), provided that no key command is assigned to this key. Chapter 1 Using Logic 33 Selecting Several Objects To select several non-contiguous objects, hold down Shift as you click them. As subsequent objects or events are selected, the previous selections are retained. This also works with horizontal or rubber band selection. Horizontal Selection To select all Regions on a track, click on the track name in the Track List. In the same way, you can select all events (of a specified event definition) in the Hyper Editor, by clicking on the event definition name, or all notes of a certain pitch in the Matrix Editor by clicking the relevant key on the Matrix Editor's keyboard. In Cycle mode, the selection techniques covered above only affect events that fall within the Cycle area. "Rubber-Banding" To select consecutive objects, click on the background and drag a "rubber band" over them. All objects touched, or enclosed, by the rubber band will be selected. Toggling the Selection Status When you make any selection (including by rubber band or horizontal selection) while holding down Shift, the active selection status of the objects (events) will be reversed. You can reverse the selection status of all objects (events) by using Edit > Toggle Selection. As an example of where this would be useful: if you want to select all Regions in a song, with the exception of a few, first select the Regions that you don't wish to use, and then Toggle Selection. Selecting Following Regions/Events To select all Regions/events after the currently selected one (or, if no Region/event is currently selected, to select all Regions/events after the song position line), use the Edit > Select all Following function. Selecting Regions/Events Within the Locators (Vertical Selection) Edit > Select Inside Locatorsselects all Regions/events lying wholly or partly inside the locator positions. 34 Chapter 1 Using Logic General Functions of the Editors Logic's MIDI editors allow the editing of events (MIDI messages). Logic's MIDI editors include the Score, Matrix, and Hyper Editor, Event List and Transform windows. Opening Editors Double-clicking on a MIDI Region opens the Score Editor. There is a pull-down menu on the Preferences > Global > Editing page, which lets you select the editor that will be opened when you double-click on a MIDI Region. The options are: the Score, Event, Matrix, and Hyper Editor. Control Output via MIDI Switching on the MIDI Out button causes MIDI events to be sent when they are added, selected, or edited. This allows you to audibly monitor every editing stage, whether you are scrolling through the Event List (automatic selection) or transposing a note. Deleting Events The basic techniques are the same as those for deleting Regions: · Backspace deletes all selected events. · The Eraser also deletes all selected events, and any events that you click with it (whether previously selected or not). Event and Note Quantization The Event List and Matrix Editor have a separate quantization function, which can be applied to all selected events. Unlike quantization for MIDI Regions, event quantization applies to all events, not just notes. It irreversibly alters their positions (only notes can be returned to their original recorded positions). Quantizing Events Select the events that you want to quantize. Then open the pull-down Quantization menu by grabbing the Q button shown in the image (the Q button in the Matrix Editor looks slightly different). This is identical to the pull-down menu found in the Region Parameter box, and contains its own quantization grid (see "Quantization" on page 120). As soon as you select an item from the menu, all selected events are quantized. Note: You can only reverse note quantization. All other events are permanently shifted. Chapter 1 Using Logic 35 To apply the same quantization value to another series of selected events (even in other editor windows), select Functions > Quantize Again, or click (quickly) on the Q button a second time. Note Quantization Normally, all notes in a MIDI Region are quantized in accordance with the Quantization parameter value chosen in the Region Parameter box Reversing Note Quantization Note events can be returned to their original record positions, or moved manually, by selecting the off setting in the Quantization menu. Alternately, you can click on the Q button while holding down Option. You can also achieve the same result by selecting Functions > De-Quantize. Key Commands You can activate nearly all Logic functions with key commands or MIDI messages. The Key Commands window is used for the assignment of key commands to computer keyboard keys or to MIDI messages. Note: A number of Logic functions are only available as key commands. Whenever this manual mentions a key command, this refers to a function or option that can be accessed by either a computer keyboard keystroke (or keystroke combination) or a MIDI message. This allows you to completely customize Logic to suit your own working style. Saving Key Commands Your personal key assignments are stored in a separate Preferences file. You should: · Make a backup of this file at another hard disk location. · Make a backup on removable media (a CD-ROM, for example), in case you need to use Logic on another computer. Whenever you install Logic updates, your personal key commands will remain unaltered. Note: Even the fixed global key commands of older versions are user-definable. Please keep in mind that some of these commands such as Undo, Save, Quit, New, Open, Cut, Copy, and Paste follow Mac OS X conventions, and probably shouldn't be altered. 36 Chapter 1 Using Logic Special Keys Some keys have special functions: · The Shift, Control, Option, and Command modifier keys can only be used in conjunction with other keys. · The Backspace key has the fixed "delete selected objects" function. It can only be assigned to another function in conjunction with the modifier keys. · The key combinations assigned to the options in the main menu bar cannot be reassigned. The relevant key commands are displayed after the main menu items. · The plus and minus keys increase or decrease any selected parameter value in single units. They can be assigned different functions which override this behavior. Key Commands Window The Key Commands window can be opened by selecting Preferences > Key Commands. All available key commands are listed on the left side. They are grouped according to various categories. The global key commands work regardless of which Logic window is currently active; the other commands require the corresponding window(s) to be topped. This allows you the assign the same key command to different functions in different windows. A "·" in front of the description of the function indicates that the function is only available as a key command or MIDI command. To the right of the key command listing, you can see the currently assigned key, and below this, the assigned MIDI message (if applicable). Chapter 1 Using Logic 37 Key Commands List In the list shown to the left of the Key Commands window, the following applies: · Groups can be extended or collapsed by clicking on the disclosure triangle to the left. · Columns can be changed in width by dragging the separating lines between the headers (Command, Key, MIDI, and so on) · When the list has keyboard focus, physically pressing a key command (or key command combination) selects the appropriate function in the list. · If the triggered key command is located in a collapsed group, the group will automatically be expanded. Options Menu The Options menu offers: · Import and Copy key command functions · Expand/Collapse and Scroll to Selection functions for the Key Commands List window · Several Initialize options Importing Key Commands This function is particularly useful if you need to work temporarily on someone else's system; you might want to use your personal key assignments on it, without altering the other system's settings. The Options > Import Key Commands function allows you to import the key assignments from any Logic Preferences file. When selected, a file selector box allows you to browse any internal drive or removable media for the desired Logic Preferences file. The existing Preferences file (on the target system) is automatically saved as a .bak file. This file contains the old key commands. Note: You don't need to restart Logic to begin using the new key command set. 38 Chapter 1 Using Logic Printing a Key Command List The Options > Copy Key Commands to Clipboard function copies the key commands into the Clipboard as text. From here, it's a simple matter of pasting the results into any word processor, formatting as desired, and printing them out. The Copy to Clipboard function also takes into account the Show and Find function settings (see below). You could, therefore, export a certain group of key commands (those containing a particular character string, for example). What you see in the window display is exactly what's exported. Initializing Key or MIDI Event Assignments The Options > Initialize all Key Commands menu item initializes all key assignments. The Options > Initialize all MIDI Commands menu item initializes all MIDI assignments. Once initialized, default assignments will be used. Note: You will lose your existing key command assignments if you make use of the Initialize functions, so ensure that you have created a copy of your Logic Preferences file before doing so. Switching MIDI Remote On/Off You can use the MIDI Remote checkbox to globally switch on/off responses to all defined MIDI messages. The MIDI command for this (Toggle MIDI remote) is always active, even when MIDI Remote is disabled, and is therefore always available. If you have assigned MIDI Remote commands to all of the keys on your master keyboard, it's advisable to use a second foot pedal or a programmable button on your keyboard for Toggle MIDI Remote. If no such facility is available, use a key you are unlikely to press by accident (the lowest or highest key, for example) during recording--but you will no longer be able to use this key to record notes. The MIDI Remote checkbox also applies to MIDI events that are created with Transformer or Fader Objects in the Environment, and are routed to the Physical Input Object. Valid MIDI commands are recognized, and filtered, by the Physical Input Object, because it makes no sense to record them. Show Menu You can use the Show menu to filter all the used, or unused key commands from the window display. All other Key Commands window functions remain available for use. Chapter 1 Using Logic 39 Find Function The Find field is used to find key commands by name or partial name: · The search is performed as you enter text. There is no need to press the Return key. · The Cancel button to the right (that appears as soon as any text is entered) clears any entered text, and displays all key commands. · The Find menu to the left (the magnifying glass) retains a history of recently used search terms. The Clear menu item erases the Find history. Note: The Find history is limited to searches that were completed with a press of the Return key. Key Command Properties The box shown below displays the selected key command's properties: · Key: the key's name (or a negative number if it's a scan code). This parameter cannot be edited. · Modifiers: the modifier keys which need to be held down in order to execute the key command function. These can be edited. · Learn by Key Label: enables you to teach Logic to use a particular key or key combination to perform a function. · Learn by Key Position: stores the code from the incoming key. This is different to the Learn by Key Label functionality in that a scan code allows you to use the number keys and plus/minus keys (above the keyboard and on the numeric keypad) for different functions. This also means that the key position remains the same if you switch between different operating system language settings or different keyboards. 40 Chapter 1 Using Logic MIDI · The uppermost box, the Status menu, displays the type of MIDI message that is used for the key command. · Channel: Indicates the MIDI channel number of the incoming message. This parameter is disabled if the Status menu is set to unused. · Data 1: This field indicates the first MIDI data byte. As an example: This field will show and allow the entry of a MIDI note value if the Status menu is set to Note. · Data 2: This field indicates the second MIDI data byte. It is disabled if the Status menu is set to anything other than Control Change or Poly Pressure. · Learn MIDI button: Enables you to teach Logic a particular MIDI command to perform a key command function. You must enable this button before Logic will accept any MIDI data for use as a key command trigger. Assignments This field displays the control surface assignment associated with the selected key command. It is only relevant when a control surface is used with Logic. Each line displays: · The name of the control surface, or the MIDI string if the assignment is from an unsupported control surface. · The name of the control. If the name is shown in gray, this indicates that the assignment is currently inactive (because it is part of an inactive mode). · Zone and Mode that the Assignment belongs to, if applicable. Note: The display is updated when a Zone changes its Mode (when holding down a modifier button, for example). Double-clicking on a row will show the assignment in the Controller Assignments Editor (see "The Controller Assignments Window" on page 500). Chapter 1 Using Logic 41 The Learn New Assignment button allows you to "teach" Logic a new assignment for the selected key command. Click on the button, and use the desired control. Note: If you wish to set up assignments for an entire control surface, be it supported or unsupported, make use of the Preferences > Control Surfaces > Learn Assignment for xxx function. This is discussed in detail in the Control Surfaces chapter of this manual (see "Customizing Control Surfaces" on page 498). Assigning and Deleting Key Commands This section discusses a number of Learn functions that allow you to assign particular computer keys or MIDI commands to Logic functions. Closing the Key Commands window automatically disables any active Learn button. To assign a function to a key: 1 Activate the Learn by Key Label button. 2 Select the desired function with the mouse. 3 Press the desired key, along with the desired modifier keys (Shift, Control, Option, Command), if necessary. 4 If you want to make another assignment, repeat steps 2 and 3. 5 Deactivate Learn by Key Label Key Learn by Key Positionworks in the same way, but differs in that it's not just a reference to an ASCII code that is stored, but the actual code of the key that is pressed. In practice, this means that you can, for example, assign different commands to the number keys on the numeric keypad and the number keys above the keyboard--and the same goes for the different plus and minus keys on the numeric keypad and main keyboard. The only disadvantage is that the key code (a number), rather than the ASCII symbol, is displayed in the Key Commands window. The ASCII symbol is more useful for reference purposes. To clarify the difference between these two functions, here's a short comparison: If you use the Learn by Key Label function, and define only one key command for the key, it will be used, no matter which of the two keys (either plus key, for example) is pressed. If you use the Learn by Key Position function, and define two key commands (one for the alphanumeric keyboard, one for the numeric keypad), then the appropriate key command will be used (one for each plus key, for example). 42 Chapter 1 Using Logic To delete key assignments: 1 Activate the Learn by Key Label or Learn by Key Position button. 2 Use the mouse to select the function/key assignment that you want to delete. 3 Press Backspace. 4 To erase more assignments, repeat the second and third steps. 5 Deactivate the Learn by Key Label button. To assign a function to a MIDI message: 1 Activate the Learn MIDI button. 2 Select the desired function with the mouse. 3 Send the desired MIDI message from your controller. 4 If you want to make another assignment, repeat steps 2 and 3. 5 Deactivate the Learn MIDI button. Note: If you want to assign a Note On message, remember to switch off Learn MIDI before you release the key in question (and thereby transmit a Note Off message). The assignment used is always the last message received. To delete a MIDI assignment: 1 Activate the Learn MIDI button. 2 Use the mouse to select the function/assignment that you want to delete. 3 Press Backspace. 4 To erase more assignments, repeat the second and third steps. 5 Deactivate the Learn MIDI button. To learn a controller assignment: 1 Activate the Learn Assignment button. 2 Select the desired function with the mouse. 3 Send the desired MIDI message from your controller. Note: The Learn Assignment button will be deactivated automatically when the entire message has been received. This avoids reception of the message sent by the device when you release the button. To ensure reliable reception, hold the button for a short period before releasing it. Chapter 1 Using Logic 43 4 If you want to make another assignment, repeat steps 2 and 3. Note: If you wish to set up assignments for an entire Control Surface, be it supported or unsupported, make use of the Control Surfaces > Learn Assignment for xxx option. This is discussed in detail in the Control Surfaces section of the manual (see "Customizing Control Surfaces" on page 498). Step Input The Step Input functions allow you to insert MIDI notes when Logic is not in a realtime Record mode. This allows you to input notes that may be too fast for you to play, or may be useful if replicating sheet music, but you don't sight read. You can use any of the following for step entry: · a screen keyboard (Step Input Keyboard window) · the computer keyboard · MIDI Notes are inserted in all modes at the current song position. All three methods can, and should, be combined to make full use of the features that each option offers. Here is an example: you can set the note length in the Step Input Keyboard Window, insert notes via a MIDI keyboard and locate the Song Position Line using key commands. Note: It is also possible to enter note data in realtime with the computer keyboard (see "Caps Lock Keyboard" on page 49). Step Input Keyboard Window The Step Input Keyboard window can be opened via the main menu Windows > Step Input Keyboard. It allows you to insert notes in any MIDI editor. 44 Chapter 1 Using Logic Key Commands There is a set of key commands for the insertion of notes via the computer keyboard. To activate Step Input mode, the In button (see picture below) must be switched on in the selected MIDI editor. This mode (and the In button) is available in the Event, Matrix, and Score Editor. You will find the relevant key commands in the Keyboard Input section of the Key Commands window. MIDI Input When the In button is engaged, you can insert notes via an external MIDI keyboard. You can use the Step Input Keyboard window and/or the Input key commands to adjust any settings that are not available from the MIDI keyboard itself. These include: the length of the note and location commands. As with Key Commands Input, the MIDI Input is available in the following windows: Event, Matrix, and Score Editor. Input via Screen Keyboard You can open the Step Input Keyboard window via Windows > Step Input Keyboard. If you decide to work in the Score Editor, you need to adjust the display settings for the selected MIDI Region accordingly: Interpretation (see "Interpretation" on page 378) should be off, the Display Quantize (Qua) setting (see "Qua--Display Quantization" on page 377) should be set to the smallest note value that you intend to insert. Before starting note entry, set the Song Position Line to the spot where you want to insert the first note. This can be done in a number of ways, such as adjusting the song position in the Transport window, for example. Single Notes We suggest that you use the mouse while familiarizing yourself with step entry. Click on the key of the desired pitch in the Step Input Keyboard, and make use of the buttons for note length, velocity, and other parameters. This will insert a note of the selected pitch (at the current song position, in the selected MIDI Region), with the length and velocity that you chose earlier in the Step Input Keyboard window. The pitch of an inserted note is determined by the key that you click in the Step Input Keyboard window. Chapter 1 Using Logic 45 Length and velocity are determined by the corresponding buttons in that window. If the buttons look like those shown in the illustrations below, a sixteenth note with a velocity setting of 96 would be inserted--this value (96) corresponds to the forte (f ) indicator. The eight available velocity values are represented by the traditional volume indicators ppp, pp, p, mp, mf, f, ff, and fff, which correspond to velocity values 16, 32, 48, 64, 80, 96, 112, and 127, respectively. The MIDI channel of an inserted note is determined by the Channel setting in the Step Input Keyboard window. Note: The channel settings of individual notes usually have no effect on the playback channel and therefore the sound of the MIDI Region--this is determined by the track instrument settings in the Arrange window. The channel settings of individual notes are mainly used for polyphonic score display. Proceeding After a note is inserted, the Song Position Line will always jump to the end of the inserted note. The following note can be inserted immediately, following the same principles. Chords To insert several notes at the same bar position, Chord mode needs to be activated. To do so, click on the button at the far left side of the window or use the Chord Mode key command. Chord mode prevents the Song Position Line from moving after insertion of a note, allowing the user to insert as many notes as desired at the same bar position, one after the other. Another click on the Chord button (or the key command) will deactivate Chord mode (this should be done before inserting the last note into the chord), and the Song Position Line will advance as per usual, after note insertion. 46 Chapter 1 Using Logic Input via the Computer Keyboard Note input with the computer keyboard follows the same principles as input via the on-screen keyboard (see "Input via Screen Keyboard" on page 45). Where it differs is that key commands are used for all functions, rather than choosing pitch, velocity, note length, and so on with mouse clicks. It is recommended that the Keyboard window should remain open when you first start using these functions, to make the learning process easier. Once familiar, you can leave it closed as it is unnecessary to open the Keyboard window when using key commands. All key commands for step input are user definable. They can be found at the very bottom of the list, under the header Keyboard Input, in the Preferences > Key Commands. Note: It is also possible to enter note data in realtime with the computer keyboard (see "Caps Lock Keyboard" on page 49). Pitch The twelve Note C to Note B key commands will insert a note (of the selected pitch) with the set length and velocity at the current song position in the selected MIDI Region. To insert chords, use the Chord Mode key command. You can switch off chord mode with the same key command. Rather than assigning key commands to all twelve pitches, you also have the option to only define key commands for the seven pitches of the C major scale, and use these in combination with the Next note will be sharp and Next note will be flat key commands to insert the other pitches. When creating a system for these key command assignments, two approaches seem obvious: either to arrange these commands on the computer keyboard similarly to a piano keyboard (C D E F G A B in one row, next to each other, and C# D# F# G# A# above these at corresponding positions), or to assign keys to pitches of the C major scale according to their note names--especially when the second approach mentioned above is used. Octave Ranges The octave of an inserted note depends on the current position of the insert range bar. This can be seen in the Keyboard Window: There is a small horizontal bar above the piano key image that spans one octave exactly. The chosen note will always be inserted inside the range marked by that bar. This bar continuously changes its position in accordance with the last inserted note: The center of the insert range bar will always be aligned to the last inserted note. The next note will be inserted in that range unless the range bar is moved via key commands or the mouse. Chapter 1 Using Logic 47 An example: If a G is inserted immediately after inserting a C, the G will be placed below the C. Inserting the C places the range beam between G (left end) and F# (right end), with the C in the center. Regardless of which note is chosen next, it will always be inserted inside this range. The range beam will, however, move as further notes are inserted, with the (range beam) center always aligned to the most recently inserted note. Further key commands allow you to place the range bar in different octaves: Octave 0 to Octave 6, and also Octave +1/-1/+2/-2, which move the range bar up or down one or two octaves. The range bar can also be moved with the mouse. Note Length and Velocity Note Length and Velocity are determined before a pitch command is used to actually insert a note. The currently selected values can be seen in the Keyboard Window. Rests, Correction, Moving Forward and Back The Rest key command moves the Song Position Line forward (in accordance with the currently set note value) without inserting a note, thereby creating a rest. The Step backwards and Step forward key commands also move the Song Position Line forward or back by the length of the selected note value. The Erase key command will delete the most recently inserted note, and move the Song Position Line back to the position where the note (previously) began. This allows quick corrections--another note can be inserted immediately, replacing the erased one. Triplets, Dotted Note Groups The Next three notes are triplets key command is self-explanatory. The rhythmic value of the triplets corresponds to the currently selected note value in the Keyboard Window. If an eighth note is selected, an eighth note triplet will be created. After three notes have been inserted, binary values will be inserted, unless the command is reused. Next two notes are a dotted group works in a similar way. The special thing about this key command is that a pair of notes that complement each other will be inserted. A dotted eighth and a sixteenth note, for example. Interaction with Other Key Commands If the input mode is activated in an editor window (Score, Matrix, or Event List), these key commands have priority over all other key commands. This means that you may also assign keys or key combinations to these functions which are already assigned to other functions. As long as the input mode is active, these key assignments will apply; if the input mode is switched off, any other assignments (for the same keys) will have priority. 48 Chapter 1 Using Logic Note: As you can use key assignments that are already in use for other functions, you should take care to avoid using keys that are assigned to functions that you might also want to use when working in step input mode. Input via MIDI Note input via MIDI works as per input via the on-screen keyboard (see "Input via Screen Keyboard" on page 45). Obviously, you press keys on your real-world MIDI keyboard, rather than clicking notes on the on-screen keyboard. Incoming MIDI note Velocity information is stored when using MIDI Step Input. It is recommended that the Keyboard window should remain open when you first start using these functions, to make the learning process easier. Once familiar, you can leave it closed as it is unnecessary to open the Keyboard window when using key commands. It is also recommended that you make use of the Input key commands (see "Input via the Computer Keyboard" on page 47) to quickly switch values such as the note length, or to determine the insert position. Chords can be inserted by playing the chord on the MIDI keyboard. You don't need to switch on Chord Mode in order to do so. Caps Lock Keyboard This feature allows you to use the computer keyboard as a realtime MIDI keyboard. This is ideal for situations where no external MIDI or USB keyboard is available, such as when travelling with your PowerBook. The Caps Lock Keyboard supports more than ten octaves, and even includes support of Sustain and Velocity information. The Caps Lock Keyboard is enabled/disabled by pressing the Caps Lock key on your computer keyboard. As long as the Caps Lock LED is lit, your Caps Lock Keyboard is active. Needless to say, while in this mode, many keys have different functions and their usual key command assignments are not active. This is the English version of the CapsLock Keyboard--German, Spanish, or French versions will appear, dependent on your Mac OS X Keyboard setting. Chapter 1 Using Logic 49 The Escape key sends an All Notes Off command, should you encounter hanging notes. The numeric keys (above the QWERTY keyboard) are used to define the octave for the MIDI keyboard. The two rows below the numeric keys function as the actual MIDI keyboard keys, starting with the note C, assigned to the alphabetical A key (or Q, as would be the case if using a French keyboard, for example). See the black and white keys in the picture above for details. The lowest row of letter keys sets the velocity for MIDI notes. There are preset values ranging from pianissimo to forte fortissimo. Each value can be finely adjusted via the two keys to the right of this row (these are assigned to the comma and period keys on an English QWERTY type keyboard). This keyboard configuration allows you to send any MIDI velocity value from 1 to 127. The Space bar provides a Sustain function--played with your thumbs rather than your feet. You can freely trigger new notes or switch between octave or velocity values while notes are sustained. The current octave and velocity values for the MIDI notes are displayed at the upper edge of the Caps Lock Keyboard window. A Transparency fader is also available for this window, making visualization clearer or allowing the window to be "ghosted" over the background. Caps Lock Keyboard Preferences The Enable Caps Lock Keys option allows you to completely enable or disable the Caps Lock Keyboard functionality. After familiarizing yourself with the operation of the Caps Lock Keyboard for a while, you may wish to prevent the window from appearing when using it. To do so, disable the Show Window when Active option in the Preferences > Global > Caps Lock Keys menu. Should you wish to use the Space bar key command (usually Start/Stop), rather than as the Sustain function for the Caps Lock Keyboard (when active), you can disable the Preferences > Global > Caps Lock Keys > Space bar acts as Sustain Pedal option. Additional Caps Lock Keyboard Info Due to technical limitations of computer keyboards, there is a maximum number of six notes that can be played simultaneously. There are further limitations regarding timing precision, and when trying to play certain note clusters (which are musically unusual, at any rate). Please keep in mind the original intention of this facility--as a useful aid when composing on a train or plane--not as a full-on replacement for a real MIDI keyboard. 50 Chapter 1 Using Logic