User manual APPLE GARAGEBAND 2 - GETTING STARTED

GarageBand Getting Started Includes a complete tour of the GarageBand windows, plus step-by-step lessons on working with GarageBand 1 Contents Preface 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 14 15 16 17 17 18 19 19 21 23 23 24 24 25 25 25 26 26 26 27 27 28 29 29 About GarageBand Getting Started What's New In GarageBand Before You Begin GarageBand at a Glance GarageBand Window Timeline Editor For Real Instruments For Software Instruments­Graphic View For Software Instruments­Notation View Loop Browser Button View Column View Track Info Window Real and Software Instrument Tracks Master Track Working With Songs Creating a Song Setting the Tempo Setting the Time Signature Setting the Key Setting the Scale Opening an Existing Song Saving the Song Saving a Song as an Archive Exporting a Song to an iTunes Playlist Using Apple Loops Finding Loops With the Loop Browser Finding Loops in Button View Finding Loops in Column View Previewing Loops in the Loop Browser Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 4 3 30 30 31 31 31 32 33 33 Chapter 5 34 34 35 35 35 36 36 37 37 38 38 39 39 39 41 41 41 42 42 43 44 45 45 46 46 46 47 48 48 49 50 50 Refining Your Searches Displaying Loops From a Jam Pack or Folder Searching by Scale Type Limiting Searches to Nearby Keys Searching for Specific Text Adding Loops to the Timeline Creating Your Own Apple Loops Adding Loops to the Loop Library Working in the Timeline About Regions Selecting Regions Cutting, Copying, and Pasting Regions Looping Regions Resizing Regions Moving Regions Transposing Regions Fixing the Timing of Software Instrument Regions Splitting Regions Joining Regions Renaming Regions Using the Timeline Grid Using Undo and Redo Working With Real Instruments Adding a Real Instrument Track Monitoring Real Instrument Input Getting Ready to Record Recording a Real Instrument Recording a Real Instrument With the Cycle Region Recording Multiple Real Instrument Tracks Changing Real Instrument Settings Changing the Instrument Changing the Input Channel Adjusting Input Volume Using the Instrument Tuner Adding an Audio File from the Finder Working with Software Instruments Using Musical Typing Using the Onscreen Music Keyboard Adding a Software Instrument Track Getting Ready to Record Chapter 6 Chapter 7 4 Contents 50 51 51 Chapter 8 53 53 53 54 54 54 54 55 56 56 57 58 58 60 61 61 61 61 61 62 62 62 62 64 64 64 65 65 66 66 67 67 68 68 69 70 70 Recording a Software Instrument Recording a Software Instrument With the Cycle Region Changing Software Instrument Settings Working in the Editor Selecting Regions Editing Real Instrument Regions Moving Real Instrument Regions Cropping Part of a Real Instrument Region Joining Real Instrument Regions Enhancing the Tuning of Real Instrument Tracks Enhancing the Timing of Real Instrument Tracks Editing Software Instrument Regions Editing Notes in a Software Instrument Region Editing Controller Information in a Software Instrument Region Working In Notation View About Notation View Editing Notes In Notation View Adding Notes Selecting Notes Moving Notes Copying Notes Changing the Pitch of Notes Changing the Duration of Notes Deleting Notes Changing Note Velocity Adding Pedal Down and Pedal Up Symbols Mixing and Adding Effects What Is Mixing? Setting Track Volume Levels Setting Track Pan Using Volume and Pan Curves Setting the Output Volume Adding Fade Ins and Fade Outs Transposing the Song to a Different Key Using Effects Types of Effects Adding Effects Adjusting Effects Turning Effects On and Off Choosing Effect Presets Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Contents 5 70 71 Appendix A Appendix B 72 75 75 76 76 Editing Effect Presets Saving Effect Presets Keyboard Shortcuts Connecting Music Equipment To Your Computer Connecting a Musical Instrument or Microphone Connecting a Music Keyboard to Your Computer Connecting Other Music Equipment 6 Contents About GarageBand Getting Started Welcome to GarageBand Getting Started. This document gives you useful information and step-by-step instructions for creating songs with GarageBand. The following chapters give you a tour of the GarageBand windows and a series of lessons to help you create your own songs. The chapters in GarageBand Getting Started cover the following topics: · "GarageBand at a Glance" provides a tour of the windows and controls in GarageBand. · "Working With Songs" describes how to create a new song, as well as how to save, archive, and export your songs. · "Using Apple Loops" describes how to find and preview Apple Loops in the loop browser, add them to the timeline, and create your own Apple Loops. · "Working in the Timeline" describes how to build your song by arranging regions in the timeline. · "Working With Real Instruments" describes how to add a Real Instrument track, turn · · · · on monitoring, set the input channel and format, record a Real Instrument, and change Real Instrument settings. "Working with Software Instruments" describes how to add a Software Instrument track, record a Software Instrument, and change Software Instrument settings. "Working in the Editor" describes the different ways you can edit Real and Software Instrument regions. "Working In Notation View" describes how to view Software Instrument regions as music notation, and how to edit notes, note velocity, and pedal markings in notation view. "Mixing and Adding Effects" describes the steps to follow in mixing your song, and how to use the effects included with GarageBand. GarageBand Getting Started also includes appendixes listing keyboard shortcuts and describing how to connect music equipment to your computer. Preface 7 What's New In GarageBand · You can import MIDI, Apple Lossless, and Sony ACID files into a GarageBand song. · · · · · · · · · · · · MIDI files are imported as Software Instrument regions, Apple Lossless files are imported as Real Instrument regions, and ACID files are imported as Real Instrument loops. You can view Software Instrument regions in notation view in the editor. Notation view displays notes, chords, and other musical events in standard music notation. You can also edit notes and controller information, including pedal markings. You can record up to eight Real Instruments and one Software Instrument at the same time with an appropriate audio interface connected to your computer. You can save both Real and Software Instrument regions you record as Apple Loops, and add your own Apple Loops to the loop browser so you can use them in other songs. If you have one or more Jam Packs installed on your computer, you can choose to show only the loops from a specific Jam Pack, or only those included with GarageBand, in the loop browser. Musical Typing turns your computer keyboard into a music keyboard so that you can play and record Software Instruments. You can control what octave you play in, and control velocity and other controller information (including mod wheel, pitch bend, and sustain) of the notes you play. You can add a pan curve to a Real or Software Instrument track, and add control points to change the track's pan position over time. Pan curves work in exactly the same way as volume curves. You can transpose (change the pitch of ) a song to a different key, to add interest and variety to your songs. When you transpose a song using the master pitch curve, Real and Software Instrument regions (both your recordings and loops) are transposed to the new key. You can enhance the tuning of Real Instrument tracks that have the right rhythmic feel, but are not perfectly in tune, with the Enhance Tuning slider, located in the Real Instrument editor. You can enhance the timing of Real Instrument tracks containing the right notes, but which are not perfectly in time, with the Enhance Timing slider, located in the Real Instrument editor. You can check the tuning of any Real Instrument using the built-in instrument tuner. This is especially useful with guitars, basses, and other instruments that may need regular retuning. GarageBand features new Software Instruments, including two new synthesizers, Hybrid Basic and Hybrid Morph. You can use these synthesizers, which are based on waveforms, to create rich, complex sounds. GarageBand features new effects, including a gender-shifting voice effect, new guitar amp simulations, and bass amp simulations. 8 Preface About GarageBand Getting Started Before You Begin To make it easier to follow the lessons as you work, print each lesson before you start. In many of the tasks shown in this document you need to choose menu commands. In the lessons, and in GarageBand Help, menu commands appear like this: Choose Edit > Join Selected. The first term after Choose is the name of the menu in the GarageBand menu bar. The term (or terms) following the angle bracket are the items you choose from that menu. Preface About GarageBand Getting Started 9 1 GarageBand at a Glance 1 "GarageBand at a Glance" introduces you to the features and controls in the GarageBand windows. You use these controls to create your songs in GarageBand. Take a look at these pages even if you don't plan to complete the lessons in the following chapters, because knowing the names and functions of the GarageBand controls will make it easier to find answers to your questions in GarageBand Help. The pages that follow introduce you to the main GarageBand window­including the timeline, the loop browser, and the editor­and to the Track Info window. You record Real and Software Instruments, add loops, and arrange and mix your songs in the main window, and change track instrument, effects, and input settings in the Track Info window. 10 GarageBand Window A B C D E F G H I A Track headers: The instrument icon and name are shown on the left of each track's header. Click the name to type a new track name. Click the Record button (with the red circle) to turn on the track for recording. Click the Mute button (with the speaker icon) to silence the track. Click the Solo button (with the headphone icon) to hear the track by itself. Click the Lock Track button to lock the track. Click the triangle to show the track's volume curve. Track mixer: Drag the pan dial to adjust the pan position of the track (the left-to-right placement in the stereo field). Drag the volume slider to adjust the track's volume. Watch the level meters to see the track's volume level as you record and play. Timeline: Contains the tracks where you record Real and Software Instruments, add loops, and arrange regions. Also includes the beat ruler, which you use to move the playhead and align items in the timeline with beats and measures. See "Timeline" on page 12 for a description of the features and controls in the timeline. Zoom slider: Drag the zoom slider to zoom in for a closer view of part of the timeline, or to zoom out to see more of the timeline. Add Track button: Click to add a track below the existing tracks in the timeline. Track Info, Loop Browser, and Editor buttons: Click to open the Track Info window, loop browser, or editor. Transport controls: Click the Record button to start recording. Click the Play button to start or stop the song playing. Click the Go to Beginning, Rewind, or Fast Forward buttons to move the playhead to different parts of the song. Click the Cycle button to turn the cycle region on or off. B C D E F G Chapter 1 GarageBand at a Glance 11 H Time display/instrument tuner: The time display shows the playhead's position in musical time (measures, beats, ticks) or absolute time (hours, minutes, seconds, fractions). Drag or double-click the numerals to enter a new playhead position. The right side of the time display shows the song's tempo. Click and hold the tempo, then drag the slider to set a new tempo. You can also show the instrument tuner in the time display window, and use it to check the tuning of a Real Instrument connected to your computer. Master volume slider and level meters: Drag the volume slider to adjust the song's master output volume level. Watch the level meters to see if clipping is occurring before you export a song. I Timeline The timeline contains the tracks where you record Real and Software Instruments, add loops, and arrange regions. C A D E B F G H I A B C Beat ruler: Shows beats and measures, the units of musical time in the timeline. You can click the beat ruler to move the playhead to a specific point in the timeline. Tracks: You record Real and Software Instruments in tracks, and drag loops to tracks to add them to a song. You arrange the song by working with regions in the tracks in the timeline. Playhead: Shows the point in the song currently playing, or the point where playback starts when you click the Play button. Also shows where cut and copied items are pasted in the timeline. You can move the playhead to change what part of the song is playing. Timeline Grid button: Choose a note value for the timeline grid, or choose Automatic to have the value change when you zoom in or out. Volume and pan curves: Add a volume or pan curve to a track, then add and adjust control points on the volume or pan curve to add dynamic changes to different parts of a song. D E 12 Chapter 1 GarageBand at a Glance F Regions: When you record a Real Instrument or Software Instrument, or add a loop, you create a region in the timeline. You can cut, copy, and paste regions, loop and resize them, move and transpose them, and make other changes to build the arrangement of the song. Master track: You can change the sound of the overall song by adding effects or a volume curve to the master track. You can also add a pitch curve to the master track to transpose parts of your song to a different key. Playhead Lock button: Click to unlock the playheads in the timeline and the editor, so that you can see different parts of the song in the editor and the timeline. Scroll bars: Drag the horizontal scroll bar to move to a different part of a song. Drag the vertical scroll bar to see tracks not currently visible. G H I Chapter 1 GarageBand at a Glance 13 Editor The editor is like a microscope showing a close-up view of part of a track. You can edit Real and Software Instrument regions in a variety of ways in the editor. For Real Instruments When you select a Real Instrument track, the editor shows the waveform of the track or selected region. You can move, crop, join, transpose, and rename regions in the editor. D E F A B C G H I A B C D E F G Region Name field: Type a new name for the selected region in the field. Region Pitch slider and field: Drag the slider to transpose the selected Real Instrument region up or down by up to 12 semitones. You can also type the number of semitones in the field. Zoom slider: Drag to zoom in for a closer view or to zoom out to see more of the track or selected region. Zooming in the editor is independent of the timeline. Beat ruler: Shows beats and measures for the area visible in the editor. Playhead: Shows the point in the song currently playing. Waveform display: Shows the waveform of the regions in the track. Enhance Tuning slider and checkbox: Drag right to increase the amount of tuning enhancement, or drag left to lower the amount. The "Limit to key" checkbox limits tuning enhancement to the song's key. Enhance Timing slider and pop-up menu: Drag right to increase the amount of timing enhancement, or drag left to lower the amount. Choose the note value to use and the basis for timing enhancement from the pop-up menu. Scroll bar: Drag the scroll bar to move to a different part of the track. H I 14 Chapter 1 GarageBand at a Glance For Software Instruments­Graphic View When you select a Software Instrument track, the editor shows a graphic display of the track or selected region. You can edit individual notes in Software Instrument regions, fix the timing of notes, and transpose and rename regions. You can also show and edit controller data for pitch bend, a modulation wheel, or a sustain pedal, recorded when you play your music keyboard. F H I J A B C D E G K A B C Region Name field: Type a new name for the selected region in the field. Region Pitch slider and field: Drag the slider to transpose the selected Software Instrument region up or down by up to 36 semitones. You can also type the number of semitones in the field. Velocity slider and field: Drag the slider to change the velocity of selected notes. You can also type the velocity value in the field. A note's velocity reflects how hard the key is pressed when you play the note. Zoom slider: Drag to zoom in for a closer view or to zoom out to see more of the track. Graphic/Notation View buttons: Click to change the editor to graphic view or notation view. Display pop-up menu: Choose whether to show notes or controller data in the editor. Fix Timing button: Click to fix the timing of notes in the selected region, or notes selected in the editor, so that notes move to the nearest grid position. Beat ruler: Shows beats and measures for the area visible in the editor. Playhead: Shows the point in the song currently playing. Notes/controller data display: Shows the individual notes of Software Instrument regions in a graphic format. You can move and resize notes to adjust their pitch, where they start playing, and how long they play. Shows controller data when chosen in the Display pop-up menu. Scroll bar: Drag the scroll bar to move to a different part of a track. D E F G H I J K Chapter 1 GarageBand at a Glance 15 For Software Instruments­Notation View You can also view Software Instrument tracks and regions in notation view. In notation view, notes and other musical events are shown in standard music notation. You can edit notes and edit controller information (including velocity and pedal markings for sustain) in notation view. F H I J A B C D E G A B C Region Name field: Type a new name for the selected region in the field. Region Pitch slider and field: Drag the slider to transpose the selected Software Instrument region up or down by up to 36 semitones. You can also type the number of semitones in the field. Velocity slider and field: Drag the slider to change the velocity of selected notes. You can also type the velocity value in the field. A note's velocity reflects how hard the key is pressed when you play the note. Zoom slider: Drag to zoom in for a closer view or to zoom out to see more of the track. Graphic/Notation View buttons: Click to change the editor to graphic view or notation view. Note value button: Click to choose the note value for notes you add. Fix Timing button: Click to fix the timing of notes in the selected region, or notes selected in the editor, so that notes move to the nearest grid position. Beat ruler: Shows beats and measures for the area visible in the editor. Playhead: Shows the point in the song currently playing. Notation display: Shows the musical events of Software Instrument regions in standard music notation. You can move notes to adjust their pitch and where they start playing, and change how long they play. Scroll bar: Drag the scroll bar to move to a different part of a track. D E F G H I J K 16 Chapter 1 GarageBand at a Glance Loop Browser The loop browser lets you quickly find loops to add to your songs. You can find loops using keywords for instrument, musical genre, or mood. You can also perform text searches, and refine your results in several ways. The loop browser shows the tempo, key, and number of beats for each matching loop. You can preview loops in the loop browser before you add them to a song, and add more loops to GarageBand by dragging them onto the loop browser. The loop browser gives you two ways to find loops: button view and column view. Button View In button view, the loop browser contains a set of keyword buttons. Click a button to show matching loops in the results list. Clicking multiple buttons narrows the results to those loops that match all of the selected keywords. G A B C D E F A B C D E F Keyword buttons: Click a keyword button to display matching loops in the results list. You can click multiple keyword buttons to narrow your results. View buttons: Click the column button to show column view, or click the grid button to show button view. Scale type pop-up menu: Choose a scale type to see only loops using that musical scale. Search text field: Type text in the field to see loops with the text in their file name or path. Preview volume slider: Drag the slider to adjust the volume of the loop being previewed. Results list: Shows loops that match the selected keywords. Also displays the tempo, key, and number of beats for each loop. Click a loop in the results list to preview it. Click the Favs checkbox for a loop to add it to your favorites. Loop library pop-up menu: Choose the loops you want to show in the loop browser from the pop-up menu. G Chapter 1 GarageBand at a Glance 17 Column View In column view, the loop browser features columns for keyword type, categories, and keywords. Click a keyword type to show categories for that type, click a category to show keywords, then click a keyword to show matching loops in the results list. Clicking multiple keywords expands the results to those loops matching any of the selected keywords. A B C D E F G H A B C D E F G H Keyword type column: Click a keyword type to show the categories for that keyword type in the middle column. Category column: Click a category to show keywords for that category in the right column. Keyword column: Click a keyword to show matching loops in the results list. You can click multiple keywords to expand your results. View buttons: Click the column button to show column view, or click the grid button to show button view. Scale type pop-up menu: Choose a scale type to see only loops using that scale. Search text field: Type text in the field to see loops with the text in their file name or path. Preview volume slider: Drag the slider to adjust the volume of the loop being previewed. Results list: Shows the loops that match the selected keywords. Also displays the tempo, key, and number of beats for each loop. Click a loop in the results list to preview it. Click the Favs checkbox for a loop to add it to your favorites. 18 Chapter 1 GarageBand at a Glance Track Info Window The Track Info window shows the current instrument, effects, and input settings for the selected track, or the master effects settings for the master track. You can change these settings in the Track Info window. Real and Software Instrument Tracks Some controls in the Track Info window are different for Real Instrument tracks than for Software Instrument tracks (as noted below). A B C D E G F H I Chapter 1 GarageBand at a Glance 19 A B C D E F Instrument category list: Click an instrument category to see the instruments for that category in the instrument list on the right. Instrument library pop-up menu: Choose which instruments you want to see in the category and instrument lists from the pop-up menu. Instrument list: Click an instrument from the list. Instrument icon pop-up menu: Click to choose an instrument icon from the icon menu. Details triangle: Click to show the instrument and effects settings. Effect checkboxes, sliders, and pop-up menus: Click an effect checkbox to turn the effect on or off. Drag the sliders to adjust the level of the effects, or choose an item from the pop-up menus. The Track Info window includes the following effects for Real and Software Instruments: · Noise gate slider (Real Instrument tracks only): Drag the slider to adjust the amount of gating. · Generator and generator preset pop-up menus (Software Instrument tracks only): Choose an instrument generator, and generator preset, from the menus. · Compression slider: Drag the slider to adjust the amount of compression. · Equalizer pop-up menu: Choose an EQ setting from the pop-up menu. · Effect and effect setting pop-up menus: Click a checkbox to turn additional effects on or off. Choose an effect from a pop-up menu on the left, then choose an effect preset from the popup menu on the right. · Echo slider: Drag the slider to adjust the amount of echo. · Reverb slider: Drag the slider to adjust the amount of reverb. Input channel pop-up menu and buttons (Real Instrument tracks only): Choose the input channel or channels for the instrument from the Input pop-up menu. Drag the Volume slider to set the input volume for the selected channel. Choose whether monitoring is on or off from the Monitor pop-up. Effect edit buttons: Click to show an effect's preset window, where you can edit the effect preset. Save Instrument and Delete Instrument buttons: Click the Save Instrument button to save an instrument. Click the Delete Instrument button to delete a saved instrument. G H I 20 Chapter 1 GarageBand at a Glance Master Track The Track Info window for the master track shows the global song settings and effects settings for the overall song. Global song settings include tempo, time signature, and key. Global effects settings include echo, reverb, equalizer, and compressor settings. A B C D E FE G H I J I The Echo and Reverb sliders for individual tracks control the amount of echo and reverb that are sent to the global echo and reverb effects. In the Track Info window for the master track, you can change the global echo and reverb presets that control the sound of these effects. A B C D E F Master effects category list: Click a category to see the effects for that category in the master effects list on the right. Instrument library pop-up menu: Choose which instruments you want to see in the category and instrument lists from the pop-up menu. Master effects list: Click a set of master effects from the list. Tempo slider: Drag the slider to change the song's tempo. Time pop-up menu and field: Choose a time signature from the pop-up menu, or enter a number in the field. Key pop-up menu: Choose a key from the pop-up menu. Chapter 1 GarageBand at a Glance 21 G H Details triangle: Click to show the global effects settings. Effect checkboxes, pop-up menus, and slider: Click an effect checkbox to turn the effect on or off. Choose an item from the pop-up menus, or drag the slider, to adjust an effect. The Track Info window includes the following effects for the master track: · Echo pop-up menu: Choose a global echo preset. · Reverb pop-up menu: Choose a global reverb preset. · Effect and effect setting pop-up menus: Click a checkbox to turn an additional effect on or off. Choose an effect from a pop-up menu on the left, then choose an effect preset from the popup menu on the right. · Equalizer pop-up menu: Choose a global equalizer setting from the pop-up menu. · Compression slider: Drag the slider to adjust the amount of global compression. Effect edit buttons: Click to show an effect's preset window, where you can edit the effect preset. Save Master and Delete Master buttons: Click the Save Master button to save a set of master effects. Click the Delete Master button to delete a saved set of master effects. I J 22 Chapter 1 GarageBand at a Glance 2 Working With Songs 2 Songs are the documents that hold your music and all the changes you make. You can create and save songs, save a song as an archive, and export a song to iTunes. Each song has a tempo, a time signature, and a key, which last for the entire length of the song. When you create a song, you set the tempo, time signature, and key in the New Project dialog. You can save a song as an archive, and export a song to an iTunes playlist. Creating a Song You start working in GarageBand by creating a new song. To create a new song: 1 Choose File > New Project. 2 In the New Project dialog, browse to the location where you want to store the song, then type a name for the song in the name field. 23 3 Set the song's tempo, time signature, and key as described in the following sections. Tempo slider Scale pop-up menu Time signature pop-up menu Key pop-up menu Setting the Tempo Each song has a speed, or tempo. The tempo defines the rate at which beats, the basic rhythmic pulse, occur in the song. The tempo is measured in beats per minute, or bpm. You can set the tempo to any speed between 60 and 240 bpm. The default tempo is 120 bpm, which is a common tempo used in popular music. m To set the tempo: In the New Project dialog, drag the Tempo slider left to slow down the tempo, or right to speed up the tempo. Note: You can change the tempo later in the Time display, or in the Track Info window for the master track. Click here to change the tempo. Setting the Time Signature Each song also has a time signature, which controls the relationship between beats and measures. A song's time signature consists of two numbers separated by a forward slash, which look similar to a fraction. The number on the left controls the number of beats in each measure, and the number on the right controls the beat value (the length of the note that gets one beat). 24 Chapter 2 Working With Songs You can use any of the following time signatures in a GarageBand song: 2/2, 2/4, 3/4, 4/ 4, 5/4, 7/4, 6/8, 7/8, 9/8, or 12/8. The default is 4/4, the most commonly used time signature. m To set the time signature: In the New Project dialog, choose a time signature from the Time pop-up menu. Note: You can change the time signature later in the Track Info window for the master track. Setting the Key Each song has a key, which defines the central note to which the other notes in the music relate, and the scale used (either "major" or "minor"). To set the key: 1 In the New Project dialog, choose a key from the Key pop-up menu. 2 Choose the scale from the pop-up menu to the right of the Key pop-up menu. Note: You can change the key later in the Track Info window for the master track. If you change the key of a song after recording instruments or adding loops, all Software Instrument recordings and loops are transposed to the new key. Real Instrument recordings are not transposed. Setting the Scale Along with the key, each song uses a particular scale. The most common scales are the major and minor scales. m To set the key: In the New Project dialognew project dialog, choose a scale from the Scale pop-up menu. Opening an Existing Song You can open an existing song to continue working. To open an existing song: 1 Choose File > Open, locate and select the song you want to open, then click OK. You can also open a recently open song by choosing File > Open Recent and selecting a song from the shortcut menu. If you close the currently open song, GarageBand displays a window asking if you want to create a new song or open an existing song. Chapter 2 Working With Songs 25 Saving the Song As you work, it's important to save your song often so you don't lose your changes. m To save a song: Choose File > Save (or press Command-S). Saving a Song as an Archive You can also save a song as an archive. When you save a song as an archive, all the audio files, loops, and other media the song uses are saved in the song file. This is especially useful in case you want to copy the song to another computer, or are duplicating a song with your own Real Instrument recordings. m To save a song as an archive: Choose File > Save as Archive. Exporting a Song to an iTunes Playlist You can export a song to an iTunes playlist, then play your exported songs in iTunes, download them to an iPod, or burn the playlist to a CD. Files are exported to iTunes in AIFF format. You can convert the exported file to another format, such as AAC or MP3, from within iTunes. m To export a song to an iTunes playlist: Choose File > Export to iTunes. The entire song, from the beginning (measure 1) to the end of the last region, is exported. If the cycle region is turned on when you export the song, the part of the timeline from the start to the end of the cycle region is exported. You can set the name of the iTunes playlist to which files will be exported, and also set the name of the album and composer, in the Export pane of GarageBand Preferences. You can also export a single track, or a group of tracks, to an iTunes playlist. To export a single track, solo the track (or mute all other tracks) before exporting. To export a group of tracks, solo the tracks (or mute all other tracks) before exporting. 26 Chapter 2 Working With Songs 4 Using Apple Loops 4 You can use Apple Loops to add backing and rhythm tracks to your songs. You can also add Apple Loops to your loop library, and create your own Apple Loops. Most popular music today is based on repeating rhythmic patterns (sometimes called "grooves" or "riffs"), especially in the drum and bass parts. To create a song in a groovebased style, an effective way of working is to add loops for the drum parts, then add loops for bass and other rhythm parts. This lets you define the rhythmic feel of the song, and also lets you build the basic arrangement of the song by blocking out sections with different grooves. Once the basic rhythm parts are in place, you can record Real and Software Instrument regions to add lead, solo, and harmony parts. You can quickly define the feel of a song by adding Apple Loops. Apple Loops are prerecorded music files designed to seamlessly repeat a rhythmic pattern. When you add a loop to the timeline, you can extend it to fill any amount of time, making it easy to create drum parts and other rhythm parts. When you add a loop to a song, GarageBand matches the loop's tempo and key to the tempo and key of the song. This lets you use loops that were originally recorded at different speeds, and in different keys, and have them sound as though they were made to be played together. Finding Loops With the Loop Browser GarageBand includes a loop browser that lets you find loops by musical instrument, genre, or mood. You can also perform text searches, and refine your searches for loops in several other ways. No matter how large your collection of loops becomes, you can quickly find loops with the sound you want using the loop browser. m To show the loop browser: Click the Loop Browser button (the button with the open eye). 27 The loop browser has two views: button view and column view. In button view, you click keyword buttons to show loops that match the keywords. In column view, you choose from different keyword types, categories, and keywords to show matching loops. In the lower-left corner of the loop browser are two view buttons you use to select button or column view. m To choose button view or column view: Click the column button to show column view, or click the grid button to show button view. Finding Loops in Button View Button view features a grid of keyword buttons. You click a button to see the loops matching the keyword in the results list to the right. You can narrow your results by clicking multiple buttons. Click a keyword button. Matching loops appear in the results list. To find loops in button view: 1 Click the grid button in the lower-left corner of the loop browser to switch to button view. 2 Click a keyword button to show matching loops in the results list. The columns in the results list show the type of loop, name, tempo, key, and number of beats for each loop. 3 To refine your results, click multiple keyword buttons. This narrows the matching loops to only those that match all of the selected keywords. 4 To end a search, either click the selected keyword again to deselect it, or click the Reset button to deselect all selected keywords. When you click a keyword, incompatible keywords (those that share no loop with the selected keyword) are dimmed. Now find some drum loops in button view by clicking the Drums keyword button. Scroll through the list to see all the matching loops. Notice that the number of matching loops is shown next to the search field. 28 Chapter 4 Using Apple Loops Finding Loops in Column View In column view, clicking a keyword type in the left column shows categories for that keyword type in the middle column. Clicking a category shows keywords for that category in the right column. Clicking a keyword shows matching loops in the results list. You can expand your results by clicking multiple keywords. Keyword type column Category column Keyword column Results list To find loops in column view: 1 Click the column button in the lower-left corner of the loop browser to switch to column view. 2 Click a keyword type in the left column. 3 Click a category in the middle column. 4 Click a keyword in the right column to show matching loops in the results list. 5 To refine your results, click multiple categories or keywords. This expands the matching loops to include those that match any of the selected categories or keywords. Now find some bass loops in column view by first choosing the By Instruments keyword type, then the Bass category, then the Grooving keyword. When you find loops in either button view or column view, the total number of matching loops is shown next to the search field at the bottom of the loop browser. Previewing Loops in the Loop Browser When you find loops that fit the criteria you want, you can preview them in the loop browser to hear which loop will sound best in your song. You can preview the loop by itself (solo), or hear it playing together with the song. m To preview a loop: Click the loop in the results list. Click the loop again to stop previewing it. Chapter 4 Using Apple Loops 29 Once you have added loops or recorded instruments in your song, you can preview a loop together with the song by clicking the Play button before you click the loop. When you preview a loop with a song, GarageBand matches the tempo and key of the loop to the song's tempo and key, and syncs the loop with the song so it starts playing on the beat. When you preview a loop, you can also control the volume of the loop using the volume slider in the loop browser. Drag the volume slider to adjust the volume of the loop. m To adjust the volume of a loop being previewed: Drag the volume slider in the loop browser left to lower the loop's volume, or right to raise the loop's volume. If you adjust the volume of a loop in the loop browser, then add the loop to your song by dragging it to an empty part of the timeline, the volume of the track created for the loop is set to the same volume. Now try previewing the loops you found earlier, and see which ones you like. Refining Your Searches There are several ways you can refine your searches in the loop browser. You can: · Display only loops from a specific Jam Pack or folder · Display loops using a particular scale type · Display only loops in keys near the song's key · Perform text searches Displaying Loops From a Jam Pack or Folder If you have installed one or more of the GarageBand Jam Packs on your computer, your loop library can contain many thousands of loops. To make searching for loops easier, you can choose to display only loops from a specific Jam Pack, or only the loops included with GarageBand. If you have created your own loops or added loops from another source, you can also choose to display only those loops. Click here to show the loop library pop-up menu. 30 Chapter 4 Using Apple Loops m To display loops from a specific Jam Pack or folder: Choose the Jam Pack or folder with the loops you want to see from the loop library pop-up menu, located to the right of the word "Loops" at the top of the loop browser. Searching by Scale Type Most loops other than drum loops are recorded using a particular musical scale. In most cases, when you arrange several loops so that they play together, you'll want to use loops with the same scale type. The Scale pop-up menu lets you narrow the loops shown in the results list to those using either the major or minor scale, those using neither scale, or those good for both. Choose a scale type here. Enter search text here. m To display only loops with a particular scale type: Choose the scale type from the Scale pop-up menu. Drum loops don't usually have a scale type, so try refining the bass loops you found earlier to show only those using the major scale. Limiting Searches to Nearby Keys Loops with melody and harmony instruments are recorded in a specific musical key. When you add a loop to a song, GarageBand matches the loop's key with the key of the song. The closer the loop's original key is to the key of the song, the more natural the loop will sound when transposed to the song's key. When a loop is transposed by a large number of semitones, the result can sometimes sound unnatural or distorted. To display loops only in keys near the song's key: 1 Choose GarageBand > Preferences, then click the General tab. 2 In the General pane, click the "Filter for more relevant results" checkbox. Note: The "Filter for more relevant results" checkbox is turned on by default. To see loops in keys farther away from the song's key, turn off the checkbox. Searching for Specific Text You can quickly find loops with specific text in their file name or path using the search field. This makes it easy to find a loop by name, or to find all loops in a specific folder. m To perform text searches for loops: Type the text you want to search for in the search field, then press Return. Loops with the text in either their file name or path will be shown in the results list. Try refining the drum loops you found earlier by typing "acoustic" "club" or "funk" in the , , search field. You can try typing other words to see what results you get. Chapter 4 Using Apple Loops 31 You can use several methods together to find specific loops. For instance, you can use keywords with the Scale pop-up menu, or with the search field, to find only bass loops using the major scale, or to find only percussion loops with "latin" in the file name. Adding Loops to the Timeline When you find a loop you want to use in your song, you add the loop to the timeline. Drag a loop to an empty part of the timeline to create a new track for the loop. m To add a loop to the timeline: Drag the loop from the loop browser to an empty part of the timeline where there is no track. A new track of the appropriate type is created, and the loop is added to the new track. You can also create a new track, then drag a loop of the same type (Real or Software Instrument) to the track. To learn about creating tracks, see Chapters 6 and 7. There are two types of Apple Loops: Real Instrument loops or Software Instrument loops. In the loop browser, the loop's icon shows which type each loop is. Real Instrument loops can be dragged only to a Real Instrument track, and Software Instrument loops can be dragged to either a Real or Software Instrument track. Either type can be dragged to an empty part of the timeline to create a new track. You can also convert a Software Instrument loop to a Real Instrument loop when you drag it to the timeline. Real Instrument loops require less processing power for playback, which can allow you to use more tracks and effects in your song, especially for songs with many loops. m To convert a Software Instrument loop to a Real Instrument loop: Option-drag the loop from the loop browser to the timeline. By default, option-dragging a Software Instrument loop converts it to a Real Instrument loop. You can change the default so that dragging a Software Instrument loop converts it to a Real Instrument loop, and option-dragging does not convert it. To change the default behavior for converting Software Instrument loops: 1 Choose GarageBand > Preferences, then click the Advanced tab. 2 Turn on the "Convert to Real Instrument" checkbox next to "Adding Loops to the Timeline" . 32 Chapter 4 Using Apple Loops When you add a loop to a song, a region is created from the loop in the timeline. The edits you make to the region do not change the original loop, so you can always return to the original sound of the loop or use it in another song. Now try adding some of the drum and bass loops you found earlier to the timeline. Creating Your Own Apple Loops You can save Real and Software Instrument regions you record as Apple Loops. When you save a region as an Apple Loop, it is added to the loop library and appears in the loop browser, so you can use it in other songs. Apple Loops you create from recorded regions match the tempo and key of the song, just like the Apple Loops included with GarageBand. To save a region as an Apple Loop: 1 Select the region in the timeline. 2 Choose Edit > Add To Loop Library, or drag the region over the loop browser. 3 In the Add Loop dialog, do the following: a b c d Type a name for the loop. Choose the scale and genre from the pop-up menus. Choose an instrument category and instrument name from the list. Click the appropriate mood buttons for easy searching. 4 Click Create. For information about recording Real and Software Instruments and creating regions, see Chapters 6 and 7. Adding Loops to the Loop Library When you install GarageBand, the loops included with the application are installed in the Apple Loops library. When you add more loops to your collection, they are installed in the loop library, and appear in the loop browser for you to use. m To add Apple Loops to your loop library: Drag the loops, or the folder containing the loops, over the loop browser. The loops are added to the Apple Loops library and are immediately available to use in your songs. If you add loops located on a different drive or partition, a dialog appears asking whether you want to copy them to the loop library, or index them in their current location. If you add loops from the desktop, a dialog asks if you want to move them or index them in their current location. If you add loops located on a CD or DVD, GarageBand copies them to the loop library. Chapter 4 Using Apple Loops 33 5 Working in the Timeline 5 You build your songs by arranging Real and Software Instrument regions in the timeline. Once you've added several loops to the timeline, you can make changes to their regions in the timeline to start building the arrangement of the song. There are several ways you can arrange regions in the timeline. You can: · Cut, copy, and paste them · Loop them · Lengthen or shorten them · Move them to another part of the timeline or to another track · Transpose them to a different key · Fix their timing · Split or join them · Rename them About Regions Each time you record a Real or Software Instrument, you create a region in the instrument's track containing the music you record. When you drag a loop to the timeline, you create a region from the loop. Any changes you make to the region, such as splitting or transposing it, do not change the original recording or loop. Real Instrument regions you record are purple, Real Instrument regions created from loops are blue, and Real Instrument regions from imported audio files are orange. Software Instrument regions, both from recordings and from loops, are green. Regions are the building blocks of a song. You define the feeling, build the structure, and create change and interest in a song by arranging regions in the timeline. 34 Selecting Regions In order to make changes to a region, you must first select it in the timeline. To select a region, do one of the following: · Select a single region by clicking it. · Select multiple regions by Shift-clicking. · Drag from a point before the first region to a point after the last one to select the regions in between. Note: To select regions and perform other actions such as looping and resizing, you may need to zoom in on the region so that it is large enough to select. Cutting, Copying, and Pasting Regions You can cut, copy, and paste regions using the standard Mac OS menu commands and keyboard shortcuts. m To cut a region: Select the region, then choose Edit > Cut. To copy a region, do one of the following: · Select the region, then choose Edit > Copy. · Option-drag a loop to create a copy. m To paste a region: Move the playhead to the point in the timeline where you want the region to start, then choose Edit > Paste. When you paste a region, the playhead moves to the end of the pasted region. You can paste additional copies of the region, and each one starts at the point in the timeline where the previous one ends. Looping Regions You can loop a region so that it plays repeatedly. When you loop a region, it plays repeatedly from the start point to the end point. To loop a region: 1 Move the pointer over the upper half of the right edge of the region. The pointer changes to a loop pointer, with a circular arrow. Chapter 5 Working in the Timeline 35 2 Drag the edge of the region to the point where you want it to stop playing. The region will loop repeatedly to that point. Loop pointer When you loop a region, the notches at the top and bottom of the region show the beginning and end of each repetition. You can drag to the end of a repetition, or have it end in the middle of a repetition. Try looping the drum and bass regions you added to the timeline. Rhythm patterns in most popular music last for some multiple of four measures. For example, the verse and chorus of a popular song often last for 16 or 32 measures each. Resizing Regions You can resize regions by either shortening or lengthening them. · When you shorten a region, only the visible part of the loop plays. · When you lengthen a region, you add silence (blank space) to its beginning or end. To resize a region: 1 Move the pointer over the lower half of either edge of the region. The pointer changes to a resize pointer, with an arrow pointing away from the region. 2 Drag the edge of the region to shorten it or lengthen it. Resize pointer Resizing a region by lengthening adds silence to the region. This can be useful if you want to make copies of the region, each lasting for a certain number of beats. Note: You can't lengthen a Real Instrument region beyond its original length. Moving Regions You can move a region by dragging it to a new point in the timeline. You can also move a region to another track of the same type as the region (Real Instrument regions can only be moved to Real Instrument tracks, and Software Instrument regions can only be moved to Software Instrument tracks). 36 Chapter 5 Working in the Timeline To move a region: · Drag the region left or right to a new point in the timeline. · Drag the region up or down to another track of the same type. Two regions cannot overlap in the same track. If you drag a region over part of another region, the region being covered is shortened to the edge of the overlapping region. If one region completely covers another region, the region being covered is deleted from the track. Try adding a new drum or bass loop to the timeline. Move it so it starts at the end of the one you've added earlier, then loop it to create a new rhythmic groove. Transposing Regions When you add a region to the timeline, the region is matched, or transposed, to the key of the song. In most situations, you'll want regions to be in the same key as the song. You can transpose a region to a different key when you want the song to temporarily move to a new key, or to create tension between the region and the rest of the song (called dissonance). Drag the Region Pitch slider, or type the number of semitones in the field. To transpose a region: 1 Select the region in the timeline, then click the Editor button to open the editor. You can also double-click the region to open the editor. 2 Drag the Region pitch slider to transpose the region up or down. You can also type the number of semitones you want to transpose the region in the field next to the slider. A semitone is the smallest distance between two musical notes. Try adding a new bass loop after the one that you have already dragged to the timeline, then transposing it. The most common transpositions are five and seven semitones up or down, but feel free to try whatever sounds good. Fixing the Timing of Software Instrument Regions You can fix the timing of Software Instrument regions you record. When you fix the timing of a region, the notes in the region move to the nearest grid position, as set in the timeline grid menu in the upper-right corner of the editor. m To fix the timing of a recorded region: Select the region, then click the Fix Timing button (with the words "Align to" followed by the current note value). Chapter 5 Working in the Timeline 37 m To set the note value for Fix Timing: Click the Timeline Grid button, then choose a note value from the menu, or choose Automatic. Splitting Regions You can split a region in the timeline. Splitting a region lets you start playing the region from a point other than the beginning, or use parts of a region in different places in the timeline. 1 Select the region you want to split. 2 Move the playhead over the point in the region where you want to split it. 3 Choose Edit > Split. Only the selected region will be split, even if a region in another track is under the playhead as well. If multiple regions are selected and are under the playhead, they will all be split. The selected region is split into two regions at the playhead. When you split a Software Instrument region, any notes at the split point are shortened to that point. Joining Regions You can join multiple regions into a single region. To be joined, the regions must be adjacent to each other on the same track, with no space between them. Real Instrument regions from loops (blue) can't be joined. Recorded Real Instrument regions (purple) can only be joined to other Real Instrument regions, and Software Instrument regions (green) can only be joined to other Software Instrument regions. 1 Make sure the regions are the same type, on the same track, and adjacent to each other. 2 Select the regions. 3 Choose Edit > Join Selected. When you join Real Instrument regions, a dialog appears asking if you want to create a new audio file. Click Create to join the regions in a new Real Instrument region. 38 Chapter 5 Working in the Timeline Renaming Regions You can rename a region in the editor. To rename a region: 1 Click the region in the timeline to select it, then click the Editor button. You can also double-click the region to open the editor. The waveform of the region appears in the editor. Be sure the header over the field says Region before you type the new name. 2 Select the text in the name field, then type the new name in the field. Using the Timeline Grid When working with regions in the timeline, you usually want them to align with the beats and measures in the beat ruler, so they start playing on the beat. GarageBand includes a timeline grid that makes it easy to align regions with beats and measures in the beat ruler, and with other musical note values. When you turn on the grid, the playhead, regions, and other items in the timeline snap to the nearest grid position in the timeline and the editor when you move or resize them. m To turn the grid on or off: Choose Control > Snap to Grid. The grid can be set to any of the following note values: · 1/4 notes, 1/8 notes, 1/16 notes, or 1/32 notes · 1/4 note triplets, 1/8 note triplets, or 1/16 note triplets · 1/8 note swing light or swing heavy, 1/16 note swing light or swing heavy The grid can also be set to Automatic. When set to Automatic, the grid changes when you zoom in or zoom out. The grid division moves between measures, 1/4 notes, 1/8 notes, 1/16 notes, and 1/32 notes, depending on the zoom level. m To set the timeline grid value: Click the Timeline Grid button, then choose a note value from the menu, or choose Automatic. Using Undo and Redo As you build your arrangement in the timeline, you may want to undo or redo some of the changes you make. If you decide you don't like the last change you made to a song, it can usually be undone. After undoing it, if you decide you like the song better with the change, you can redo the last command. Chapter 5 Working in the Timeline 39 You can also use the Undo and Redo commands as a quick way of trying out changes to a song. You can make several changes to the song, then step back through the changes using Undo. If you change your mind after undoing a step, you can recover the changes using Redo. You can undo or redo any number of actions, since the last time you saved. At any point, you can save a new version of the song by choosing File > Save As. m To undo the last change: Choose Edit > Undo. To redo the last change: Choose Edit > Redo. m 40 Chapter 5 Working in the Timeline 6 Working With Real Instruments 6 You can play and record guitars, basses, microphones and other musical instruments connected to your computer in Real Instrument tracks. Each recording appears as a region in the track. You can change input settings and add effects to a Real Instrument track in the Track Info window. Adding a Real Instrument Track To record a Real Instrument, you can add a new Real Instrument track or record on an existing Real Instrument track. To add a Real Instrument track: 1 Click the Add Track button, or choose Track > New Track. 2 In the New Track dialog, click the Real Instrument tab. 3 Select an instrument category from the Category list, then select an instrument from the Instrument list. 4 Select the input format by clicking either the Mono or Stereo format button, then choose the input channel from the Input pop-up menu. If the instrument you are recording has a single input, choose the Mono format. If the instrument has left and right inputs, choose the Stereo format. You can also add a basic track. A basic track is a stereo Real Instrument track containing no effects. You can change the input format and effects settings of a basic track after adding it to the song. m To add a basic track: Choose Track > New Basic Track. Monitoring Real Instrument Input Hearing your instrument while you play and record is called monitoring. When you create a Real Instrument track, you can turn on monitoring for the track in the New Track dialog. You can turn monitoring on or off in the Track Info window. 41 To turn monitoring on or off for a Real Instrument track: 1 Select a Real Instrument track, then click the Track Info button to open the Track Info window. 2 Choose "On" or "Off" from the Monitoring pop-up menu. Turning on monitoring can produce feedback (loud, sharp noise) if the audio input picks up the sound being output through your speakers. This is the reason monitoring is off by default. You may want to turn off monitoring for a Real Instrument track when you are not singing into the microphone or playing the instrument connected to the track. If you are recording multiple Real Instrument tracks, be sure to turn off monitoring when you finish recording a track to prevent feedback. Getting Ready to Record Once you have connected your instrument and added a track to record in, there are a few things to check before you start recording: · Make sure the microphone or instrument is connected properly and is working. · Make sure the correct audio drivers are selected in the Audio/MIDI pane of GarageBand Preferences. · Open the Track Info window to make sure the instrument has the instrument and effects settings you want, and is using the correct input channel (or pair of channels). See "Changing Real Instrument Settings" on page 45 for more information. · Sing or play a few notes and watch the track's level meters in the track mixer to make sure the track is receiving input, and isn't clipping. If the red dots at the right of the level meters (called clipping indicators) light up, try dragging the volume slider to the left a little to lower the input volume. · You may want to set the song tempo and key before recording a Real Instrument. Real Instrument recordings are fixed in tempo and key, unlike loops and Software Instrument recordings, and cannot be changed after they are recorded. Recording a Real Instrument Now you're ready to record your Real Instrument. You can record one Real Instrument track at a time. To record a Real Instrument: 1 Click the header of the Real Instrument track you want to record in to select the track. 2 Move the playhead to the point in the timeline where you want to start recording. 3 Choose Control > Count In to have the metronome play a one-measure count-in before recording starts. You can also set the playhead a few beats before the point where you want the music to come in to make it easier to start playing on the beat. 42 Chapter 6 Working With Real Instruments 4 Click the Record button to start recording. Play button Cycle button Record button 5 Start playing your instrument, or singing into your microphone. As you record, a new region appears in the selected Real Instrument track with the music you record. 6 When you are finished, click the Play button to stop recording. An audio waveform appears in the newly recorded region. After you record, you can listen to your new recorded part to see how you like it. To hear the new recording: 1 Move the playhead to the point in the timeline where the new region starts (align it with the left edge of the region). You can also move the playhead to an earlier point in the song, or to the beginning of the song, to hear the new recording in the context of the song. 2 Click the Play button, or press the Space bar. Recording a Real Instrument With the Cycle Region GarageBand lets you record over a specific part of a song. Musicians sometimes call this "punching in" and "punching out," and call the points where you start and stop recording "punch points." To record over a specific part of a song, you set the cycle region in the timeline. To set the cycle region: 1 Click the Cycle button. The cycle region appears as a yellow strip just below the beat ruler. 2 Move the cycle region to the point in the timeline you want to start recording, then drag the end of the cycle region to the point in the timeline you want to end recording. You can drag in the cycle region ruler (below the beat ruler) to move the cycle region to a new part of the timeline. Chapter 6 Working With Real Instruments 43 You may want to have the cycle region start a few extra beats before the point where you want to start recording, to make it easier to start playing on the beat, and end a few beats after you want to stop recording, in case your last note extends past the end of the cycle region. To record using a cycle region: 1 Select the Real Instrument track you want to record in. 2 Click the Record button to start recording. 3 Play your musical instrument, or sing into your microphone. As you record, a new region appears in the selected Real Instrument track. Real Instruments only record the first time through the cycle region. When the cycle region repeats, you hear the newly recorded region. 4 When you are finished, click the Play button to stop the cycle region. 5 If you want to replace the recorded region, click the Record button and play the part again. 6 When you have finished using the cycle region, click the Cycle button again to turn it off. Recording Multiple Real Instrument Tracks You can record up to eight Real Instruments and one Software Instrument at the same time. This lets you record a vocals and instruments together, and simultaneously record a backing track, for example. When you select a track, recording is enabled for that track (meaning that recording will start on that track when you click the Record button). You can enable up to seven additional tracks by clicking the round Record Enable button in each track's header. The Record Enable button turns red to show that the track is enabled for recording. To disable a track for recording, click the Record Enable button in the track's header again. To record multiple Real instruments at the same time: 1 Be sure each Real Instrument track is set to use a different input channel (or pair of channels) in the Track Info window. 2 Enable the tracks you want to record by clicking their Record Enable buttons. 3 Click the Record button in the transport controls to start recording. To record a Software Instrument at the same time as one or more Real Instruments: 1 Enable the Software Instrument track for recording along with the Real Instrument tracks by selecting the track or clicking its Record Enable button. 2 Click the Record button in the transport controls to start recording. 44 Chapter 6 Working With Real Instruments If you enable more than eight Real Instrument tracks or more than one Software Instrument track, the track farthest from the last track you enable is disabled for recording, so as not to exceed the maximum number of recording tracks. To record on multiple tracks, you need to have an audio interface with at least two input channels for recording. Changing Real Instrument Settings When you create a Real Instrument track, you select an instrument for the track in the New Track dialog. You can change the instrument in the Track Info window, and also change the effects and input settings. Changing the Instrument You can change the instrument setting for a Real Instrument track. Each instrument setting includes preset effects optimized for the instrument. To change the instrument for a Real Instrument track: 1 Select the track, then click the Track Info button to open the Track Info window. 2 Select an instrument category from the list on the left, then select a track instrument from the list on the right. Select an instrument category from this list. Select an instrument from this list. Use these controls to set the input format and input channel., and to turn monitoring on or off. Chapter 6 Working With Real Instruments 45 Changing the Input Channel When you create a Real Instrument track, you set the input channel (for mono input) or pair of channels (for stereo input). You can change these settings in the Track Info window. To change the input channel: 1 Select the track, then click the Track Info button to open the Track Info window. 2 Choose an input channel, or pair of channels, from the Input pop-up menu. The number and format of input channels varies, depending on what type of audio interface is connected to your computer. Adjusting Input Volume You can adjust the input volume for a Real Instrument track. The input volume controls the level of the signal from the audio in port or audio interface into GarageBand. In general, set the input volume as high as possible without causing clipping or distortion for the best results. To adjust the input volume: 1 Select the track, then click the Track Info button to open the Track Info window. 2 Drag the Volume slider left to lower the input volume for the selected channel, or drag it right to raise the input volume. Note: Dragging the Volume slider changes the input volume for the selected channel in all audio applications, not just GarageBand. You can also add and adjust effects for a Real Instrument track. For information about using effects, see "Mixing and Adding Effects" on page 64. Using the Instrument Tuner GarageBand includes an instrument tuner that you can use to check the tuning of any Real Instrument connected to your computer. The tuner is especially helpful when playing and recording guitars, basses, and other instruments that may need regular retuning. The instrument tuner shows a horizontal scale with zero (0) in the center. The note name is displayed to the left of the scale. When you play a single note on your Real Instrument, the pitch is shown in relation to the correct pitch for the note displayed. 46