MIDI PRODUCTION CENTER Software version 3.0 WARNING To prevent fire or shock hazard, do not expose this appliance to rain or moisture. Operator's Manual MIDI PRODUCTION CENTER MIDI Production Center Software version 3.0 Operator's Manual By Roger Linn Copyright 1987-1994 Akai Electric Co., LTD. Document Revision date: May 1994 WARNING!! To prevent fire or shock hazard, do not expose this appliance to rain or moisture. 1-En CAUTION RISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK DO NOT OPEN CAUTION: TO REDUCE THE RISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK DO NOT REMOVE COVER (OR BACK). NO USER-SERVICEABLE PARTS INSIDE. REFER SERVICING TO QUALIFIED SERVICE PERSONNEL. THE SYMBOLS ARE RULED BY UL STANDARDS (U.S.A). The lightning flash with the arrowhead symbol superimposed across a graphical representation of a person, within an equilateral triangle, is intended to alert the user to the presence of uninsulated "dangerous voltage" within the product's enclosure; that may be of sufficient magnitude to constitute a risk of electric shock. The exclamation point within an equilateral triangle is intented to alert the user to the presence of important operating and maintenance (servicing) instructions in the literature accompanying the appliance. 5A-En ii WARNING The MPC3000 is designed to be used in a standard household environment. Power requirements for electrical equipment vary from area to area. Please ensure that your MPC3000 meets the power requirements in your area. If in doubt, consult a qualified electrician or Akai Professional dealer. 120V 220V ­ 230/240V 240V @60Hz for USA and Canada @50Hz for Europe @50Hz for Australia PROTECTING YOURSELF AND THE MPC3000 · Never touch the AC plug with wet hands. · Always disconnect the MPC3000 from the power supply by pulling on the plug, not the cord. · Allow only an "Akai Professional" dealer or qualified professional engineer to repair or reassemble the MPC3000. Apart from voiding the warranty, unauthorized engineers might touch live internal parts and receive a serious electric shock. · Do not put, or allow anyone to put any object, especially metal objects, into the MPC3000. · Use only a household AC power source. Never use a DC power source. · If water or any other liquid is spilled into or onto the MPC3000, disconnect the power, and call your dealer. · Make sure that the MPC3000 is well-ventilated, and away from direct sunlight. · To avoid damage to internal circuitry, as well as the external finish, keep the MPC3000 away from sources of direct heat (stoves, radiators, etc.). · Avoid using aerosol insecticides, etc. near the MPC3000. They may damage the surface, and may ignite. · Do not use denaturated alcohol, thinner or similar chemicals to clean the MPC3000. They will damage the finish. · Place the MPC3000 on a flat and solid surface. iii WARNING THIS APPARATUS MUST BE EARTHED IMPORTANT This equipment is fitted with an approved non-rewireable UK mains plug. To change the fuse in this type of plug proceed as follows: 1) Remove the fuse cover and old fuse. 2) Fit a new fuse which should be a BS1362 5 Amp A.S.T.A or BSI approved type. 3) Refit the fuse cover. If the AC mains plug fitted to the lead supplied with this equipment is not suitable for your type of AC outlet sockets, it should be changed to an AC mains lead, complete with moulded plug, to the appropriate type. If this is not possible, the plug should be cut off and a correct one fitted to suit the AC outlet. This should be fused at 5 Amps. If a plug without a fuse is used, the fuse at the distribution board should NOT BE GREATER than 5 Amp. PLEASE NOTE: THE SEVERED PLUG MUST BE DESTROYED TO AVOID A POSSIBLE SHOCK HAZARD SHOULD IT BE INSERTED INTO A 13 AMP SOCKET ELSEWHERE. The wires in this mains lead are coloured in accordance with the following code: GREEN and YELLOW --EARTH BLUE --NEUTRAL BROWN --LIVE As the colours of the wires in the mains lead of this apparatus may not correspond with the coloured markings identifying the terminals in your plug, please proceed as follows: The wire which is coloured GREEN and YELLOW must be connected to the terminal which is marked with the letter E or with the safety earth symbol or coloured GREEN or coloured GREEN and YELLOW. The wire which is coloured BLUE must be connected to the terminal which is marked with the letter N or coloured BLACK. The wire which is coloured BROWN must be connected to the terminal which is marked with the letter L or coloured RED. THIS APPARATUS MUST BE EARTHED Ensure that all the terminals are securely tightened and no loose strands of wire exist. Before replacing the plug cover, make certain the cord grip is clamped over the outer sheath of the lead and not simply over the wires. 6D-En This equipment conforms to No. 82/499/EEC, 87/308/EEC standard 3A-En CONFORME AL D.M. 13 APRILE 1989 DIRETTIVA CEE/87/308 3B-It iv LITHIUM BATTERY This product uses aLithium Battery for memory back-up. The lithium battery should only be replaced by qualified service personnel. improper handling may cause risk of explosion. 24A-En FCC warning This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause harmful interference in which case the user will be required to correct the interference at his own expense. 21A-En AVIS POUR LES ACHETEURS CANADIENS DU MPC3000 Le présent appareil numérique n'ément pas des bruits radioélectriques dépassant les limites applicables aux appareils numériques de la Class A prescrites dans le Règlement sur le brouillage radioélectrique édicté par le ministère des Communications du Canada. 27-F This digital apparatus does not exceed the Class A limits for radio noise emissions from digital apparatus set out in the Radio Interference Regulations of the Canadian Department of Communications. 27-En FÜR KUNDEN IN DER BUNDESREPUBLIK DEUTSCHLAND Bescheinigung von AKAI Hiermit wird bescheinigt, daß das Gerät AKAI MPC3000 in Übereinstimmung mit den Bestimmungen der Amtsblattverfügung 1046/1984 funkentstört ist. Der Deutschen Bundespostwurde das Inverkehrbringen dieses Gerätes angezeigt und die Berichtigung zur Überprüfung der Serie auf Einhaltung der Bestimmungen eingeräumt. AKAI ELECTRIC CO., LTD. 17B-G COPYRIGHT NOTICE The AKAI MPC3000 is a computer-based instrument, and as such contains and uses software in ROMs and disks. This software, and all related documentation, including this Operator's Manual, contain proprietary information which is protected by copyright laws. All rights are reserved. No part of the software or its documentation may be copied, transferred or modified. You may copy the operating software and any samples, programs, etc. contained on disks for your own personal use. All other copies of the software are in violation of copyright laws. You may not distribute copies of the software to others, or transfer the software to another computer by electronic means. You may not modify, adapt, translate, lease, distribute, resell for profit or create derivative works based on the software and its related documentation or any part there of without prior written consent from AKAI Electric Co., Ltd, Yokohama, Japan. v FRONT PANEL INTEGRATED RHYTHM MACHINE 16BIT DRUM SAMPLER/MIDI SEQUENCER STEREO VOLUME MIDI PRODUCTION CENTER MPC3000 DATE ENTRY 7 8 9 a COMMANDS DISK PROGRAM/ SOUNDS b MIXER/ EFECTS c RECORD LEVEL 4 5 6 d MIDI e SONG OTHER f 1 SOFT KEY 1 DISPLAY CONTRAST 0 SOFT KEY 2 SOFT KEY 3 SOFT KEY 4 2 3 SEQ EDIT g STEP EDIT EDIT LOOP h i · ENTER TEMPO/SYNC TRANSPOSE SIMUL SEQ j k l SOFT KEY 1 SOFT KEY 2 SOFT KEY 3 SOFT KEY 4 AUTO PUNCH COUNT IN WAIT FOR KEY m n o ­ A C PAD BANK CRASH 13 CRASH2 14 RIDE CYMBAL 1 5 RIDE BELL 16 B D DRUMS + CURSOR DATA ENTRY p FULL LEVEL q 16 LEVELS HIGH TOM 9 MID TOM 10 LOW TOM 11 FLOOR TOM 12 NOTE VARIATION ASSIGN r s REAL TIME TIMING CORRECT t ERASE ALT SNARE AFTER 5 SNARE 6 HIHAT OPEN 7 HIHAT PEDAL 8 TAP TEMPO MAIN SCREEN HELP PLAY / REC u v w x y LOCATE 10 10 SIDE STICK 1 BASS 2 HIHAT CLOSED 3 HIHAT LOOSE 4 Z # & space A/a REC OVER DUB STOP PLAY PLAY START 0 0 REAR PANEL AKAI ELECTRIC CO.,LTD. SCSI RECORD IN FOOT SW 1 2 LEVEL SYNC IN DIGITAL OUT GAIN LOW MID HI MODEL NUMBER MPC3000 MADE IN JAPAN STEREO OUT RIGHT LEFT RIGHT PHONS LEFT MIDI IN POWER 1 2 A B MIDI OUT C D 1 2 3 INDIVIDUAL MIX OUTPUTS 4 5 6 7 8 ON OFF vi Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1 Welcome! ......................................................................................................................... 2 Features .......................................................................................................................... 3 What's Different From the MPC60? .............................................................................. 6 If You Already Know the MPC60 ...................................................................... 8 Chapter 2: The Basics ........................................................................................................... 13 Hooking Up Your System ............................................................................................. 14 Getting Around on the MPC3000 ................................................................................ 15 The Cursor, Cursor Keys, Data Fields, and Command Keys ........................ 15 The Numeric Keypad, Data Entry Control, and [+] & [­] Keys .................... 16 The Soft Keys ................................................................................................... 17 The HELP key .................................................................................................. 18 Definitions: Sequence, Track, Song, Sound, Pad, Note Number, and Program ....... 19 Loading and Playing Sounds and Programs ............................................................... 22 Playing the Pads, the PAD BANK, & FULL LEVEL Keys ........................... 22 Selecting Programs .......................................................................................... 23 The Note Variation Slider, ASSIGN and AFTER keys .................................. 24 The 16 LEVELS key ......................................................................................... 26 Chapter 3: Recording Sequences ....................................................................................... 29 How Sequences are Organized .................................................................................... 30 The MAIN SCREEN Key & Play/Record Screen ........................................................ 32 The Play/Record Keys .................................................................................................. 39 Sequence Recording Example 1: A Looped Drum Pattern ......................................... 42 Sequence Recording Example 2: A Multitrack Sequence ........................................... 44 The TIMING CORRECT Key: Correcting Timing Errors, Swing Timing ................ 49 The Note Repeat Feature ................................................................................ 52 Tempo and the TEMPO/SYNC Key ............................................................................. 53 Mid-Sequence Tempo Changes ........................................................................ 56 The TAP TEMPO Key ...................................................................................... 58 The WAIT FOR and COUNT IN Keys ........................................................................ 59 The AUTO PUNCH Key .............................................................................................. 60 The SIMUL SEQUENCE Key ..................................................................................... 62 The OTHER Key ........................................................................................................... 63 Metronome, Foot Switches, and Free Sequence Memory .............................. 63 Initializing System Parameters ...................................................................... 66 The Record 16 Channels Function: Multichannel Recording ........................ 67 Recording MIDI System-Exclusive Data .................................................................... 70 Chapter 4: Editing Sequences ............................................................................................ 71 The ERASE Key ........................................................................................................... 72 Erasing Notes in Real Time While in Overdub Mode .................................... 72 Erasing Notes or Other Events While Stopped .............................................. 72 Initializing a Sequence .................................................................................... 75 The SEQ EDIT Key ...................................................................................................... 77 Viewing and Changing Time Signature .......................................................... 77 Rearranging the Track Order .......................................................................... 78 Inserting Blank Bars Into a Sequence ............................................................ 79 Deleting Bars From a Sequence ...................................................................... 80 Copying Bars (All Tracks) ............................................................................... 81 vii Copying Events ................................................................................................ 82 Copying an Entire Sequence to Another ......................................................... 84 Shifting the Timing of Many Notes ................................................................. 85 Global Editing of Note Event Data ................................................................. 86 Editing Note Velocity or Duration Data ............................................. 87 Editing Note Number Assignment of Drum Note Events ................. 89 Editing Note Variation Data of Drum Note Events ........................... 90 The STEP EDIT Key .................................................................................................... 92 Using Step Edit ................................................................................................ 93 Step Edit Event Types ..................................................................................... 95 Step Edit Options ............................................................................................. 99 Step Recording ............................................................................................... 102 The EDIT LOOP Key ................................................................................................. 103 Using Edit Loop as an Undo Function .......................................................... 104 The TRANSPOSE Key ............................................................................................... 105 Transposing in Real Time While Playing ..................................................... 106 Chapter 5: Song Mode ........................................................................................................ 107 Overview ..................................................................................................................... 108 The SONG Key and Song Mode Screen .................................................................... 109 An Example of Creating and Playing a Song ............................................................ 112 Converting a Song Into a Long Sequence ................................................................. 114 Chapter 6: Creating and Editing Programs .................................................................. 115 What Are Programs? .................................................................................................. 116 Selecting the Active Program, Assigning Sounds ..................................................... 119 Envelope, Velocity Modulation, Tuning, Poly Mode ................................................. 125 The Dynamic Filter .................................................................................................... 128 Copying and Initializing Programs ........................................................................... 130 Chapter 7: The MIXER/EFFECTS Key ........................................................................... 133 The Stereo Output Mixer ........................................................................................... 134 The Individual Outputs/Effects Mixer ...................................................................... 136 Viewing the Mix Data in Text Form ......................................................................... 139 Mixer Source Select, Automated Mix ........................................................................ 142 Effects Generator ....................................................................................................... 145 Chapter 8: Creating and Editing Sounds ...................................................................... 147 Sampling a New Sound .............................................................................................. 148 Editing a sound........................................................................................................... 154 Renaming, Copying, and Deleting a Sound .............................................................. 158 Triggering a Sound from an External Signal--the Audio Trigger .......................... 161 Chapter 9: Saving to and Loading from Disk ............................................................... 163 Overview ..................................................................................................................... 164 Saving Files ................................................................................................................ 166 Saving a SEQ File (Single Sequence) ............................................................ 166 Saving an ALL File (All Sequences and Songs) ........................................... 167 Saving a SND File (Single Sound) ................................................................ 168 Saving a PGM File (Single Program & Sounds) ........................................... 169 Saving an APS File (All Programs and Sounds) .......................................... 170 Saving a PAR File (System Parameters) ...................................................... 172 viii Loading, Erasing, or Renaming Files ........................................................................ 173 Loading a SEQ File (Single Sequence) ......................................................... 175 Loading an ALL File (All Sequences and Songs) ......................................... 177 Loading a SND File (Single Sound) .............................................................. 177 Loading a PGM File (Single Program and Sounds) ..................................... 178 Loading an APS File (All Programs and Sounds) ........................................ 178 Loading an MPC60 Version 1 or 2 SET or ST1 File ..................................... 179 Loading a PAR File (System Parameters) .................................................... 182 Files That Automatically Load on Power-Up ............................................... 182 Loading Sample Files From Akai S1000/S3000 Disks ............................................. 184 Formatting a Floppy Disk .......................................................................................... 186 Using a SCSI Hard Disk ............................................................................................ 187 Copying an Entire Floppy Disk ................................................................................. 191 Chapter 10: Syncing to Tape and Other Devices ......................................................... 193 The SYNC Screen ....................................................................................................... 194 Syncing to Tape and Other Devices: Examples ........................................................ 201 Syncing to MIDI Clock ................................................................................... 201 Syncing to SMPTE ......................................................................................... 201 Syncing to MIDI Time Code .......................................................................... 204 Syncing to FSK24 ........................................................................................... 204 Syncing to 1/4-note Clicks .............................................................................. 206 Chapter 11: MIDI Functions ............................................................................................. 207 Assigning Pads to Note Numbers .............................................................................. 208 MIDI Receive Channel, Local Mode, Soft Thru, Note Variation Controller Assign and Sustain Pedal Processing ................................................................. 210 MIDI Input Filter ....................................................................................................... 213 Turning All Notes Off ................................................................................................. 216 The MIDI Implementation Charts ............................................................................ 217 Appendix ............................................................................................................................... 219 Technical Specifications ............................................................................................. 220 Answers to Frequent Questions ................................................................................ 222 Contents of Disk Files ................................................................................................ 225 MPC3000 Options ...................................................................................................... 229 The SMPTE Option ........................................................................................ 229 Expanding the Sound Memory ...................................................................... 229 The Video Output Option .............................................................................. 230 Index ...................................................................................................................................... 231 ix Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 1: Introduction Page 1 Chapter 1: Introduction Welcome! Since its release in 1988, the MPC60 MIDI Production Center has earned a reputation not only as the world's greatest drum machine but also as a powerful sequencer for those who desire an alternative to the complexity and confusion of computer sequencers. But over the years users asked for more: 16-bit stereo sampling, more sample memory, enhanced sound design features, faster sequence processing, enhanced sequence recording and editing features, SCSI, and much more. The MPC3000 fulfills the majority of the requests we received. And in keeping with the MPC60's tradition of ease of use, we have tried our best to implement these new features in the most intuitive way possible. Since the advent of sequencers I have tracked their evolution with great interest and in my view, sequencers have evolved to a point where they are now a legitimate instrument on their own. Many of today's musicians could be better described as sequencer players than as keyboardists or guitarists. Album credits often read "programming by..." to denote a musician who has used a sequencer to create the backing track for a recording. These new musicians think and compose in terms of total arrangement as opposed to single instruments. In many ways, the sequencer's panel and display screens are their strings and keys, allowing them to reach heights of creativity never before possible. In this light, I like to think of the MPC3000 as the piano or violin of our time, and of you as an MPC3000ist. In the same way a violinist's style is identified by his or her vibrato and phrasing, your MPC3000 virtuosity may be identified by your particular swing settings, your creative use of Note Repeat, or your real-time use of the Note Variation feature. As an MPC3000ist, if you find the instrument useful in your creative process, please let the world know. Next time you perform on a recording, ask to be credited not with, "Keyboards played by..." or "Programming by..." but rather with, "MPC3000 played by...." Thanks for buying the MPC3000. I hope you enjoy using it as much as we have enjoyed creating it. Page 2 Chapter 1: Introduction Features The following is a summary of some of the advanced features of the MPC3000. General · Large 320-character LCD display (8 lines by 40 characters) with graphics. · Built-in 1.44 megabyte disk drive for storing both sequence and sound data. · Built-in SCSI interface for storing data to external hard disk. · Interactive Help function provides a full screen of explanation for every data field of every function screen. · Four soft keys provide one-button execution of many functions. · The contents of many data fields and other settings are retained while the power is turned off. · Fast internal 16MHz V53 16-bit microprocessor (equivalent to an 80286) provides accurate timing in complex sequences and fast response to MIDI. Sound Generator · 16-bit, 44.1kHz stereo sampling. · High capacity sound memory: 2 megabytes standard (21.9 seconds mono or 10.9 seconds stereo), expandable to 16 megabytes (188.3 seconds mono or 94.1 seconds stereo). · Digital sampling input for direct recording from digital sources. · 128 sounds (samples) may be held in memory at one time. · 32 simultaneous playback voices. · Dynamic lowpass filter with envelope generator (and resonance!) for each voice. · Built-in effects generator for versatile delay effects. · 10 polyphonic audio outputs, including stereo mix out and 8 individual outputs. · 24 programs (sets of sound assignments) exist, each having 64 unique sound assignments from a common bank of 128 sounds, and unique sound modifying parameters for each assignment. Switching programs instantly changes all sound assignments and sound parameters. · Multiple iterations of a single sound may be assigned to use multiple voices (polyphonic) or the same voice (monophonic), and may either respond to Note Off messages or not. Also, any sound may be set to terminate the playing of any two other sounds. · Extensive sample editing allows any portion of a sound to be copied or removed and inserted into another sound at any location. Any portion may also be silenced or reversed. Page 3 Chapter 1: Introduction · The Best Start feature automatically finds the point within a sound at which the drum strike begins, bypassing any dead space at the beginning of the sound which could cause playback delays. · Up to three sounds can be assigned to a MIDI note number or pad. The sounds can either play simultaneously, switch depending on note velocity, or switch depending on envelope decay (to simulate the MPC60's hi-hat decay slider function). · The stereo and individual output mixers are automated. Any changes made while recording will be automatically repeated on playback. Sequencer · Both linear and pattern-style (looped) recording are supported. · Both drum machine and sequencer-oriented features are integrated into one easy-to-use operating system. · 75,000 note sequencer capacity. · 99 sequences may be held in memory at once. Each sequence contains 99 individual tracks, each of which can be output to any one or two MIDI channels. · 4 independent MIDI output ports permit 64 simultaneous MIDI output channels. · 2 mergeable MIDI inputs. · The MPC3000 may be slaved to five sync sources: MIDI Clock, MIDI Time Code, FSK24, sync to any sound playing 1/4-notes, and SMPTE (optional). · 2 sequence record modes: Record (erasing existing notes while recording) and Overdub (merge with existing notes). You can switch between modes at any time. · Step Edit feature allows fast viewing, recording, editing, or deletion of any event within a sequence. · The Simul Sequence feature allows two sequences, or one sequence and one song, to play simultaneously. For example, you could play a short, looped drum sequence while simultaneously recording your multitrack keyboard sequence. · Versatile editing system allows erasing, time shifting, copying, merging, inserting, and deleting of any sequence data. · Individual parameters within note events may be changed for multiple notes globally. · Each track has an adjustable output level, allowing output velocities to be scaled in real time while playing. · All 16 MIDI channels can be recorded simultaneously, allowing sequences to be transferred to the MPC3000 from an external sequencer in one pass. · The Edit Loop feature allows a portion of a sequence to be looped while overdubbing, and allows changes to be undone. · Sequences may be transposed, either in real time while playing or by altering note data. · The Tap Tempo feature allows the playback tempo to be set by tapping a key in the time of 1/4-notes. Page 4 Chapter 1: Introduction · Programmable tempo changes in mid-sequence or mid-song are supported. · Mid-sequence time signature changes are supported. · Auto Punch feature allows automated punch-in and/or punch-out at preset times within the sequence. · Two foot switch inputs allow functions such as Play/Stop and Punch In/Out to be remotely controlled. · Swing feature provides a useful method of adjusting the rhythmic feel of your tracks. · 16 velocity- and pressure-sensitive front panel drum pads and 4 pad banks provide a total of 64 pad/bank combinations. · Note Variation feature allows a unique value of tuning, decay, attack or filter frequency to be recorded with each drum note. · MIDI sustain pedal messages can be specially processed so that multiple overdubs on the same track of a sequence can use the sustain pedal independently, without interaction. Page 5 Chapter 1: Introduction What's Different From the MPC60? The MPC3000 contains many changes and improvements over the MPC60. The major changes are listed below. Sound Generator Changes · Sampling resolution is increased from 12-bit non-linear to 16-bit linear. · Sampling rate is increased from 40 kHz to 44.1 kHz. · Stereo sampling is supported. · A digital sampling input is included for direct recording from digital sources. · Sound memory is increased: 2 megabytes standard (21.9 seconds mono or 10.9 seconds stereo), expandable to 16 megabytes (188.3 seconds mono or 94.1 seconds stereo). The maximum sampling time per sound is no longer limited to 5 seconds, but rather only by available sound memory. Also, sampling no longer requires erasing sequence memory. · Total sound capacity is increased from 34 to 128 sounds. · Number of playback voices is increased from 16 to 32. · A dynamic lowpass filter with envelope generator (and resonance) exists for each playback voice. · A built-in effects generator permits versatile delay effects. · The new programs system of sound assignment allows all sound assignments to be instantly changed merely by changing the active program number, instead of by loading a new SET file as in the MPC60. There are 24 programs, each with a unique set of sound assignments from a common bank of 128 sounds. Unlike Set files, saving a program to disk only saves assignment and parameter information; the sounds used by the program are saved as individual sound files. This allows multiple programs to be saved to the same disk without redundantly saving sound data as with SET files. · Sounds are now assigned to MIDI note numbers instead of to pad names. This permits simpler operation of the MPC3000 as a MIDI sound module, eliminating the need to translate MIDI note numbers into pad names as in the MPC60. · New Mono Mode parameter causes a voice to restart, terminating earlier plays. Also, any sound can be set to terminate any two other sounds. · Sample files from Akai S1000 & S3000 floppy disks may be loaded. · Sample editing is enhanced. Now, any portion of a sound may be copied or removed and then inserted into another sound at any location. Also, any portion may be silenced or reversed. · The Echo Mixer has been removed. It is replaced by the Individual Outputs/Effects Mixer. This new mixer allows any sound to be routed to any one of the individual outputs or the internal effects generator, and the volume level of this assignment is adjustable independently of the stereo volume. Page 6