User manual APPLE GARAGEBAND 3 - GETTING STARTED

GarageBand 3 Getting Started Includes a complete tour of the GarageBand window, plus step-by-step lessons on working with GarageBand 1 Contents Chapter 1 7 8 9 9 9 10 11 12 14 16 16 17 18 19 20 20 21 22 22 24 26 27 27 28 29 29 29 30 31 Welcome to GarageBand What's New in GarageBand 3 Before You Begin What You'll Learn What You Need Finding Out More GarageBand at a Glance GarageBand Window Timeline Editor For Real Instruments For Software Instruments--Graphic View For Software Instruments--Notation View For Podcasts and Video--Marker View Loop Browser Button View Column View and Podcast Sounds View Track Info Pane Real and Software Instrument Tracks Master Track Media Browser Working With Projects Creating a Project Setting the Tempo Setting the Key Setting the Time Signature Opening an Existing Project Saving a Project Sending a Project to iTunes Chapter 2 Chapter 3 2 Chapter 4 32 33 33 34 34 35 35 36 36 36 37 37 38 39 40 40 41 41 42 42 43 43 44 44 44 45 45 45 46 47 47 48 48 49 50 51 51 51 Using Apple Loops Finding Loops With the Loop Browser Finding Loops in Column View Finding Loops in Button View Finding Loops in Podcast Sounds View Previewing Loops in the Loop Browser Refining Your Searches Displaying Loops From a Jam Pack or Folder Searching by Scale Type Limiting Searches to Nearby Keys Searching for Specific Text Adding Loops to the Timeline Creating Your Own Apple Loops Adding Loops to the Loop Library Working in the Timeline About Regions Selecting Regions Cutting, Copying, and Pasting Regions Looping Regions Resizing Regions Moving Regions Transposing Regions Splitting Regions Joining Regions Fixing the Timing of Software Instrument Regions Setting Real Instrument Regions to Keep Their Original Tempo Renaming Regions Using the Grid Using Undo and Redo Working With Real Instruments Adding a Real Instrument Track Monitoring Real Instrument Input Getting Ready to Record Recording a Real Instrument Recording a Real Instrument With the Cycle Region Recording Multiple Real Instrument Tracks Changing Real Instrument Settings Changing the Instrument Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Contents 3 52 53 53 54 Chapter 7 55 55 56 57 57 58 58 59 60 60 61 61 61 62 62 62 63 63 64 66 66 68 69 69 69 69 70 70 70 70 70 72 72 73 73 Changing the Input Channel Adjusting Input Volume Using the Instrument Tuner Adding an Audio File From the Finder Working With Software Instruments Using Musical Typing Using the Onscreen Music Keyboard Adding a Software Instrument Track Getting Ready to Record Recording a Software Instrument Recording a Software Instrument With the Cycle Region Changing Software Instrument Settings Working in the Editor Selecting Regions Editing Real Instrument Regions Moving Real Instrument Regions Cropping Part of a Real Instrument Region Joining Real Instrument Regions Enhancing the Tuning of Real Instrument Tracks Enhancing the Timing of Real Instrument Tracks Editing Software Instrument Regions Editing Notes in a Software Instrument Region Editing Controller Information in a Software Instrument Region Working in Notation View About Notation View Editing Notes in Notation View Adding Notes Selecting Notes Moving Notes Copying Notes Changing the Pitch of Notes Changing the Duration of Notes Deleting Notes Changing Note Velocity Adding Pedal Down and Pedal Up Symbols Mixing and Adding Effects What Is Mixing? Setting Track Volume Levels Setting Track Pan Position Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 4 Contents 73 74 75 75 76 76 77 78 78 78 79 79 Chapter 11 80 81 81 83 83 84 85 85 85 86 86 86 87 87 87 88 88 89 90 90 90 91 91 91 92 92 Using Volume and Pan Curves Setting the Output Volume Adding Fade Ins and Fade Outs Transposing Part of a Project to a Different Key Using Effects Types of Effects Adding Effects Adjusting Effects Turning Effects On and Off Choosing Effect Presets Editing Effect Presets Saving Effect Presets Creating Podcasts in GarageBand Creating a Podcast Episode Creating the Podcast Audio Ducking Backing Tracks Adding and Editing Markers Adding Marker Region Artwork Adding a URL to a Marker Adding Chapter Titles Deleting Markers Adding Episode Artwork Editing Artwork Editing Episode Information Creating a Video Podcast Episode Sending a Podcast to iWeb Exporting a Podcast Episode Creating a Musical Score for an iMovie or Video Sending an iMovie Project to GarageBand Importing a Video File From the Media Browser Viewing the Video Working With the Video's Audio Track Adding and Editing Markers Adding a URL to a Marker Adding a Chapter Title Sending a Movie to iDVD Sending a Video Podcast to iWeb Exporting a Project as a QuickTime Movie Chapter 12 Contents 5 Appendix A Appendix B 93 96 96 97 Keyboard Shortcuts Connecting Music Equipment to Your Computer Connecting a Musical Instrument or Microphone Connecting a Music Keyboard to Your Computer 6 Contents 1 Welcome to GarageBand 1 This document gives you useful information and step-bystep instructions for creating projects with GarageBand. The following chapters give you a tour of the GarageBand windows and a series of lessons to help you create your own music projects. The chapters in GarageBand Getting Started cover the following topics:  "GarageBand at a Glance" provides a tour of the windows and controls in GarageBand.  "Working With Projects" describes how to create a new project, as well as how to save, archive, and export your projects.  "Using Apple Loops" describes how to find and preview Apple Loops in the loop browser, add them to the timeline, and create your own Apple Loops.  "Working in the Timeline" describes how to build your project by arranging regions in the timeline.  "Working With Real Instruments" describes how to add a Real Instrument track, turn on monitoring, set the input channel and format, record a Real Instrument, and change Real Instrument settings.  "Working With Software Instruments" describes how to add a Software Instrument track, record a Software Instrument, and change Software Instrument settings.  "Working in the Editor" describes the different ways you can edit Real and Software Instrument regions.  "Working in Notation View" describes how to view Software Instrument regions as music notation, and how to edit notes, note velocity, and pedal markings in notation view.  "Mixing and Adding Effects" describes the steps to follow in mixing your project, and how to use the effects included with GarageBand.  "Creating Podcasts in GarageBand" describes how to create audio and video podcast episodes and send them to iWeb or export them. 7  "Creating a Musical Score for an iMovie or Video" describes how to import a video file into a project, view the video, edit the video's audio, add markers, URLS, and chapter titles, and send the finished movie to iDVD or to iWeb, or export it as a QuickTime movie. GarageBand Getting Started also includes appendixes listing keyboard shortcuts and describing how to connect music equipment to your computer. What's New in GarageBand 3 GarageBand 3 includes the following new features and enhancements:  Using the Media Browser, you can find and preview photos from your iPhoto library, songs from your iTunes library, and iMovie projects from your Movies folder, then import them into a project. You can also import other GarageBand projects saved with an iLife preview into a project.  You can create podcasts in GarageBand, including enhanced podcasts and video podcasts. You can view your podcast in the podcast preview pane as you record and mix the audio. You can also add and edit markers, which can include artwork, URLs, and chapter titles. When you finish creating your podcast episode, you can send it to iWeb to publish on the Internet, or export it and publish it using another application.  You can send an iMovie project to GarageBand, or import a video file, and create a musical score for the video. You can view the video as you work, edit the video's audio track, and add markers. When you finish creating your musical score, you can send the project to iDVD, export it as a video podcast, or export it as a QuickTime movie.  You can record iChat audio and video conferences in a GarageBand project.  GarageBand includes new Apple Loops designed to be used in podcast episodes. You can add podcast sounds from the loop browser, and use them with the new Sound Effects Software Instrument when you create a podcast.  The Track Info pane is now integrated into the main GarageBand window. When you show the Track Info pane, it appears on the right side of the timeline, without covering other parts of the main window.  By default, Real Instrument recordings and loops match the song tempo. Now you can set individual Real Instrument regions to follow their original tempo.  You can compact a project to reduce the file size for easier sharing.  GarageBand projects can now be up to 1999 measures long (twice as long as before). 8 Chapter 1 Welcome to GarageBand Before You Begin To make it easier to follow the lessons as you work, print each lesson before you start. In many of the tasks shown in this document you need to choose menu commands. In the lessons, and in GarageBand Help, menu commands appear like this: Choose Edit > Join Selected. The first term after Choose is the name of the menu in the GarageBand menu bar. The term (or terms) following the angle bracket are the items you choose from that menu. What You'll Learn GarageBand lets you be the composer, the bandleader, and the mixing engineer as you create your own original projects. You can create projects by adding Apple Loops, by connecting a musical instrument or microphone to your computer and recording it in a Real Instrument track, by playing the Software Instruments included with GarageBand, or using any combination of these methods. You'll learn how to:  Create, open, and save projects  Set project tempo, key, time signature, and length  Find and preview Apple Loops using the loop browser, then add them to your projects  Play and record both Real and Software Instruments  Arrange Real and Software Instrument regions in the timeline, and edit them in the editor  View and edit Software Instrument regions as music notation  Send a movie from iMovie so you can create a soundtrack in GarageBand, edit the movie's audio track, add markers, and send the movie to iDVD  Create an enhanced podcast or enhanced video podcast in GarageBand and send it to iWeb, or export it as a podcast episode What You Need All you need to create music in GarageBand is a Macintosh computer that meets the system requirements, as listed in the Read Me file. Optionally, you can use any of the following equipment to expand your music creation possibilities:  A microphone to record your voice or any acoustic musical instrument  Electronic musical instruments, including guitars, basses, and keyboards  A music keyboard (USB or MIDI) to play and record Software Instruments  An audio interface to connect musical instruments or microphones  A pair of speakers or monitors to hear the music you create with greater audio quality Chapter 1 Welcome to GarageBand 9 Finding Out More For complete and up-to-date information on GarageBand, including news about new features, user tips, and a list of supported music equipment, go to the GarageBand website at www.apple.com/ilife/garageband. To get help while you're using GarageBand, look in GarageBand Help, available in the Help menu when GarageBand is open. You'll find more information about the topics covered in this document, as well as information and instructions for many more topics. For support, go to the GarageBand support site at www.apple.com/support/garageband. 10 Chapter 1 Welcome to GarageBand 2 GarageBand at a Glance 2 "GarageBand at a Glance" introduces you to the features and controls in the GarageBand windows. You use these controls to create your projects in GarageBand. Take a look at these pages even if you don't plan to complete the lessons in GarageBand Getting Started, because knowing the names and functions of the GarageBand controls will make it easier to find answers to your questions in GarageBand Help. The pages that follow introduce you to the GarageBand window--including the timeline, the loop browser, and the editor--and to the Track Info pane. You record Real and Software Instruments and arrange and mix your projects in the timeline, find and preview loops in the loop browser, and change track instrument, effects, and input settings in the Track Info pane. 11 GarageBand Window A B C D E F G H I J 12 Chapter 2 GarageBand at a Glance A Track headers: The instrument icon and name are shown at the left of each track's header. Click the name to type a new track name. Click the Record Enable button (with the red circle) to turn on the track for recording. Click the Mute button (with the speaker icon) to silence the track. Click the Solo button (with the headphone icon) to hear the track by itself. Click the Lock Track button to lock the track. Click the triangle to show the track's volume curve. Track mixer: Drag the pan dial to adjust the pan position of the track (the left-to-right placement in the stereo field). Drag the volume slider to adjust the track's volume. Watch the level meters to see the track's volume level as you record and play. Timeline: Contains the tracks where you record Real and Software Instruments, add loops, and arrange regions. Also includes the beat ruler, which you use to move the playhead and align items in the timeline with beats and measures. See "Timeline" on page 14 for a description of the features and controls in the timeline. Zoom slider: Drag the zoom slider to zoom in for a closer view of part of the timeline, or to zoom out to see more of the timeline. Add Track button: Click to add a track below the existing tracks in the timeline. Loop Browser and Editor buttons: Click to open the loop browser or the editor. Transport controls: Click the Record button to start recording. Click the Play button to start or stop the project playing. Click the Go to Beginning, Rewind, or Fast Forward buttons to move the playhead to different parts of the project. Click the Cycle button to turn the cycle region on or off. Time display/instrument tuner: The time display shows the playhead's position in musical time (measures, beats, ticks) or absolute time (hours, minutes, seconds, fractions). Drag or double-click the numerals to enter a new playhead position. The right side of the time display shows the project's tempo. Press and hold the tempo, then drag the slider to set a new tempo. You can also show the instrument tuner in the time display by clicking the small tuning fork, and use it to check the tuning of a Real Instrument connected to your computer. Master volume slider and level meters: Drag the volume slider to adjust the project's master output volume level. Watch the level meters to see if clipping is occurring before you export a project. Track Info and Media Browser buttons: Click to open the Track Info pane or the Media Browser. B C D E F G H I J Chapter 2 GarageBand at a Glance 13 Timeline The timeline contains the tracks where you record Real and Software Instruments, add loops, and arrange regions. C A D E B F G I H 14 Chapter 2 GarageBand at a Glance A B C Beat ruler: Shows beats and measures, the units of musical time in the timeline. You can click the beat ruler to move the playhead to a specific point in the timeline. Tracks: You record Real and Software Instruments in tracks, and drag loops to tracks to add them to a project. You arrange the project by working with regions in the tracks in the timeline. Playhead: Shows the point in the project currently playing, or the point where playback starts when you click the Play button. Also shows where cut and copied items are pasted in the timeline. You can move the playhead to change what part of the project is playing. Grid button: Choose a note value for the timeline grid, or choose Automatic to have the value change when you zoom in or out. Volume and pan curves: Add a volume or pan curve to a track, then add and adjust control points on the volume or pan curve to add dynamic changes to different parts of a project. Regions: When you record a Real Instrument or Software Instrument, or add a loop, you create a region in the timeline. You can cut, copy, and paste regions, loop and resize them, move and transpose them, and make other changes to build the arrangement of the project. Master track: You can change the loudness of the overall project by adding a volume curve to the master track. and transpose parts of your project to a different key by adding a pitch curve. Playhead Lock button: Click to unlock the playheads in the timeline and the editor, so that you can see different parts of the project in the editor and the timeline. Scroll bars: Drag the horizontal scroller to move to a different part of a project. Drag the vertical scroller to see tracks not currently visible. D E F G H I Chapter 2 GarageBand at a Glance 15 Editor The editor is like a microscope showing a close-up view of part of a track. You can edit Real and Software Instrument regions in a variety of ways in the editor. For Real Instruments When you select a Real Instrument track, the editor shows the waveform of the track or selected region. You can move, crop, join, transpose, and rename regions in the editor. D E F A B C G H I A B C D E F G Region Name field: Type a new name for the selected region in the field. Region Pitch slider and field: Drag the slider to transpose the selected Real Instrument region up or down by up to 12 semitones. You can also type the number of semitones in the field. Zoom slider: Drag to zoom in for a closer view or to zoom out to see more of the track or selected region. Zooming in the editor is independent of the timeline. Beat ruler: Shows beats and measures for the area visible in the editor. Playhead: Shows the point in the project currently playing. Waveform display: Shows the waveform of the regions in the track. Enhance Tuning slider and checkbox: Drag right to increase the amount of tuning enhancement, or drag left to lower the amount. The limit to key checkbox limits tuning enhancement to the project's key. Enhance Timing slider and pop-up menu: Drag right to increase the amount of timing enhancement, or drag left to lower the amount. Choose the note value to use and the basis for timing enhancement from the pop-up menu. Scroll bar: Drag the scroller to move to a different part of the track. H I 16 Chapter 2 GarageBand at a Glance For Software Instruments--Graphic View When you select a Software Instrument track, the editor shows a graphic display of the track or selected region. You can edit individual notes in Software Instrument regions, fix the timing of notes, and transpose and rename regions. You can also show and edit controller data for pitch bend, a modulation wheel, or a sustain pedal, recorded when you play your music keyboard. F H I J A B C D E G K A B Region Name field: Type a new name for the selected region in the field. Region Pitch slider and field: Drag the slider to transpose the selected Software Instrument region up or down by up to 36 semitones. You can also type the number of semitones in the field. Velocity slider and field: Drag the slider to change the velocity of selected notes. You can also type the velocity value in the field. A note's velocity reflects how hard the key is pressed when you play the note. Zoom slider: Drag to zoom in for a closer view or to zoom out to see more of the track. Graphic/Notation View buttons: Click to change the editor to graphic view or notation view. Display pop-up menu: Choose whether to show notes or controller data in the editor. Fix Timing button: Click to fix the timing of notes in the selected region, or notes selected in the editor, so that notes move to the nearest grid position. Beat ruler: Shows beats and measures for the area visible in the editor. Playhead: Shows the point in the project currently playing. Notes/controller data display: Shows the individual notes of Software Instrument regions in a graphic format. You can move and resize notes to adjust their pitch, where they start playing, and how long they play. Shows controller data when chosen in the Display pop-up menu. Scroll bar: Drag the scroller to move to a different part of a track. C D E F G H I J K Chapter 2 GarageBand at a Glance 17 For Software Instruments--Notation View You can also view Software Instrument tracks and regions in notation view. In notation view, notes and other musical events are shown in standard music notation. You can edit notes and edit controller information (including velocity and pedal markings for sustain) in notation view. F H I J A B C D E G K A B Region Name field: Type a new name for the selected region in the field. Region Pitch slider and field: Drag the slider to transpose the selected Software Instrument region up or down by up to 36 semitones. You can also type the number of semitones in the field. Velocity slider and field: Drag the slider to change the velocity of selected notes. You can also type the velocity value in the field. A note's velocity reflects how hard the key is pressed when you play the note. Zoom slider: Drag to zoom in for a closer view or to zoom out to see more of the track. Graphic/Notation View buttons: Click to change the editor to graphic view or notation view. Note Value button: Click to choose the note value for notes you add. Fix Timing button: Click to fix the timing of notes in the selected region, or notes selected in the editor, so that notes move to the nearest grid position. Beat ruler: Shows beats and measures for the area visible in the editor. Playhead: Shows the point in the project currently playing. Notation display: Shows the musical events of Software Instrument regions in standard music notation. You can move notes to adjust their pitch and where they start playing, and change how long they play. Scroll bar: Drag the scroller to move to a different part of a track. C D E F G H I J K 18 Chapter 2 GarageBand at a Glance For Podcasts and Video--Marker View When you are working on a podcast episode, you can view and edit markers in the editor. In the marker list you can edit each marker's time position, marker region artwork, URL, URL title, and chapter title. You can also add episode artwork in the editor. B D A C E F G H I A B Episode Artwork well: Drag artwork here to represent the podcast. (Appears only when creating a podcast.) Marks a Chapter checkbox: Shows whether the selected marker marks a chapter. Displays Artwork checkbox: Shows whether the selected marker contains marker region artwork. (Appears only when creating a podcast.) Displays URL checkbox: Shows whether the selected marker has a URL. C D E F Add Marker button: Add a marker at the playhead position. Marker list: Shows each marker's start time, artwork (for podcasts) or video frame (for videos), chapter title, URL, and URL title. Time column: Shows the start time for each marker. Artwork column: Shows the artwork for each marker region. Add artwork by dragging image files from the Media Browser. (Appears only when creating a podcast.) Still Frame column: Shows the video frame at the position of each marker. (Appears only when working with a video.) G H I Chapter Title column: Shows the title of each chapter marker. Click and type a title for a marker. URL Title column: Shows the title of each marker region's URL. Click and type a title for the URL. URL column: Shows the URL for each marker region. Type a URL (address) for the website for which you want to show a link. Chapter 2 GarageBand at a Glance 19 Loop Browser The loop browser lets you quickly find loops to add to your projects. You can find loops using keywords for instrument, musical genre, or mood. You can also perform text searches, and refine your results in several ways. The loop browser shows the tempo, key, and number of beats for each matching loop. You can preview loops in the loop browser before you add them to a project, and add more loops to GarageBand by dragging them onto the loop browser. The loop browser gives you two ways to find loops: button view and column view. Button View In button view, the loop browser contains a set of keyword buttons. Click a button to show matching loops in the results list. Clicking multiple buttons narrows the results to those loops that match all of the selected keywords. G A B C D E F A B C D E F Keyword buttons: Click a keyword button to display matching loops in the results list. You can click multiple keyword buttons to narrow your results. View buttons: Click one of the buttons to show column view, button view, or podcast sounds view. Scale pop-up menu: Choose a scale type to see only loops using that musical scale. Search field: Type text in the field to see loops with the text in their file name or path. Preview volume slider: Drag the slider to adjust the volume of the loop being previewed. Results list: Shows loops that match the selected keywords. Also displays the tempo, key, and number of beats for each loop. Click a loop in the results list to preview it. Click the Favs checkbox for a loop to add it to your favorites. Loop library pop-up menu: Choose the loops you want to show in the loop browser from the pop-up menu. G 20 Chapter 2 GarageBand at a Glance Column View and Podcast Sounds View In column view, the loop browser features columns for keyword type, categories, and keywords. Click a keyword type to show categories for that type, click a category to show keywords, then click a keyword to show matching loops in the results list. Clicking multiple keywords expands the results to those loops matching any of the selected keywords. In podcast sounds view, the loop browser shows a different set of columns, featuring sound effects, jingles, and other loops suitable for podcasts. You work with the columns in podcast sounds view the same way you do in columns view. A B C D E F G H A B C D E F G H Keyword type column: Click a keyword type to show the categories for that keyword type in the middle column. Category column: Click a category to show keywords for that category in the right column. Keyword column: Click a keyword to show matching loops in the results list. You can click multiple keywords to expand your results. View buttons: Click one of the buttons to change the view between column, button, or podcast sounds view. Scale pop-up menu: Choose a scale type to see only loops using that scale. Search field: Type text in the field to see loops with the text in their file name or path. Preview volume slider: Drag the slider to adjust the volume of the loop being previewed. Results list: Shows the loops that match the selected keywords. Also displays the tempo, key, and number of beats for each loop. Click a loop in the results list to preview it. Click the Favs checkbox for a loop to add it to your favorites. Chapter 2 GarageBand at a Glance 21 Track Info Pane The Track Info pane shows the current instrument, effects, and input settings for the selected track, or the master effects settings for the master track. You can change these settings in the Track Info pane. Real and Software Instrument Tracks Some controls in the Track Info pane are different for Real Instrument tracks than for Software Instrument tracks (as noted below). A B C D E G F H I 22 Chapter 2 GarageBand at a Glance A B C D E F Instrument category list: Click an instrument category to see the instruments for that category in the instrument list on the right. Instrument library pop-up menu: Choose which instruments you want to see in the category and instrument lists from the pop-up menu. Instrument list: Click an instrument from the list. Instrument icon pop-up menu: Click to choose a new instrument icon from the icon menu that appears. Icons make it easy to distinguish tracks that use similar instruments. Details triangle: Click to show the instrument and effects settings. Effect checkboxes, sliders, and pop-up menus: Click an effect checkbox to turn the effect on or off. Drag the sliders to adjust the level of the effects, or choose an item from the pop-up menus. The Track Info pane includes the following effects for Real and Software Instruments:  Noise gate slider (Real Instrument tracks only): Drag the slider to adjust the amount of gating.  Generator and generator preset pop-up menus (Software Instrument tracks only): Choose an instrument generator, and generator preset, from the menus.  Compression slider: Drag the slider to adjust the amount of compression.  Equalizer pop-up menu: Choose an EQ setting from the pop-up menu.  Effect and effect setting pop-up menus: Click a checkbox to turn additional effects on or off. Choose an effect from a pop-up menu on the left, then choose an effect preset from the popup menu on the right.  Echo slider: Drag the slider to adjust the amount of echo.  Reverb slider: Drag the slider to adjust the amount of reverb. Input channel pop-up menu and buttons (Real Instrument tracks only): Choose the input channel or channels for the instrument from the Input pop-up menu. Drag the Volume slider to set the input volume for the selected channel. Turn monitoring on or off using the Monitor popup menu. Effect edit buttons: Click to show an effect's preset window, where you can edit the effect preset. Save Instrument and Delete Instrument buttons: Click the Save Instrument button to save an instrument. Click the Delete Instrument button to delete a saved instrument. G H I Chapter 2 GarageBand at a Glance 23 Master Track The Track Info pane for the master track shows the global project settings and effects settings for the overall project. Global project settings include tempo, time signature, and key. Global effects settings include master echo, reverb, equalizer, and compressor. A B C D E G F H I I J 24 Chapter 2 GarageBand at a Glance The Echo and Reverb sliders for each track control the amount of echo and reverb sent from that track to the master echo and reverb effects. In the Track Info pane for the master track, you can change the master echo and reverb effects. A B C D E F G H Master effects category list: Click a category to see the effects for that category in the master effects list on the right. Master effects pop-up menu: Choose which master effects you want to see in the category and effects lists from the pop-up menu. Master effects list: Click a set of master effects from the list. Tempo slider and field: Drag the slider to change the project's tempo, or type a new tempo in the field. Time pop-up menu and field: Choose a time signature from the pop-up menu. Key pop-up menu: Choose a key from the pop-up menu. Details triangle: Click to show the global effects settings. Effect checkboxes, pop-up menus, and slider: Click an effect checkbox to turn the effect on or off. Choose an item from the pop-up menus, or drag the slider, to adjust an effect. The Track Info pane includes the following effects for the master track:  Echo pop-up menu: Choose a global echo preset.  Reverb pop-up menu: Choose a global reverb preset.  Effect and effect setting pop-up menus: Click a checkbox to turn an additional effect on or off. Choose an effect from a pop-up menu on the left, then choose an effect preset from the pop-up menu on the right.  Equalizer pop-up menu: Choose a global equalizer setting from the pop-up menu.  Compression slider: Drag the slider to adjust the amount of global compression.  Ducking Amount slider: When ducking is enabled, drag the slider to adjust the amount of ducking applied to backing tracks. Effect edit buttons: Click to show an effect's preset window, where you can edit the effect preset. Save Master and Delete Master buttons: Click the Save Master button to save a set of master effects. Click the Delete Master button to delete a saved set of master effects. I J Chapter 2 GarageBand at a Glance 25 Media Browser The Media Browser lets you find and add songs from your iTunes library, photos from your iPhoto library, iMovie projects, and other video files. A B C E A B C D E Audio, Photos, and Movies buttons: Click the button for the type of media files you want to work with. Source list: Navigate to the folder containing the files you want to use. You can also add folders by dragging them from the Finder. Media list: View, preview, and select media files to add to your project. Play button: Click to preview the selected audio or video file. (not shown­only visible when viewing audio files or movies). Search field: Type text to search for files with matching names. 26 Chapter 2 GarageBand at a Glance 3 Working With Projects 3 You start working in GarageBand by creating a project. Projects hold your music and all the changes you make. Each project has a tempo, a time signature, and a key, which last for the entire length of the project. When you create a project, you set the tempo, time signature, and key in the New Project dialog. You can save a project as an archive, and export a project to iTunes or another iLife application. In this lesson, you'll learn how to:  Create a new project  Set a project's tempo, key, and time signature  Open existing projects  Save projects Creating a Project You start working in GarageBand by creating a new project. To create a new project: 1 Choose File > New. 2 In the New Project dialog, select the type of project you want to create. 3 In the dialog that appears, browse to the location where you want to store the project, then type a name for the project in the Name field. 4 Set the project's tempo, key, and time signature as described in the following sections. 27 5 When you have finished making the project settings, click Create. Tempo slider Scale pop-up menu Time signature pop-up menu Key pop-up menu Setting the Tempo Each project has a speed, or tempo. The tempo defines the rate at which beats, the basic rhythmic pulse, occur in the project. The tempo is measured in beats per minute, or bpm. You can set the tempo to any speed between 60 and 240 bpm. The default tempo is 120 bpm, which is a common tempo used in popular music. To set the tempo: m In the New Project dialog, drag the Tempo slider left to slow down the tempo, or right to speed up the tempo. Note: You can change the tempo later in the time display, located below the timeline, or in the Track Info pane for the master track. Click here to change the tempo. 28 Chapter 3 Working With Projects Setting the Key Each project has a key, which defines the central note to which the other notes in the music relate, and the scale used (either "major" or "minor"). To set the key: 1 In the New Project dialog, choose a key from the Key pop-up menu. 2 Choose the scale from the Scale pop-up menu to the right of the Key pop-up menu. Note: You can change the key later in the Track Info pane for the master track. If you change the key of a project after recording instruments or adding loops, all Software Instrument recordings and loops are transposed to the new key. Real Instrument recordings are not transposed. Setting the Time Signature Each project also has a time signature, which controls the relationship between beats and measures. A project's time signature consists of two numbers separated by a forward slash, which look similar to a fraction. The number on the left controls the number of beats in each measure, and the number on the right controls the beat value (the length of the note that gets one beat). You can use any of the following time signatures in a GarageBand project: 2/2, 2/4, 3/4, 4/4, 5/4, 7/4, 6/8, 7/8, 9/8, or 12/8. The default is 4/4, the most commonly used time signature. To set the time signature: m In the New Project dialog, choose a time signature from the Time pop-up menu. Note: You can change the time signature later in the Track Info pane for the master track. Opening an Existing Project You can open an existing project to continue working. To open an existing project: m Choose File > Open, locate and select the project you want to open, then click OK. You can also open a recently open project by choosing File > Open Recent and choosing a project from the submenu. If you close the currently open project, a dialog appears, asking if you want to create a new project or open an existing project. Chapter 3 Working With Projects 29 Saving a Project As you work, it's important to save your project often so you don't lose your changes. To save a project: m Choose File > Save (or press Command-S). When you save a project, by default GarageBand creates an iLife preview that is saved with the project. An iLife preview lets you preview the project in the Media Browser and in other iLife applications, but can increase the project's file size. You can select whether to create an iLife preview for projects in the General pane of GarageBand Preferences. You can also save a project as an archive. When you save a project as an archive, all the audio files, loops, and other media the project uses are saved in the project file. This is especially useful if you want to copy the project to another computer, or are duplicating a project with your own Real Instrument recordings. To save a project as an archive: 1 Choose File > Save as. 2 In the Save As dialog, select the Save As Archive checkbox. You can also compact projects to make sharing easier. Compacting a project reduces the file size by compressing audio in the project. Compacting can result in some loss of audio quality. To compact a project: 1 Choose File > Save as. 2 In the Save As dialog, select the Compact Project checkbox. 3 Choose the compression settings you want to use from the pop-up menu next to the Compact Project checkbox. 30 Chapter 3 Working With Projects Sending a Project to iTunes You can send a project to an iTunes playlist, then play your exported projects in iTunes, download them to an iPod, or burn the playlist to a CD. Files are exported to iTunes in AIFF format. You can convert the exported file to another format, such as AAC or MP3, from within iTunes. To send a project to an iTunes playlist: m Choose Share > Send to iTunes. The entire project, from the beginning (measure 1) to the end of the last region, is exported. You can set the name of the iTunes playlist to which files will be exported, and also set the name of the album and composer, in the Export pane of GarageBand Preferences. You can also export a single track, or a group of tracks, to an iTunes playlist. To export a single track, solo the track (or mute all other tracks) before exporting. To export a group of tracks, solo the tracks (or mute all other tracks) before exporting. Chapter 3 Working With Projects 31 4 Using Apple Loops 4 You can use Apple Loops to add backing and rhythm tracks to your projects. You can also add Apple Loops to your loop library, and create your own Apple Loops. Most popular music today is based on repeating rhythmic patterns (sometimes called "grooves" or "riffs"), especially in the drum and bass parts. To create music in a groovebased style, an effective way of working is to add loops for the drum parts, then add loops for bass and other rhythm parts. This lets you define the rhythmic feel of the project, and also lets you build the basic arrangement of the project by blocking out sections with different grooves. Once the basic rhythm parts are in place, you can record Real and Software Instrument regions to add lead, solo, and harmony parts. You can quickly define the feel of a project by adding Apple Loops. Apple Loops are prerecorded music files designed to seamlessly repeat a rhythmic pattern. When you add a loop to the timeline, you can extend it to fill any amount of time, making it easy to create drum parts and other rhythm parts. When you add a loop to a project, GarageBand matches the loop's tempo and key to the tempo and key of the project. This lets you use loops that were originally recorded at different speeds, and in different keys, and have them sound as though they were made to be played together. In this lesson, you'll learn how to:  Find and preview loops in the loop browser  Add loops to the timeline  Create your own Apple Loops  Add loops to the loop library 32 Finding Loops With the Loop Browser GarageBand includes a loop browser that lets you find loops by musical instrument, genre, or mood. You can also perform text searches, and refine your searches for loops in several other ways. No matter how large your collection of loops becomes, you can quickly find loops with the sound you want using the loop browser. To show the loop browser: m Click the Loop Browser button (the button with the open eye). The loop browser has three views: column view, button view, and podcast sounds view. In button view, you click keyword buttons to show loops that match the keywords. In column view and podcast sounds view, you choose from different keyword types, categories, and keywords to show matching loops. You can select the loop browser view you want using the view buttons in the lower-left corner of the loop browser. To choose the type of view: m Click the button with columns to show column view, click the button with musical notes to show button view, or click the button with a bell to show podcast sounds view. Finding Loops in Column View In column view, clicking a keyword type in the left column shows categories for that keyword type in the middle column. Clicking a category shows keywords for that category in the right column. Clicking a keyword shows matching loops in the results list. You can expand your results by clicking multiple keywords. Keyword type column Category column Keyword column Results list To find loops in column view: 1 Click the column button in the lower-left corner of the loop browser to switch to column view. 2 Click a keyword type in the left column. 3 Click a category in the middle column. 4 Click a keyword in the right column to show matching loops in the results list. 5 To refine your results, click multiple categories or keywords. This expands the matching loops to include those that match any of the selected categories or keywords. Chapter 4 Using Apple Loops 33 Now find some bass loops in column view by first selecting the By Instruments keyword type, then the Bass category, then the Grooving keyword. When you find loops in either button view or column view, the total number of matching loops is shown next to the search field at the bottom of the loop browser. Finding Loops in Button View Button view features a grid of keyword buttons. You click a button to see the loops matching the selected keyword in the results list to the right. You can narrow your results by clicking multiple buttons. Click a keyword button. Matching loops appear in the results list. To find loops in button view: 1 Click the button with musical notes in the lower-left corner of the loop browser to switch to button view. 2 Click a keyword button to show matching loops in the results list. The columns in the results list show the type of loop, name, tempo, key, and number of beats for each loop. 3 To refine your results, click multiple keyword buttons. This narrows the matching loops to only those that match all of the selected keywords. 4 To end a search, either click the selected keyword again to deselect it, or click the Reset button to deselect all selected keywords. When you click a keyword, incompatible keywords (those that share no loop with the selected keyword) are dimmed. Now find some drum loops in button view by clicking the Drums keyword button. Scroll through the list to see all the matching loops. Notice that the number of matching loops is shown next to the search field. Finding Loops in Podcast Sounds View Podcast sounds view features a different set of columns letting you easily find and add podcast sounds. You find loops in podcast sounds view in the same way as in column view. For more information about creating podcasts, see "Creating Podcasts in GarageBand" on page 80. 34 Chapter 4 Using Apple Loops Previewing Loops in the Loop Browser When you find loops that fit the criteria you want, you can preview them in the loop browser to hear which loop will sound best in your project. You can preview the loop by itself (solo), or hear it playing together with the project. To preview a loop: m Click the loop in the results list. Click the loop again to stop previewing it. Once you have added loops or recorded instruments in your project, you can preview a loop together with the project by clicking the Play button before you click the loop. When you preview a loop with a project, GarageBand matches the tempo and key of the loop to the project's tempo and key, and syncs the loop with the project so it starts playing on the beat. When you preview a loop, you can also control the volume of the loop using the volume slider in the loop browser. Drag the volume slider to adjust the volume of the loop. To adjust the volume of a loop being previewed: m Drag the volume slider in the loop browser left to lower the loop's volume, or right to raise the loop's volume. If you adjust the volume of a loop in the loop browser, then add the loop to your project by dragging it to an empty part of the timeline, the volume of the track created for the loop is set to the same volume. Now try previewing the loops you found earlier, and see which ones you like. Refining Your Searches There are several ways you can refine your searches in the loop browser. You can:  Display only loops from a specific Jam Pack or folder  Display loops using a particular scale type  Display only loops in keys near the project's key  Perform text searches Chapter 4 Using Apple Loops 35 Displaying Loops From a Jam Pack or Folder If you have installed one or more of the GarageBand Jam Packs on your computer, your loop library can contain many thousands of loops. To make searching for loops easier, you can choose to display only loops from a specific Jam Pack, or only the loops included with GarageBand. If you have created your own loops or added loops from another source, you can also choose to display only those loops. Click here to show the loop library pop-up menu. To display loops from a specific Jam Pack or folder: m Choose the Jam Pack or folder with the loops you want to see from the loop library pop-up menu, located to the right of the word "Loops" at the top of the loop browser. Searching by Scale Type Most loops other than drum loops are recorded using a particular musical scale. In most cases, when you arrange several loops so that they play together, you'll want to use loops with the same scale type. You can narrow the loops shown in the results list to those using either the major or minor scale, those using neither scale, or those good for both. Choose a scale type here. Enter search text here. To display only loops with a particular scale type: m Choose the scale type from the Scale pop-up menu. Drum loops don't usually have a scale type, so try refining the bass loops you found earlier to show only those using the major scale. Limiting Searches to Nearby Keys Loops with melody and harmony instruments are recorded in a specific musical key. When you add a loop to a project, GarageBand matches the loop's key with the key of the project. The closer the loop's original key is to the key of the project, the more natural the loop will sound when transposed to the project's key. When a loop is transposed by a large number of semitones, the result can sometimes sound unnatural or distorted. 36 Chapter 4 Using Apple Loops To display loops only in keys near the project's key: 1 Choose GarageBand > Preferences, then click Loops. 2 In the Loops pane, click the "Filter for more relevant results" checkbox. Note: The "Filter for more relevant results" checkbox is selected by default. To see loops in keys farther away from the project's key, deselect the checkbox. Searching for Specific Text You can quickly find loops with specific text in their file name or path using the search field. This makes it easy to find a loop by name, or to find all loops in a specific folder. To perform text searches for loops: m Type the text you want to search for in the search field, then press Return. Loops with the text in either their file name or path will be shown in the results list. Try refining the drum loops you found earlier by typing "acoustic" "club" or "funk" in the , , search field. You can try typing other words to see what results you get. You can use several methods together to find specific loops. For instance, you can use keywords with the Scale pop-up menu, or with the search field, to find only bass loops using the major scale, or to find only percussion loops with "latin" in the file name. Adding Loops to the Timeline When you find a loop you want to use in your project, you add the loop to the timeline. Drag a loop to an empty part of the timeline to create a new track for the loop. To add a loop to the timeline: m Drag the loop from the loop browser to an empty part of the timeline where there is no track. A new track of the appropriate type is created, and the loop is added to the new track. You can also create a new track, then drag a loop of the same type (Real or Software Instrument) to the track. To learn about creating tracks, see Chapter 6 and Chapter 7. There are two types of Apple Loops: Real Instrument loops or Software Instrument loops. In the loop browser, the loop's icon shows which type each loop is. Real Instrument loops can be dragged only to a Real Instrument track, and Software Instrument loops can be dragged to either a Real or Software Instrument track. Either type can be dragged to an empty part of the timeline to create a new track. Chapter 4 Using Apple Loops 37 You can also convert a Software Instrument loop to a Real Instrument loop when you drag it to the timeline. Real Instrument loops require less processing power for playback, which can allow you to use more tracks and effects in your project, especially for projects with many loops. To convert a Software Instrument loop to a Real Instrument loop: m Option-drag the loop from the loop browser to the timeline. By default, Option-dragging a Software Instrument loop converts it to a Real Instrument loop. You can change the default so that dragging a Software Instrument loop converts it to a Real Instrument loop, and Option-dragging does not convert it. To change the default behavior for converting Software Instrument loops: 1 Choose GarageBand > Preferences, then click Loops. 2 Select the "Convert to Real Instrument" checkbox next to "Adding Loops to the Timeline." When you add a loop to a project, a region is created from the loop in the timeline. The edits you make to the region do not change the original loop, so you can always return to the original sound of the loop or use it in another project. Now try adding some of the drum and bass loops you found earlier to the timeline. Creating Your Own Apple Loops You can save Real and Software Instrument regions you record as Apple Loops. When you save a region as an Apple Loop, it is added to the loop library and appears in the loop browser, so you can use it in other projects. Apple Loops you create from recorded regions match the tempo and key of the project, just like the Apple Loops included with GarageBand. To save a region as an Apple Loop: 1 Select the region in the timeline. 2 Choose Edit > Add To Loop Library, or drag the region over the loop browser. 3 In the Add Loop dialog, do the following: a b c d Type a name for the loop. Choose the scale and genre from the pop-up menus. Choose an instrument category and instrument name from the list. Click the appropriate mood buttons for easy searching. 4 Click Create. For information about recording Real and Software Instruments and creating regions, see Chapter 6 and Chapter 7. 38 Chapter 4 Using Apple Loops Adding Loops to the Loop Library When you install GarageBand, the loops included with the application are installed in the Apple Loops library. When you add more loops to your collection, they are installed in the loop library, and appear in the loop browser for you to use. To add Apple Loops to your loop library: m Drag the loops, or the folder containing the loops, over the loop browser. The loops are added to the Apple Loops library and are immediately available to use in your projects. If you add loops located on a different hard disk or partition, a dialog appears asking whether you want to copy them to the loop library, or index them in their current location. If you add loops from the desktop, a dialog asks if you want to move them or index them in their current location. If you add loops located on a CD or DVD, GarageBand copies them to the loop library. Chapter 4 Using Apple Loops 39 5 Working in the Timeline 5 You build your projects by arranging Real and Software Instrument regions in the timeline. Once you've added several loops to the timeline, you can make changes to their regions in the timeline to start building the arrangement of the project. You can arrange regions in the timeline by cutting, copying, and pasting, moving and resizing, looping, and transposing them, by splitting and joining them, by fixing the timing of Software Instrument regions, and by renaming regions. In this lesson, you'll learn how to:  Select a single region or multiple regions  Cut, copy, and paste regions  Loop, resize, and move regions  Transpose regions  Split and join regions  Fix the timing of Software Instrument regions  Set Real Instrument regions to keep their original tempo  Rename regions  Use the timeline grid to snap regions to measures, beats, and other units of time  Use Undo and Redo in GarageBand About Regions Each time you record a Real or Software Instrument, you create a region in the instrument's track containing the music you record. When you drag a loop to the timeline, you create a region from the loop. Any changes you make to the region, such as splitting or transposing it, do not change the original recording or loop. A region's color indicates what type of region it is:  Purple--Real Instrument regions you record  Blue--Real Instrument regions created from loops 40  Orange--Regions from imported audio files  Green--Software Instrument regions from both recordings and loops Regions are the building blocks of a project. You define the feeling, build the structure, and create change and interest in a project by arranging regions in the timeline. Selecting Regions In order to make changes to a region, you must first select it in the timeline. To select a region, do one of the following:  Select a single region by clicking it.  Select multiple regions by Shift-clicking.  Drag from a point before the first region to a point after the last one to select the regions in between. Note: To select regions and perform other actions such as looping and resizing, you may need to zoom in on the region so that it is large enough to select. Cutting, Copying, and Pasting Regions You can cut, copy, and paste regions using the standard Mac OS menu commands and keyboard shortcuts. To cut a region: m Select the region, then choose Edit > Cut. To copy a region, do one of the following:  Select the region, then choose Edit > Copy.  Option-drag the region. To paste a region: m Move the playhead to the point in the timeline where you want the region to start, then choose Edit > Paste. When you paste a region, the playhead moves to the end of the pasted region. You can paste additional copies of the region, and each one starts at the point in the timeline where the previous one ends. Chapter 5 Working in the Timeline 41 Looping Regions You can loop a region so that it repeats. When you loop a region, it plays for as much time as you extend it in the timeline. To loop a region: 1 Move the pointer over the upper half of the right edge of the region. The pointer changes to a loop pointer, with a circular arrow. 2 Drag the edge of the region to the point where you want it to stop playing. The region will loop repeatedly to that point. Loop pointer When you loop a region, the notches at the top and bottom of the region show the beginning and end of each repetition. You can drag to the end of a repetition, or have it end in the middle of a repetition. Try looping the drum and bass regions you added to the timeline. Rhythm patterns in most popular music last for some multiple of four measures. For example, the verse and chorus of a popular project often last for 16 or 32 measures each. Resizing Regions You can resize regions by either shortening or lengthening them.  When you shorten a region, only the visible part of the loop plays.  When you lengthen a region, you add silence (blank space) to its beginning or end. To resize a region: 1 Move the pointer over the lower half of either edge of the region. The pointer changes to a resize pointer, with an arrow pointing away from the region. 2 Drag the edge of the region to shorten it or lengthen it. Resize pointer Resizing a region by lengthening adds silence to the region. This can be useful if you want to make copies of the region, each lasting for a certain number of beats. Note: You can't lengthen a Real Instrument region beyond its original length. 42 Chapter 5 Working in the Timeline Moving Regions You can move a region by dragging it to a new point in the timeline. You can also move a region to another track of the same type as the region (Real Instrument regions can only be moved to Real Instrument tracks, and Software Instrument regions can only be moved to Software Instrument tracks). To move a region:  Drag the region left or right to a new point in the timeline.  Drag the region up or down to another track of the same type. Two regions cannot overlap in the same track. If you drag a region over part of another region, the region being covered is shortened to the edge of the overlapping region. If one region completely covers another region, the region being covered is deleted from the track. Try adding a new drum or bass loop to the timeline. Move it so it starts at the end of the one you added earlier, then loop it to create a new rhythmic groove. Transposing Regions When you add a region to the timeline, the region is matched, or transposed, to the key of the project. In most situations, you'll want regions to be in the same key as the project. You can transpose a region to a different key when you want the project to temporarily move to a new key, or to create tension between the region and the rest of the project (called dissonance). Drag the Region Pitch slider, or type the number of semitones in the field. To transpose a region: 1 Select the region in the timeline, then click the Editor button to open the editor. You can also double-click the region to open the editor. 2 Drag the Region Pitch slider to transpose the region up or down. You can also type the number of semitones you want to transpose the region in the field next to the slider. A semitone is the smallest distance between two musical notes. Try adding a new bass loop after the one that you already dragged to the timeline, then transposing it. The most common transpositions are five and seven semitones up or down, but feel free to try whatever sounds good. Chapter 5 Working in the Timeline 43 Splitting Regions You can split a region in the timeline. Splitting a region lets you start playing the region from a point other than the beginning, or use parts of a region in different places in the timeline. 1 Select the region you want to split. 2 Move the playhead over the point in the region where you want to split it. 3 Choose Edit > Split. The selected region is split into two regions at the playhead. Only the selected region is split, even if regions in other tracks are under the playhead as well. If multiple regions are selected and are under the playhead, they will all be split. When you split a Software Instrument region, any notes at the split point are shortened to that point. Joining Regions You can join multiple regions into a single region. To be joined, the regions must be adjacent to each other on the same track, with no space between them. Real Instrument regions from loops (blue) can't be joined. Recorded Real Instrument regions (purple) can only be joined to other Real Instrument regions, and Software Instrument regions (green) can only be joined to other Software Instrument regions. 1 Make sure the regions are the same type, on the same track, and adjacent to each other. 2 Select the regions. 3 Choose Edit > Join. When you join Real Instrument regions, a dialog appears asking if you want to create a new audio file. Click Create to join the regions in a new Real Instrument region. Fixing the Timing of Software Instrument Regions You can fix the timing of Software Instrument regions you record. When you fix the timing of a region, the notes in the region move to the nearest grid position, as set in the timeline grid menu in the upper-right corner of the editor. To fix the timing of a recorded region: m Select the region, then click the Fix Timing button (with the words "Align to" followed by the current note value). 44 Chapter 5 Working in the Timeline To set the note value for Fix Timing: m Click the Grid button at the upper-right corner of the editor, then choose a note value from the menu, or choose Automatic. Setting Real Instrument Regions to Keep Their Original Tempo By default, Real Instrument recordings (purple) and Real Instrument loops (blue) in the timeline follow the project tempo. You can set a Real Instrument region to keep its original tempo. To set a Real Instrument region to follow its original tempo: 1 In the timeline, select the Real Instrument region. 2 Open the editor. 3 Deselect the Follow Project Tempo checkbox. 4 If you decide you want the region to follow the project tempo, select the region, then select the Follow Project Tempo checkbox. The Follow Project Tempo checkbox is unavailable when an audio file (orange), a Real Instrument loop tagged as a "one-shot," or a Software Instrument region (green) is selected. You can convert a Software Instrument loop to a Real Instrument loop when you add it to the timeline, then set the Real Instrument loop to keep its original tempo. Renaming Regions You can rename a region in the editor. To rename a region: 1 Click the region in the timeline to select it, then click the Editor button. You can also double-click the region to open the editor. The waveform of the region appears in the editor. Be sure the header over the Name field says Region before you type the new name. 2 Select the text in the Name field, then type the new name in the field. Using the Grid When working with regions in the timeline, you usually want them to align with the beats and measures in the beat ruler, so they start playing on the beat. GarageBand features a grid that makes it easy to align regions with beats and measures in the beat ruler, and with other musical note values. When you turn on the grid, the playhead, regions, and other items in the timeline snap to the nearest grid position in the timeline and the editor when you move or resize them. Chapter 5 Working in the Timeline 45 To turn the grid on or off: m Choose Control > Snap to Grid. The grid can be set to any of the following note values:  1/4 notes, 1/8 notes, 1/16 notes, or 1/32 notes  1/4 note triplets, 1/8 note triplets, or 1/16 note triplets  1/8 note swing light or swing heavy, 1/16 note swing light or swing heavy The grid can also be set to Automatic. When set to Automatic, the grid changes when you zoom in or zoom out. The grid division moves between measures, 1/4 notes, 1/8 notes, 1/16 notes, and 1/32 notes, depending on the zoom level. To set the grid value: m Click the Grid button in the upper-right corner of the timeline, then choose a note value from the menu, or choose Automatic. Using Undo and Redo As you build your arrangement in the timeline, you may want to undo or redo some of the changes you make. If you decide you don't like the last change you made to a project, it can usually be undone. After undoing it, if you decide you like the project better with the change, you can redo it. You can also use the Undo and Redo commands as a quick way of trying out changes to a project. You can make several changes to the project, then step back through the changes using Undo. If you change your mind after undoing a step, you can recover the changes using Redo. You can undo or redo any number of actions, since the last time you saved. At any point, you can save a new version of the project by choosing File > Save As. To undo the last change: m Choose Edit > Undo. To redo the last change: m Choose Edit > Redo. 46 Chapter 5 Working in the Timeline 6 Working With Real Instruments 6 You can play and record guitars, basses, and any musical instrument you can capture using a microphone in Real Instrument tracks. When you record a microphone or musical instrument, the recording appears as a Real Instrument region in the Real Instrument track. You can change input settings and add effects to a Real Instrument track in the Track Info pane. In this lesson, you'll learn how to:  Add a Real Instrument track or a basic track  Monitor Real Instrument input  Record a Real Instrument  Use the cycle region to record over a specific part of a project  Change Real Instrument settings  Use the instrument tuner with Real Instruments  Add audio files from the Finder Adding a Real Instrument Track To record a Real Instrument, you can add a new Real Instrument track or record on an existing Real Instrument track. To add a Real Instrument track: 1 Click the Add Track button, or choose Track > New Track. 2 In the New Track dialog, click Real Instrument, then click Create. The new track appears in the timeline, and the Track Info pane opens. 3 In the Track Info pane, select an instrument category from the Category list, then select an instrument from the Instrument list. 4 Select the input format by clicking either the Mono or Stereo format button, then choose the input channel from the Input pop-up menu. 47 If the instrument you are recording has a single input, select the Mono format. If the instrument has left and right inputs, select the Stereo format. If only mono inputs are available, you can't select Stereo. You can also add a basic track. A basic track is a stereo Real Instrument track containing no effects. You can change the input format and effects settings of a basic track after adding it to the project. To add a basic track: m Choose Track > New Basic Track. Monitoring Real Instrument Input Hearing your instrument while you play and record is called monitoring. When you create a Real Instrument track, you can turn on monitoring for the track in the New Track dialog. You can turn monitoring on or off in the Track Info pane. To turn monitoring on or off for a Real Instrument track: 1 Select a Real Instrument track, then click the Track Info button to open the Track Info pane. 2 Choose On or Off from the Monitor pop-up menu. Turning on monitoring can produce feedback (loud, sharp noise) if the audio input picks up the sound being output through your speakers. This is the reason monitoring is off by default. You may want to turn off monitoring for a Real Instrument track when you are not singing into the microphone or playing the instrument connected to the track. If you are recording multiple Real Instrument tracks, be sure to turn off monitoring when you finish recording a track to prevent feedback. Getting Ready to Record Once you have connected your instrument and added a track to record in, there are a few things to check before you start recording:  Make sure the microphone or instrument is connected properly and is working.  Make sure the correct audio drivers are selected in the Audio/MIDI pane of GarageBand Preferences.  Open the Track Info pane to make sure the instrument has the instrument and effects settings you want, and is using the correct input channel (or pair of channels). See "Changing Real Instrument Settings" on page 51 for more information.  Sing or play a few notes and watch the track's level meters in the track mixer to make sure the track is receiving input, and isn't clipping. If the red dots at the right of the level meters (called clipping indicators) light up, try dragging the volume slider to the left a little to lower the input volume. 48 Chapter 6 Working With Real Instruments  You may want to set the project tempo and key before recording a Real Instrument. Real Instrument recordings are fixed in tempo and key, unlike loops and Software Instrument recordings, and cannot be changed after they are recorded. Recording a Real Instrument Now you're ready to record your Real Instrument. You can record one Real Instrument track at a time. To record a Real Instrument: 1 Click the header of the Real Instrument track you want to record in to select the track. 2 Move the playhead to the point in the timeline where you want to start recording. 3 Choose Control > Count In to have the metronome play a one-measure count-in before recording starts. You can also set the playhead a few beats before the point where you want the music to come in to make it easier to start playing on the beat. 4 Click the Record button to start recording. Play button Cycle button Record button 5 Start playing your instrument, or singing into your microphone. As you record, a new region appears in the selected Real Instrument track with the music you record. 6 When you are finished, click the Play button to stop recording. An audio waveform appears in the newly recorded region. After you record, you can listen to your new recorded part to see how you like it. To hear the new recording: 1 Move the playhead to the point in the timeline where the new region starts (align it with the left edge of the region). You can also move the playhead to an earlier point in the project, or to the beginning of the project, to hear the new recording in the context of the project. 2 Click the Play button, or press the Space bar. Chapter 6 Working With Real Instruments 49 Recording a Real Instrument With the Cycle Region GarageBand lets you record over a specific part of a project. Musicians sometimes call this "punching in" and "punching out," and call the points where you start and stop recording "punch points." To record over a specific part of a project, you set the cycle region in the timeline. To set the cycle region: 1 Click the Cycle button. The cycle region appears as a yellow strip just below the beat ruler. 2 Move the cycle region to the point in the timeline where you want to start recording, then drag the end of the cycle region to the point in the timeline where you want to end recording. You can drag in the cycle region ruler (below the beat ruler) to move the cycle region to a new part of the timeline. You may want to have the cycle region start a few extra beats before the point where you want to start recording, to make it easier to start playing on the beat, and end a few beats after you want to stop recording, in case your last note extends past the end of the cycle region. To record using a cycle region: 1 Select the Real Instrument track you want to record in. 2 Click the Record button to start recording. 3 Play your musical instrument, or sing into your microphone. As you record, a new region appears in the selected Real Instrument track. Real Instruments only record the first time through the cycle region. When the cycle region repeats, you hear the newly recorded region. 4 When you are finished, click the Play button to stop the cycle region. 5 If you want to replace the recorded region, click the Record button and play the part again. 6 When you have finished using the cycle region, click the Cycle button again to turn it off. 50 Chapter 6 Working With Real Instruments