User manual APPLE QUICKTIME STREAMING SERVER

QuickTime Streaming Server Darwin Streaming Server Administrator's Guide K Apple Computer, Inc. © 2002 Apple Computer, Inc. All rights reserved. The owner or authorized user of a valid copy of QuickTime Streaming Server and Darwin Streaming Server software may reproduce this publication for the purpose of learning to use such software. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted for commercial purposes, such as selling copies of this publication or for providing paidfor support services. The Apple logo is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. Use of the "keyboard" Apple logo (Option-Shift-K) for commercial purposes without the prior written consent of Apple may constitute trademark infringement and unfair competition in violation of federal and state laws. Apple, the Apple logo, AppleScript, AppleShare, AppleTalk, ColorSync, FireWire, Keychain, Mac, Macintosh, Power Macintosh, QuickTime, Sherlock, and WebObjects are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. AirPort, Extensions Manager, Finder, iMac, and Power Mac are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. Adobe and PostScript are trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Java and all Java-based trademarks and logos are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. Netscape Navigator is a trademark of Netscape Communications Corporation. RealAudio is a trademark of Progressive Networks, Inc. © 1995­2001 The Apache Group. All rights reserved. UNIX is a registered trademark in the United States and other countries, licensed exclusively through X/Open Company, Ltd. 022-0329/11-20-02 Contents Preface QuickTime Streaming 7 What Is Streaming? 7 About Streaming Servers 7 Live Versus On-Demand Delivery Simple Setup for Live Video 8 How Does Streaming Work? 9 Multicast Versus Unicast 10 Relaying Streamed Media 11 The Total Streaming Solution 11 The QuickTime Suite 12 More About QTSS and DSS 12 For More Information 13 1 Getting Started 15 8 Setup Overview 15 Hardware and Software 16 Client Computer Requirements 16 Server Requirements 17 Live Broadcasting Requirements 17 Setting Up Your Streaming Server 18 Testing Your Setup 19 2 Managing Your Streaming Server 21 User Interface 21 Working With Streaming Server Admin 21 3 Viewing Streaming Status 22 Starting or Stopping Streaming Service 22 Working With Connected Users 22 Changing Server Settings 23 Controlling QuickTime Broadcaster Remotely 23 Working With General Settings 24 Working With Port Settings 25 Working With Log Settings 25 Viewing Error Logs and Access History 26 Media 27 About Instant-On Streaming 27 Preparing Prerecorded Media 27 Preparing Audio 28 Streaming Media Files With Multiple Sources 28 Streaming File Formats Like .avi, .text, and .wav 28 Exporting a QuickTime Movie as a Hinted Movie 29 Improving the Performance of Hinted Movies 30 Session Description Protocol (SDP) Files 30 Streaming Live Media 31 Viewing Streamed Media From a Client Computer 31 Setting Up a Web Page With Streamed Media 32 Creating Links to MP3 Playlists 33 Bandwidth Considerations 33 Playlists 34 Using Playlists to Broadcast Prerecorded Media 34 Working With Playlist Settings 34 Starting and Stopping Playlists 35 Creating a Playlist 35 Changing a Playlist 36 Deleting a Playlist 36 Relays 37 Working With Relay Settings 37 Setting Up Relays 38 Turning a Relay On or Off 39 4 Contents Security 39 Resetting the Streaming Server Admin User Name and Password 39 Controlling Access to Streamed Media 40 Creating an Access File 40 What Clients Need to Access Protected Media 42 Adding User Accounts and Passwords 42 Adding or Deleting Groups 42 Making Changes to the User or Group File 42 Installing SSL 43 Using Automatic Unicast (Announce) With QTSS or DSS on a Separate Computer 43 Executing a Command With sudo 44 Streaming on Port 80 45 Firewalls and Networks With Address Translation 45 Problems 45 Streaming Server Admin Is Not Responding 46 The Server Doesn't Start Up or Quits Unexpectedly 46 The Streaming Server Computer Crashes or Is Restarted 46 Media Files Do Not Stream Properly 46 Streaming Performance Seems Slow 47 Users Can't Connect to Your Broadcast 47 Users See Error Messages While Streaming Media 47 Users Can't See Live Streamed Media 48 You're Having Problems With Playlists 48 Advanced 49 How do I bind the Streaming Server Admin computer to a single IP address if my machine is multihomed? 49 How do I bind QTSS or DSS to a single IP address if my machine is multihomed? 50 How do I kill and restart the QuickTime Streaming Server processes in Mac OS X Server? 51 How do I kill and restart Streaming Server Admin processes in Mac OS X Server? 51 How do I get QTSS to re-read its preferences without killing or restarting the server? 52 How do I configure QTSS to host streams from multiple user media directories? 52 3 Setup Example 55 Streaming Presentations--Live and On Demand 55 Contents 5 Setting It Up 57 Creating a Web Page for Easy Access 65 Shooting the Live Presentation 66 Archiving the Live Presentation 66 Glossary Index 77 69 6 Contents PREFACE QuickTime Streaming The focus of this guide is QuickTime Streaming Server (QTSS) and Darwin Streaming Server (DSS). But before getting into the details of QTSS and DSS, it may be helpful to learn what streaming is all about and to get an overview of the total streaming solution provided by the QuickTime suite of products. What Is Streaming? Streaming delivers media from a server over a network to a client in real time, from modem rates to broadband. No file is ever downloaded to a viewer's hard drive. Media is played by the client software as it is delivered. With QuickTime streaming you can deliver m broadcasts of live events in real time m video on demand m playlist broadcasts of prerecorded content About Streaming Servers If you want to send streams to people over the Internet or a local network, you need a streaming server. Just as you need a web server for web pages, and a mail server for email messages, you need a streaming server to send real-time streams. The streaming server transmits video and audio streams to individuals in response to requests from those individuals using client software such as QuickTime Player. The requests are handled using Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP), a protocol for controlling a stream of real-time multimedia content. The streams are sent using Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP), a transport protocol used for transmitting real-time multimedia content over networks. A streaming server can create streams from QuickTime movies stored on a disk. It can also send copies of any live streams to which it has access. 7 For small audiences, the same computer can run web server software, mail server software, and streaming server software. For larger audiences, one or more computers typically are dedicated to acting purely as streaming servers. Live Versus On-Demand Delivery Delivery options for real-time streaming media are divided into two categories: live and on demand. You can serve both from QuickTime Streaming Server and from Darwin Streaming Server. Live events, such as concerts, speeches, and lectures, are commonly streamed over the Internet as they happen with the assistance of broadcasting software, such as QuickTime Broadcaster. The broadcasting software encodes a live source, such as video from a camera, in real time and delivers the resulting stream to the server. The server then serves, or "reflects," the live stream to clients. Regardless of when different customers connect to the stream, each sees the same point in the stream at the same time. This live experience can be simulated with recorded content by broadcasting from an archive source such as a tape deck or creating playlists of media on the server. For an on-demand delivery experience, such as a movie or an archived lecture, each customer initiates the stream from the beginning, so no customer ever comes in "late" to the stream. No broadcasting software is required in this case. Simple Setup for Live Video The illustration below shows a setup for streaming live video and audio. (Most video cameras have a built-in microphone.) You can stream audio only using a microphone, mixer, and other appropriate audio equipment. Broadcaster Streaming server 8 Preface A PowerBook G4 with QuickTime Broadcaster software captures and encodes video and audio. The encoded signal is sent over an Internet Protocol (IP) network to a server computer running QTSS or DSS software. QTSS or DSS on the server computer sends the signal over the Internet or a local network to client computers that tune in using QuickTime Player. You can also run QuickTime Broadcaster and QTSS or DSS on the same computer. If you are broadcasting to a large audience (more than, say, 100), however, Apple recommends that you run QuickTime Broadcaster and QTSS or DSS on separate computers. How Does Streaming Work? When you watch and listen to cable or over-the-air media transmissions on television or radio, the cable or electromagnetic wavelengths used are dedicated to that transmission. Those transmissions are mostly uncompressed and so consume large amounts of transmission bandwidth. But that's not a problem, because they don't have to compete with other transmissions within the frequency over which they're broadcast. When you send that same media over the Internet, the bandwidth used is no longer dedicated to only that transmission stream. The media now has to share extremely limited bandwidth with thousands, potentially millions, of other transmissions traveling back and forth over the Internet. Multimedia sent over the Internet is therefore encoded and compressed for transmission. The resulting files are saved in a specific location, and streaming server software such as QuickTime Streaming Server or Darwin Streaming Server is used to send the media over the Internet to client computers. Streamed media can be viewed by both Macintosh and Windows users using QuickTime Player (available free on the Apple web site) or any other application that supports QuickTime or standard MPEG-4 files. Streams can also be set up so that users can view them from within a web browser when the QuickTime plug-in is installed. When a user starts to play streamed media through a web page, the QuickTime plug-in sends a request to the streaming server. The server responds by sending the multimedia content to the client computer. The type of multimedia that is sent to the client computer depends on what content you specified on the web page. If you linked to a playlist created on the streaming server, that's sent. If you linked to a QuickTime movie in the specified media directory, that movie is sent. If you linked to a live broadcast, that's sent. QuickTime Streaming 9 Multicast Versus Unicast QTSS and DSS support both multicast and unicast network transport to deliver streaming media. In a multicast, a single stream is shared among the clients (see illustration). Each client "tunes in" to the stream much as a radio tunes in to an FM broadcast. Although this technique reduces network congestion, it does require a network that either has access to the multicast backbone, otherwise called the Mbone, for content generally distributed over the Internet, or is multicast enabled for content distributed within a contained private network. Multicast In a unicast, each client initiates its own stream, resulting in the generation of many one-toone connections between client and server (see illustration). Many clients connected via unicast to a stream in a local network can result in heavy network traffic. But this technique is the most reliable for delivery over the Internet since no special transport support is required. Unicast 10 Preface Relaying Streamed Media QuickTime Streaming Server or Darwin Streaming Server can be configured as a relay. A relay listens to an incoming stream and then forwards that stream to one or more destinations. A relay can reduce Internet bandwidth consumption. Relays can be useful in special broadcast situations, especially if numerous viewers in different locations want to tune in. Large organizations can often make good use of relays. For example, if a company regularly broadcasts a quarterly presentation from the CEO, that broadcast can be relayed from headquarters to branch offices. Broadcaster Destination Clients Internet Relay Destination Company headquarters Branch offices Clients The CEO's presentation is captured live with a video camera. The audio and video from the camera are encoded using QuickTime Broadcaster on a Mac OS X computer. A Mac OS X Server computer with QuickTime Streaming Server software acts as the relay computer and relays the broadcast of the CEO's presentation over the Internet to destination computers serving the company's branch offices. Employees of the company using client computers tune in to the destination computers to hear and watch the CEO's presentation. For more detailed information about setting up streamed media, see the appropriate topics in this manual. The Total Streaming Solution The QuickTime suite of products is unique in that it provides the software you need for endto-end production, transmission, and reception of streamed media. Each product is designed from start to finish for optimum compatibility with every other component in the suite. QuickTime Streaming 11 The QuickTime Suite The QuickTime suite is made up of the following components: QuickTime Player: The free QuickTime Player is an easy-to-use application for playing, interacting with, or viewing any video, audio, virtual reality ( VR), or graphics file that is compatible with QuickTime. QuickTime Pro: This powerful application, the "Pro" version of QuickTime Player, provides an abundance of media authoring capabilities. From simple slide shows to complex video and audio encoding, Media Skin creation, automation of repetitive production workflow tasks, and assembly of hundreds of different media types into one movie file, QuickTime Pro can do it all. QuickTime Broadcaster: Combining the power of QuickTime with legendary Apple ease of use, QuickTime Broadcaster allows just about anyone to produce a live broadcast event. From a backyard birthday party to a corporate keynote speech, QuickTime Broadcaster allows anyone with an Internet connection to attend virtually. This free download, also included with Mac OS X Server version 10.2, will capture and encode QuickTime content, including MPEG-4, for live streaming via the web. QuickTime Broadcaster supports most codecs supported by QuickTime and allows users to create custom settings. QuickTime Streaming Server: The open-source, standards-based QuickTime Streaming Server, included with Mac OS X Server version 10.2, delivers media either in real time or on demand over the Internet with no per-stream license fee. Darwin Streaming Server: This free, open-source version of QuickTime Streaming Server supports popular enterprise platforms such as Linux, Solaris, and Windows NT/2000. It is available for download in source or binary form and can be ported to other platforms by modifying a few platform-specific source files. More About QTSS and DSS QuickTime Streaming Server (QTSS) 4 and Darwin Streaming Server (DSS) 4 let you deliver media over the Internet in real time. Users can tune in to broadcasts of live or prerecorded media, or they can view prerecorded media on demand. Users see streamed media as soon as it reaches the computer; they don't have to wait to download files. Features of QTSS and DSS 4 include m Native MPEG-4 streaming: Standard hinted MPEG-4 files can be served directly, without being converted to .mov files. m MP3 audio streaming: You can create your own Internet radio station. Now serve MP3 files to clients that support MP3 streaming via HTTP, such as iTunes, WinAmp, and RealPlayer. m An even easier-to-use web-based admin: You can benefit from a whole new design, plus new features such as a setup assistant and easy administration of relays between streaming servers. 12 Preface m Improved stream quality: Enhancements to Apple skip-protection technology (patent pending)--a collection of quality-of-service features---result in even better stream quality. m Performance enhancements: Overall stability and performance of the server has been improved. m Authentication: Two types of authentication, digest and basic, let you control access to protected media. m Server-side playlists: You can stream a set of media files as if it were a live broadcast. This can be ideal for creating and managing a virtual radio or television station. m Relay support: You can easily set up several layers of servers to broadcast streams to a virtually unlimited number of clients. QTSS and DSS 4.1 added these features: m Support for Instant-On: Viewers with a broadband connection watching a streaming video with QuickTime 6 and later will benefit from Instant-On, an advance in Apple skipprotection technology (patent pending) that dramatically improves the viewing experience by playing video and audio streams instantaneously. m Integrated Broadcaster administration: A new dialog linked from the General Settings page provides an easy way to set up or change the user name and password for QuickTime Broadcaster. A Broadcast Settings pane allows remote operation of QuickTime Broadcaster (on Mac OS X Server version 10.2 or later). For More Information Additional QuickTime streaming resources are available. These include classes, mailing lists, and frequently asked questions (FAQs). m The QuickTime Streaming Server product page (http://www.apple.com/quicktime/products/qtss/) provides the latest information on key features, recent downloads, and minimum requirements, with links to additional support pages. m The public source web site (http://developer.apple.com/darwin/projects/streaming/) provides access to Darwin Streaming Server source code as well as access to the public Concurrent Version System (CVS) archive and developer information. Be sure to read the FAQs linked from this page. m The Mac OS X Server AppleCare support page (http://www.info.apple.com/usen/ macosxserver/) provides links to many useful Knowledge Base articles on all of the services that ship with Mac OS X Server, including QuickTime Streaming Server and Apache. It also provides links to downloadable PDFs of Getting Started With Mac OS X Server and Mac OS X Server Administrator's Guide. QuickTime Streaming 13 m The QuickTime Streaming course takes an in-depth look at QuickTime Streaming Server and Darwin Streaming Server by teaching system administrators and QuickTime authors the details behind real-time streaming. For more information, see the Resources section of the QuickTime Streaming Server product page (http://www.apple.com/quicktime/products/qtss/). m The best-selling QuickTime for the Web is an excellent hands-on guide. This Apple QuickTime Developer Series book shows how to integrate video, recorded sound, Flash animation, virtual reality, MIDI, text, still images, live streams, games, and user interactivity into a web site. The companion CD-ROM includes QuickTime Pro and a full set of development tools for both Windows and Macintosh. Published by Morgan Kaufmann, this award-winning book is featured with other useful titles on the QuickTime Instructional web site (http://www.apple.com/quicktime/tools_tips/books.html). Get the third edition for the most up-to-date information. m The Apple Discussions area within the AppleCare support web site (http://discussions.info.apple.com/) provides a community posting location for QuickTime Streaming Server issues. Navigate to the Mac OS X Server section and then to QuickTime Streaming Server. You can post messages and view posts from other registered users. m Apple hosts many mailing lists (http://lists.apple.com) including lists for streaming server users and developers. Actively followed by Apple engineers, these lists are an excellent resource for novice and advanced users alike. If you want to subscribe, click "Lists hosted on this site," and then click "streaming-server users" or "streaming-server developers," and sign up. You can also search through the archives of both lists. m The QuickTime Services web site (http://www.apple.com/quicktime/tools_tips/services/) lists streaming service providers. Apple partners listed provide services ranging from content delivery and encoding to authoring and webcasting. m If you are an advanced user, you may want to review the Request for Comments (RFC) memorandums on the RTP and RTSP standards by visiting the web site of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). For RTP, the web address is http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1890.txt. For RTSP, it is http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2326.txt. 14 Preface CHAPTER 1 1 Getting Started Welcome to QuickTime Streaming Server (QTSS) and Darwin Streaming Server (DSS). Mac OS X Server includes QTSS in its suite of services. QTSS comes preinstalled on Apple server hardware and is optimized for the Power Mac G4. It is also installed if you purchase and install the Mac OS X Server software package. DSS, based on the same code as QTSS and supported by the open source community, runs on non-Mac OS X Server platforms. You can download the source code and compiled binaries free of charge from the Apple Darwin Streaming Server web site (http://developer.apple.com/darwin/projects/streaming/). QTSS and DSS are similar in design and configuration to Apache, the popular web server software that is also included in Mac OS X Server. If you have experience working with Apache, working with QTSS or DSS will seem familiar. This chapter will help you get your streaming server up and running quickly. Note: The instructions that follow assume that you have already installed and performed a basic setup of Mac OS X Server or other compatible server software. For instructions on setting up Mac OS X Server, see "Getting Started With Mac OS X Server" (included on the installation CD and available to download in PDF format at http://www.info.apple.com/ support/manuals.html). For a list of platforms that DSS supports, see "Server Requirements" on page 17. Setup Overview 1 If you are currently using an older version of QTSS or DSS, and you want to retain your streaming server configuration, note the following: If you're upgrading Mac OS X Server: Your old server settings (including streaming server settings) will be automatically preserved. If you want to do a "clean install" and preserve your old streaming server settings, back up your "/Library/QuickTimeStreaming/Config/ directory and merge back any customized settings. 15 If you're upgrading DSS on a non-Mac OS X platform: The new installation overwrites the configuration files. If you want to preserve your old settings, back up your "/etc/streaming/" directory (for Windows, "c:\Program Files\Darwin Streaming Server\" directory) and merge back any customized settings. 2 If you are setting up QTSS or DSS on a remote server or a server with no display attached (a "headless" server such as Xserve), you should already have set up an administrator computer from which you can enable and configure the streaming server software using the web-based Streaming Server Admin user interface (UI). For information on setting up an administrator computer, see Getting Started With Mac OS X Server. Important During remote installation, the administrator computer and the server must be connected to the same IP subnet. If necessary, you can connect a portable administrator computer to the server's subnet during installation, or install the software over the administrator computer's subnet, and then move the server to its permanent network location to finish setting it up. 3 4 If you want to run DSS on non-Mac OS X Server platforms, download the free installation package (http://developer.apple.com/darwin/projects/streaming/). If you want to broadcast live content, you can use QuickTime Broadcaster, which is included and installed with Mac OS X Server. For setup and other information, see the Apple QuickTime Broadcaster web page (http://www.apple.com/quicktime/products/broadcaster/) and QuickTime Broadcaster online help. Note: QuickTime Broadcaster and QTSS must be running on the same computer if you want to control QuickTime Broadcaster remotely. This feature is available only with Mac OS X version 10.2 and QTSS 4.1 and later. Hardware and Software Make sure that your hardware and software meet the following requirements. Client Computer Requirements QuickTime 6 and a broadband Internet connection are required to take advantage of InstantOn using QuickTime Streaming Server or Darwin Streaming Server 4.1 or later. Any computer with QuickTime 4 or later installed can view media streamed by the streaming server. For best results, Apple recommends QuickTime 6 or later. Any ISO-compliant MPEG-4 player can view MPEG-4 files. Streaming MP3 playlists can be listened to using iTunes or other compatible streaming MP3 player such as WinAmp. You can download QuickTime client software from the QuickTime web site at http://www.apple.com/quicktime/products/qt/ 16 Chapter 1 Server Requirements QuickTime Streaming Server You can use the QTSS software on an Xserve, a Macintosh Server G4, a Power Mac G4, a Macintosh Server G3, a Power Macintosh G3, an iMac, or an eMac. Mac OS X Server version 10.2 or later must be installed. QTSS will also run under Mac OS X Desktop version 10.2 and Desktop/Server version 10.1.x, although this configuration is not eligible for AppleCare support. Apple recommends m at least 128 megabytes (MB) of random-access memory (RAM) m a minimum of 512 MB of RAM and 500 megahertz or higher processor speed if you expect heavy traffic on your server m 1 gigabyte of available disk space Automatic hardware restart requires an Xserve, Macintosh Server G4, or Power Mac G4 released in February 2000 or later. Mac OS X Server does not support upgraded PowerPC processors. Darwin Streaming Server DSS binaries and source code are available on the following platforms: m Mac OS X m RedHat Linux 7.2 m Solaris 8 m Windows 2000 and Windows NT When installed on Mac OS X, DSS stores some of its binaries in the /usr/sbin/ and /usr/bin directories (for Linux and Solaris, /usr/local/sbin/ and /usr/local/bin). If this path is not included in your shell's default $PATH variable, add it to your shell's environment settings. Otherwise, you need to type the full path to the file when starting up any of these binaries (for example, /usr/local/sbin/DarwinStreamingServer). Live Broadcasting Requirements You need the following equipment to stream live audio or video: m Source equipment for audio, video, or both, such as a VCR, video camera, and microphone. m A computer with QuickTime Broadcaster or other broadcast software (PowerPC G4 recommended for MPEG-4 broadcasting) and a video or audio capture card. Note: QuickTime Broadcaster supports video capture from most FireWire-equipped sources, including digital video (DV ) cameras, some webcams, and DV converter boxes for a fast and easy broadcasting process with professional-quality results. Getting Started 17 m 128 MB of RAM (256 MB recommended for professional broadcasting). m QuickTime 6 or later. Setting Up Your Streaming Server Follow these steps to set up your streaming server: 1 From Mac OS X Server, click the Streaming Server Admin icon in the Dock. From a server with QuickTime Streaming Server or Darwin Streaming Server installed, open your web browser. From a remote computer, open Microsoft Internet Explorer version 4.5 or later, Netscape Navigator or Netscape Communicator version 4.x or later, or Mozilla 1.0 or later. Enter the URL for your Streaming Server Admin computer. For example: http://hostname:1220 2 where hostname is the hostname or IP address of your streaming server computer and 1220 is the port number. The first time you run Streaming Server Admin, the Setup Assistant prompts you for a user name and password. Note: For help on administering your streaming server software, select the question mark on any Streaming Server Admin page. 3 After entering and reentering a new user name and password in the Assign Username/ Password page, click Set Password. Note: You will use this user name and password to administer the streaming server. The MP3 Broadcast Password page appears. Enter and reenter a new password. You will use this password when you send an MP3 stream to your streaming server. Click Next. The Secure Administration page appears. Enable this option only if you are administering your server remotely and have an SSL certificate installed for secure remote administration. For more information on secure mode operation, see "Installing SSL" on page 43. 4 5 6 Click Next. The Media Folder page appears. Note the default path. This is where you place media you want to stream. 7 Click Next. The Streaming on Port 80 page appears. Enable port 80 if you intend to allow content to be viewed from outside the local area network (that is, from the Internet). For information on the pros and cons of choosing this option, see "Streaming on Port 80" on page 45. 18 Chapter 1 8 Click Finish. The Streaming Server Admin main screen appears. "Server is Running" should appear at the top of the screen. 9 If instead "Server is Idle" appears, click the Start Server button to start the server. The streaming server is now active and ready to stream media. Click General Settings. If you want the server to start up each time you power on the server, choose Start Server at System Startup and click Save Changes. 10 Testing Your Setup Sample QuickTime movies are included with QTSS and DSS in the default movie folder so you can test the server setup. The sample movies can be viewed from a client computer using QuickTime Player. Note: The included sample .mp3 file is for use in a streaming MP3 playlist only. It is not a hinted QuickTime movie and cannot be streamed on demand via RTSP. For information on hinted movies, see "Exporting a QuickTime Movie as a Hinted Movie" on page 29. For information on preparing MP3 and other prerecorded media for simulated live streaming, see "Preparing Prerecorded Media" on page 27. To view a sample movie: 1 Choose Open URL in New Player in the player File menu and enter, for example, the following URL: rtsp://hostname/sample_300kbit.mov where hostname is the host name or IP address of your server. 2 Click OK to request the sample movie. QuickTime Player connects with the streaming server, a window appears, and the movie plays if the streaming server is functioning correctly. This concludes the initial setup of your streaming server software. Additional settings depend on your hardware and software, network connections, expected number of viewers, and media you want to stream. For guidance in determining these settings and operating your streaming server, see Chapter 2, "Managing Your Streaming Server," Chapter 3, "Setup Example," and the resources listed on page 13. Getting Started 19 CHAPTER 2 2 Managing Your Streaming Server This chapter provides information you need to complete your setup and manage your streaming server. Topics covered include m using the administration tool Streaming Server Admin m working with media m dealing with security issues m solving common problems The last section answers questions raised by more advanced users. User Interface To set up and manage QuickTime Streaming Server (QTSS) and Darwin Streaming Server (DSS), you use the web-based Streaming Server Admin application. This tool provides a standard graphical user interface for all supported platforms and allows you to administer the streaming server locally or remotely. Working With Streaming Server Admin Streaming Server Admin is a web-based user interface (UI) in which you can change general settings, create and serve playlists, monitor connected users, view log files, manage bandwidth usage, relay a stream from one server to another for scalability, and control QuickTime Broadcaster remotely. Because the interface is web-based, you can administer your server and QuickTime Broadcaster from anywhere by connecting from any computer with compatible software and with Internet access. To configure and administer your server: 1 From Mac OS X Server, click the Streaming Server Admin icon in the Dock. From a server with QuickTime Streaming Server or Darwin Streaming Server installed, open your web browser. From a remote computer, open Microsoft Internet Explorer version 4.5 or later, Netscape Navigator or Netscape Communicator version 4.x or later, or Mozilla 1.0 or later. 21 2 Enter the URL for your Streaming Server Admin computer. For example: http://hostname:1220 where hostname is the hostname or IP address of your streaming server computer and 1220 is the port number. The first time you run Streaming Server Admin, the Setup Assistant prompts you for a user name and password. To display online help, click the question mark button in the UI. Information about QTSS and DSS is also available at the QuickTime web site (www.apple.com/quicktime/products/qtss/) and the Mac OS X Darwin web site (http://developer.apple.com/darwin/projects/streaming/). Viewing Streaming Status You can view a snapshot of current streaming server activity or see information about connected users in the Main and Connected Users panes of Streaming Server Admin. To view streaming server activity: 1 2 Click Main in Streaming Server Admin. To see information about connected users, click Connected Users in Streaming Server Admin. Starting or Stopping Streaming Service You can start or stop streaming service at any time by clicking the button at the top of the Streaming Server Admin window. m To start streaming service, click Start Server. m To stop streaming service, click Stop Server. Working With Connected Users To see the Connected Users pane, click Connected Users in Streaming Server Admin. In this pane, you can view information about the client users currently connected to your streaming server. You can display the information in a number of ways using the onscreen controls. To change the number of entries displayed, choose a number from the "Display __ entries" pop-up menu. To change how often the list is updated, choose a number from the "Page Refresh Interval" pop-up menu. To select the sort column, click the column label by which you want to sort the user information. 22 Chapter 2 To select the sort order, click the arrow next to the selected column label. Changing Server Settings You can click the labels along the left side of the Streaming Server Admin screen to display various settings panes. To change the settings for streaming service: 1 2 Click General Settings, Port Settings, Relay Settings, Log Settings, or Playlists. Make the changes you want and click Save Changes. Controlling QuickTime Broadcaster Remotely If you have QuickTime Streaming Server (QTSS) 4.1.1 or later, you can use the web-based Streaming Server Admin to control QuickTime Broadcaster remotely. This comes in handy if, for instance, the broadcaster is installed on a rack-mounted Xserve computer running "headless" (without a monitor) on the same local network or even hundreds of miles away and accessible via the Internet. You can use any computer with an appropriate web browser and a network connection to perform the broadcaster control functions. Using Streaming Server Admin to control QuickTime Broadcaster remotely requires that the broadcaster and QTSS be installed on the same computer. A Broadcast Settings pane in Streaming Server Admin provides a simple user interface (UI) for controlling the broadcaster. Note: This feature works only with Mac OS X version 10.2 and later. If you want the broadcaster presets that were set by the user who initially set up the broadcaster to be accessible from Streaming Server Admin, you (or a colleague) must move the presets directory via the broadcaster UI from the Home directory of the initial user to a newly created shared folder. To specify the new presets location, choose Preferences in the QuickTime Broadcaster menu and enter the new path: /Library/QuickTimeStreaming/Config/Broadcaster Presets/ To set up and start a broadcast remotely: 1 From the remote (controlling) computer, open Microsoft Internet Explorer version 4.5 or later, Netscape Navigator or Netscape Communicator version 4.x or later, or Mozilla 1.0 or later. Enter the URL for your Streaming Server Admin computer: http://hostname:1220 2 where hostname is the hostname or IP address of your streaming server computer and 1220 is the port number. It is assumed that QTSS has been configured and is running. The Streaming Server Admin UI appears in your browser window. 3 Click Broadcaster Settings to display the Broadcaster Settings pane. Managing Your Streaming Server 23 4 Choose and enable the audio and/or video presets you want and specify an SDP file name and the buffer delay in seconds (zero for instant-on streaming). If you want to record the broadcast for future rebroadcast, specify the path to the Movies directory in the "Record to" field and select the Enabled checkbox. If you want to broadcast to a different streaming server, select the "Send this broadcast to a different streaming server" checkbox and enter the hostname or IP address of that server and the user name and password of the broadcast user account created on that server. If you want to broadcast over TCP (a slower but more accurate transmission method), select the "Broadcast over TCP" checkbox. 5 When the settings are correct, click Save Changes, then click Start Broadcast to begin broadcasting through the streaming server. If the broadcaster is already running in non-headless mode (opened from the Dock), you will be presented with the option of restarting the broadcaster in headless mode (required for remote administration). If the broadcaster transmission method is Automatic Unicast (Announce), QuickTime Broadcaster creates an SDP file with the name you specified and automatically copies it into the Movies folder of the streaming server. 6 7 To view the broadcast, click View Broadcast in the Broadcaster Settings pane. To stop the broadcast, click Stop Broadcast in the Broadcaster Settings pane. For more information on Streaming Server Admin, see "Working With Streaming Server Admin" on page 21. For more information on creating a broadcast user account, see "Using Automatic Unicast (Announce) With QTSS or DSS on a Separate Computer" on page 43. Working With General Settings Use General Settings in Streaming Server Admin to access the streaming server functions listed. m To see the general settings, click General Settings. "Media Directory" contains the media files available to streaming server clients. The files must be properly formatted streaming media files. The media files must be located in the media directory or in any of its subdirectories. "Secure Administration" lets you enable or disable SSL security for Streaming Server Admin. Before you enable secure administration, you must get a valid certificate signed by a certificate authority such as VeriSign or Thawte, and install it in /Library/ QuickTimeStreaming/Config/streamingadminserver.pem with the information from your certificate file. 24 Chapter 2 For Windows, install the certificate in c:\Program Files\Darwin Streaming Server\streamingadminserver.pem. For other supported platforms, install the certificate in /etc/streaming/ streamingadminserver.pem. "Max. Number of Connections" lets you set the maximum number of connections. When this number is reached, users who try to connect see a message that the server is busy (error 453). "Max. Throughput" lets you set the maximum throughput of the server. If the maximum throughput is reached, no one else can connect. Users who try to connect see a message that the server is busy (error 453). "Default Authentication Scheme" lets you choose between basic or digest. By default, the server uses the more secure digest authentication. However, digest authentication requires that users connect with QuickTime 5 or later. Basic authentication is less secure than digest but is compatible with earlier versions of QuickTime. "Change Admin Username/Password" lets you change the server administrator's user name and password. "Change Movie Broadcast Password" lets you create or update a broadcast user account on the streaming server. This account allows an SDP file to be created on the server. You can then broadcast from QuickTime Broadcaster to QuickTime Streaming Server running on a separate computer using the Automatic Unicast (Announce) transmission method. Note: Using this feature will overwrite any existing access controls that the user has placed on the QTSS Movies directory. The qtaccess file is overwritten when the user name/password change is made. "Change MP3 Broadcast Password" lets you change the password required to send an MP3 broadcast stream. The MP3 broadcast password cannot contain spaces. Working With Port Settings You can view and change port settings in Streaming Server Admin. m To see the port settings, click Port Settings. "Streaming on Port 80" lets you serve QuickTime streams over HTTP port 80. If you need to serve streams past firewalls, you may need to enable streaming on port 80. If your computer is also running a web server, enabling streaming on port 80 causes a port conflict that results in one or both of the servers' not behaving properly. Working With Log Settings You can view logs and change log settings in Streaming Server Admin. m To see the log settings, click Log Settings. Managing Your Streaming Server 25 "Error Log" shows error and informational messages. Use this log to troubleshoot problems with the server. "Access Log" shows the number of times each media file has been accessed, when it was accessed, and who has accessed it since the log was reset. Access errors are also reported in the log. Currently, MP3 client connections are not displayed. A raw MP3 access log can be viewed by looking in /Library/QuickTimeStreaming/Logs/mp3_access.log (for Mac OS X), c:\Program Files\Darwin Streaming Server\Logs\ (for Windows), or /var/streaming/Logs/ mp3_access.log (for other supported platforms). You can specify that each log be reset after a certain number of days or after it reaches a certain size (in KB). Viewing Error Logs and Access History If logging is turned on in the Logging Settings pane of Streaming Server Admin, information about access and errors is saved to log files. m Click Error Log or Access History to choose which log you want to view. The information stored in the access log can be analyzed using software from other vendors. The access history log is updated only as client connections are disconnected. Any currently connected clients at the time of a power failure or server crash are never logged, and won't appear in the access log when the server is restarted. These logs and some additional logs you might find useful are, with the exception noted below, stored in the following locations: Mac OS X: /Library/QuickTimeStreaming/Logs/ Windows: c:\Program Files\Darwin StreamingServer\Logs\ Other supported platforms: /var/streaming/Logs/ The default file names are as follows: Error Log: Error.log QuickTime movie and broadcast requests log: StreamingServer.log Streaming MP3 requests log: mp3_access.log Streaming admin server requests log: streamingadminserver.log Playlists log (one per play list): playlistname.err where playlistname is the name of the playlist. The playlists log is stored in the following locations (where playlistname is the name of the play list): Mac OS X: /Library/QuickTimeStreaming/Playlists/playlistname/ Windows: c:\Program Files\Darwin Streaming Server\Logs\ 26 Chapter 2 Other supported platforms: /var/streaming/Playlists/playlistname/ Media This section provides information you need to broadcast live or prerecorded media as streaming video and/or audio. You can also learn about instant-on streaming, creating playlists, setting up a web page with streamed media, and bandwidth considerations. About Instant-On Streaming Viewers watching a streaming video with QuickTime 6 and later will benefit from Instant-On, an advance in Apple skip-protection technology (patent pending) that dramatically reduces buffer, or wait, time for an instantaneous viewing experience. Viewers can click around or scrub video as if it were on their hard disks. Users must have a broadband connection to experience instant-on streaming. The responsiveness of instant-on streaming is affected by available bandwidth and size, or data rate, of the content. Responsiveness can also be affected by the codec used. Hinted movies made using the QDesign Audio codec, for example, may not be instant-on capable. Preparing Prerecorded Media Prerecorded media can be played back as a simulated live stream in a playlist when prepared properly. To prepare prerecorded media for broadcast in a playlist: 1 Use the same number and types of tracks for each movie in the playlist. Be sure all the media files contain compatible media types. For example, all audio tracks should use the same encoding, sampling rate, compression, and bit rate. All video tracks should also use the same encoding, compression, and bit rate. 2 Format the media in each file in the same way. For example, use the same frame size for each video track. For movie playlists, be sure each media file is a hinted QuickTime movie or a hinted MPEG-4 file. For an MP3 playlist, each file must be an MP3 audio file with the same sample rate (the data rates do not need to be the same). Do not hint MP3 files when preparing an MP3 playlist. 3 4 Copy all media files to your streaming server. Managing Your Streaming Server 27 Be sure to copy the files into the directory you specified for streaming. QuickTime Streaming Server (QTSS) or Darwin Streaming Server (DSS) cannot be used to natively serve MP3 files on demand (that is, as an HTTP download). Important Rather QTSS and DSS support of MP3 streams is intended for shoutcast/icecast-compatible live streams (such as those created by a streaming playlist) or live streams of other compatible MP3 live encoder broadcasters. If you wish to serve individual MP3 files on demand (not as live streams), simply host the files on a web server in a web documents folder. Preparing Audio MP3 audio files can be played back in an MP3 playlist and listened to using iTunes or another compatible streaming MP3 player. To prepare MP3 files: 1 2 3 4 Open the audio file using software that can convert it to MP3 format. Save the audio files as MP3 files. Make sure all audio uses the same encoding, sampling rate, compression, and bit rate. Copy all prepared audio files to the media directory on your streaming server. Streaming Media Files With Multiple Sources QuickTime movies often use content from several media files. For example, a video clip can be combined with music stored separately from the video. When you export a QuickTime movie, make it a "self-contained" file so that it includes all the source media. This improves server performance. If, for some reason, you cannot export the movie as self-contained, here's what you can do. To stream movies that are not self-contained: 1 2 Copy all the files needed by the movie to the same folder or directory. Store all the files in the directory on your server that you specified as the media directory in Streaming Server Admin. Streaming File Formats Like .avi, .text, and .wav If you have QuickTime Pro (a set of advanced features available with QuickTime Player), you can apply hinting to .avi, .text, .wav, and other file formats. Hinting allows you to stream a non-.mov file using QTSS or DSS while retaining the original file. To hint a file, you must import it into QuickTime Player and then export it as a hinted movie. 28 Chapter 2 To apply hinting and export a file as a movie: 1 2 3 4 Import the file into QuickTime Player by choosing Import from the File menu. Export the file by choosing Export from the File menu. In the "Save exported file as" dialog, choose "Movie to QuickTime Movie" from the Export pop-up menu, if it's not already selected, then click the Options button. In the Movie Settings dialog, choose Hinted Streaming from the pop-up menu and click the Settings button. Make sure that Make Movie Self-Contained is unchecked. Close each dialog by clicking OK, choose a filename and location, and save the file. Place both the .mov file (containing only the hint tracks) and the original file (containing only the media data) on your streaming server. If you have folders inside your media folder, make sure that both files are in the same folder. For example: New file with only hint tracks: myfile.mov Original, non-hinted file: myfile.avi To stream the original file, use an RTSP (Real-Time Streaming Protocol) URL that references the hinted ".mov" file. 5 6 7 In QuickTime Player, choose "Open URL in New Player" from the File menu, then enter the following URL: rtsp://qtss.hostname/myfile.mov The file should begin streaming. The RTSP URL from the client tells the server to read the hinted file and directly stream the media data from the .avi file. Exporting a QuickTime Movie as a Hinted Movie Hint tracks contain information the streaming server needs to stream the media properly. Hint tracks allow the streaming server to stream QuickTime movies without having to understand QuickTime media types or codecs. The server only needs to know the hint track format. When a new codec must be streamed, typically the server software doesn't require an update. Hinting also precomputes packetization rules for some media that normally require bit-level parsing, interleaving, and so on, relieving the server of this task. Most authoring applications let you export media as a hinted QuickTime movie. If you have QuickTime Pro, you can also hint a movie using QuickTime Player. QuickTime Pro is available for both Mac OS and Windows computers. Check the QuickTime web site for more information. Managing Your Streaming Server 29 Each track in a media file must have its own hint track. For example, a movie with one audio and one video track must have two hint tracks: one for the audio track and one for the video track. When you use QuickTime Player to export a movie as a hinted movie, QuickTime adds all the necessary hint tracks automatically. To export a QuickTime movie as a hinted movie with QuickTime Player: 1 2 3 4 5 Open QuickTime Player on a Mac OS X, Mac OS, or Windows computer. Open the QuickTime movie you want to hint. Choose Export from the File menu. Choose "Movie to Hinted Movie" from the pop-up menu, then type a new filename. Click Save. Improving the Performance of Hinted Movies When you export a hinted movie from QuickTime Player, you can compress video and sound using either the native RTP payload encoder or the generic QuickTime payload encoder. To select QuickTime, click Options in the QuickTime Player Export dialog, then click the Track Hinter Settings button. The QuickTime payload encoder parses media samples into equal-sized packets. If a video frame takes up 10 packets, and one is lost, the whole frame is discarded. Payload encoders native to a specific codec take advantage of specific knowledge of the media format to parse the data into packets in a more compact way. They can recover a partial frame if a video packet is lost. Generally, native payload encoding is preferred. Check with your codec manufacturer for specific guidelines regarding payload encoding. Use care and experimentation when choosing between native and QuickTime payload encoders. Session Description Protocol (SDP) Files A Session Description Protocol (SDP) file contains information about the format, timing, and authorship of the streamed media. For live streaming, SDP files are created on the captureand-encoding computer by QuickTime Broadcaster or other broadcast software. For broadcasts of prerecorded media, an SDP file is automatically created on your streaming server. To stream either live or prerecorded media, an SDP file must be present in the media directory you've designated in Streaming Server Admin. 30 Chapter 2 In most cases you should not modify the SDP file manually. However, if you change anything about the media you're streaming, you must delete the SDP file, let the broadcast software create a new SDP file, and then copy this new SDP file to the media directory on your streaming server. For more information on SDP files, search the web for RFC SDP or RFC RTSP. Streaming Live Media Live media requires minimal preparation as long as you have the correct equipment. To stream live media: 1 2 Connect the audio or video equipment to the computer you're using to capture and encode the live signal. Set up your broadcast software following the instructions that came with it. If you're using QuickTime Broadcaster and the Automatic Unicast (Announce) transmission method, the broadcast software creates a Session Description Protocol (SDP) file automatically, if needed. For more information, see "Using Automatic Unicast (Announce) With QTSS or DSS on a Separate Computer" on page 43. If your broadcast software does not have this feature, you must create an SDP file on the computer you use to capture and encode the live signal. See the instructions that came with your broadcast software. 3 Copy the SDP file to your streaming server computer. Be sure to copy the file into the media directory you're using for streaming. Make sure the streaming server is running. Start the broadcast software following the instructions that came with it. Test the broadcast by connecting to your streaming server with client software. Give users an RTSP URL to your SDP file, or an HTTP URL to the QuickTime reference movie that you placed on your web server. If you want the streamed media to show on a web page, set up the web page by using the EMBED tag or creating a separate QuickTime reference movie (for more information about setting up a web page, see "Setting Up a Web Page With Streamed Media" on page 32. Viewing Streamed Media From a Client Computer 4 5 6 To view streaming media, users must have QuickTime 4 or later installed. To view media from a client computer: 1 2 Open QuickTime Player. Choose Open URL from the File menu. Managing Your Streaming Server 31 3 4 Enter the URL for the media file (for example: rtsp://myserver.com/mymedia). Replace myserver.com with the DNS name of your streaming server computer, and mymedia with the name of your hinted movie or media file. This URL assumes that the movie or media file is located at the top level of your media directory. For movies in subfolders within the media directory, add the folder to the path name. For example: rtsp://myserver.com/myfolder/mymedia.mov If you want users to view streamed media through a web browser, you must set up a web page to show the media. Then give users the URL of the web page. Do not attempt to view media in a web browser by typing an RTSP URL directly into the web browser's address field. Setting Up a Web Page With Streamed Media To embed streaming media in a web page, you use the HTML EMBED tag. For complete documentation on the features and use of the EMBED tag, go to www.apple.com/quicktime/ authoring/embed.html The following example places a graphical link to a movie, "sample.mov," on a web page. ( You can rename the sample movie that comes with QuickTime and use it for the example.) When a user clicks the link, the movie will start streaming in QuickTime Player. This is a sample use of the EMBED tag.
The URL specified in the SRC attribute is a link to a still image that has been exported as a nonhinted QuickTime movie, "linkimage.mov." This image file serves as the link to the streaming movie. The width and height attributes specify the width and height of the image area. The HREF attribute is the URL for the streaming movie that will start playing when the image is clicked. To let users view streaming media from a web page, create a reference movie that contains a streaming track with an RTSP URL that points to the media on your streaming server. Store the reference movie in the same directory as your web site and include a link to the reference movie on your web page. For more information on creating a reference movie, go to developer.apple.com/quicktime/ and click the Tools link. Look for the MakeRefMovie tool under WebMaster Tools. 32 Chapter 2 A reference movie can simply be a text file with a ".mov" filename extension (such as "ref.mov"). The format for the contents of the file is as follows: rtsptext rtsp://my.streamingserver.com/sample.mov Creating Links to MP3 Playlists If you want to put an MP3 playlist on the web, you need to create an audio metafile that directs the web browser to your playlist and opens the user's MP3 player. There are two types of audio metafile you can use: M3U and PLS. To create the audio metafile, use a text editor to create the file, include the proper extension (".m3u" for M3U metafiles and ".pls" for PLS metafiles) at the end of the filename, and format it as described here. The M3U file contains a single line of text in this format: http://your.ip.addr:8000/mountpoint A PLS file uses this format: [playlistname] File1=http://your.ip.addr:8000/mountpoint Title1=Playlist Title Length1=-1 NumberOfEntries=1 Version=2 Place the .m3u or .pls file in the same directory as your web site and link to it just as you would link any other downloadable file. Most web browsers are configured to open .m3u and .pls files using the user's MP3 player automatically. Bandwidth Considerations It's generally not a good idea to connect a streaming server to the Internet or local area network by Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) or cable modem. The server will be severely limited by the relatively small bandwidth of DSL and cable modems for uploading data. In some cases, running a server on a DSL connection may break a DSL service agreement. Consult your DSL or cable modem service provider before setting up the server. When authoring Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) streams, make sure they do not exceed 75 percent of anticipated client throughput. For example, don't use a rate higher than 20 kilobits per second (Kbps) for a 28 Kbps modem connection. For a typical 56K modem connection, don't use a rate higher than 31 Kbps. For a T1 (1500 Kbps) client connection, don't use a rate higher than 1125 Kbps. Managing Your Streaming Server 33 Playlists Playlists are sets of media files in the QTSS or DSS media folder specified to play one after the other or in random sequence. This section provides basic information on creating and working with playlists. Using Playlists to Broadcast Prerecorded Media You can create a virtual "radio station" or video broadcast by setting prerecorded QuickTime media, MPEG-4, or MP3 files to play in a specified order (a playlist). Setting up a series of playlists broadcasts the media to the streaming server, which sends the media to viewers in the sequence you set up (random or ordered). Although the media is prerecorded, it appears to viewers as a live broadcast. All viewers see the same media when they tune in to the broadcast. To broadcast media in a playlist: 1 2 3 4 Prepare QuickTime, MPEG-4, or MP3 media. Create a playlist. Start broadcast service by clicking the Play button for each playlist. Tell users how to connect to the broadcast. For movie playlists, provide an RTSP URL. For MP3 playlists, provide an HTTP link. Working With Playlist Settings You can change playlist settings in the Playlists pane of Streaming Server Admin. To see a playlist's settings, click Playlists, then click the name of the playlist you want to see in the Available Playlists pane, and click Edit Playlist. "Name" is the name you give your playlist and the name that appears in the Available Playlists pane. "Mount Point" is the path section of the URL you give to clients (or that you embed in a web page). You must give the mount point a name (often the same name as the playlist). Spaces are automatically converted to underscores and ".sdp" is appended to the name of the file. Don't use the ".sdp" extension if this is an MP3 playlist. The playlist name and mount point must be unique. No two broadcasts can use the same name. "Play Mode" can be one of three types: "Sequential" broadcasts the media in the order in which it appears in the playlist file. When the last media file has ended, the broadcast stops. "Sequential Looped" broadcasts the media in the order in which it appears in the playlist file. When the last media file has ended, the playlist repeats in the same order. 34 Chapter 2 "Weighted Random" broadcasts the media in random order using the specified weights to determine how often an item plays. The higher the weight, the more often the item is played. The media plays until you stop the broadcast. "Repetition" lets you set the number of items that must play before an item can repeat. If you set a value other than zero for repeated items, make sure the number is less than the number of media files in the playlist. "Genre," available only for MP3 playlists, lets you choose a category to display in MP3 players that tune in to your broadcast. m Click the Remove Item button to remove selected items from your playlist. m Enable logging for each playlist by clicking the "Log this playlist's activity" checkbox. m If you want to relay the broadcast of a playlist to another streaming server, click the "Send this playlist to a broadcast server" checkbox. Enter a name and password, if required. A password is required only for MP3 playlists. Starting and Stopping Playlists You start and stop broadcasting playlists in the Playlists pane of Streaming Server Admin. To start broadcasting a playlist, click the Play button next to the name of the playlist. To stop broadcasting a playlist, click the Stop button. Creating a Playlist You can create a playlist of movies, MPEG-4 files, or MP3 audio tracks. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Click Playlists in Streaming Server Admin. Click New MP3 Playlist or New Movie Playlist. Enter a name for the playlist. Enter a name for the Mount Point. Choose a play mode from the pop-up menu. Enter a number in the Repetition field to set how often an item can repeat. If this is an MP3 playlist, choose a category from the Genre pop-up menu. To add an item to the playlist, drag it from the Available Media column into the Items in This Playlist column. To remove an item from the playlist, click it in the Items in This Playlist column, then click Remove Item. Drag items up or down in the list to change the order in which they're played. Use the Weight column to establish the weight for items (if you're broadcasting randomly). Managing Your Streaming Server 35 12 13 Click "Log this playlist's activity" if you want a log of the playlist's activity. Click "Send this playlist to a broadcast server" if you want to relay the broadcast to another streaming server. Enter the name and password, if required. A password is required only for MP3 playlists. Click Save Changes to save the new playlist. Changing a Playlist 14 You can change a saved playlist of movies or MP3 audio tracks. To edit a playlist: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Click Playlists in Streaming Server Admin. Click a playlist name. Click Edit Playlist. Choose a play mode from the pop-up menu. Enter a number in the Repetition field to set how often an item can repeat. If this is an MP3 playlist, choose a category from the Genre pop-up menu. To add an item to the playlist, drag it from the Available Media column into the Items in This Playlist column. To remove an item from the playlist, click it in the Items in This Playlist column, then click Remove Item. Drag items up or down in the list to change the order in which they're played. Use the Weight column to establish the weight for items (if you're broadcasting randomly). Click "Log this playlist's activity" if you want a log of the playlist's activity. Click "Send this playlist to a broadcast server" if you want to relay the broadcast to another streaming server. Enter the name and password, if required. A password is required only for MP3 playlists. Click Save Changes to save your changes to the playlist. If you make changes to a playlist that is currently running, you need to stop and restart the playlist. Deleting a Playlist 13 You can delete a saved playlist of movies or MP3 audio tracks by following these steps. 1 2 Click Playlists in Streaming Server Admin. Select the name of the playlist you want to delete. 36 Chapter 2 3 4 If the playlist is running, click the Stop button. Click Delete Playlist. Relays This section provides detailed information on setting up relays and working with relay settings, using Streaming Server Admin. Working With Relay Settings Relays are used to accept a stream from one streaming server and send the stream on, or "relay" it, to another streaming server. You set up relays using the Relay Settings pane in Streaming Server Admin. To see the Relay Settings pane, click Relay Settings. The "Default Relay" relays all incoming broadcasts that are automatically announced to the streaming server to one or more destinations. The default relay is set up just like any other relay except there are no source settings. The default relay appears in the Relay Status pane with the name ***qtssDefaultRelay***. The default relay can accept only forwarded media streams using the RTSP announce protocol. UDP streams are not supported. "Status: _ Enabled" instructs the server to relay any broadcast that is announced to it as soon as the relay is saved. "Relay Name" is used to identify the relay in Relay Settings and in the Relay Status pane. "Source Hostname or IP Address" is the DNS hostname or IP address of the source computer. "Mount Point" is the name of the source that needs to be relayed. For example, if you want to relay the incoming broadcast announced as "birthdayceleb.sdp," the mount point is set to birthdayceleb.sdp. You could also relay a source acquired by acting as a client and requesting it from the source server. In this case, the mount point must be the URL of the resource to acquire. "Request incoming stream" directs the streaming server to send a request to the source computer for the incoming stream before it gets relayed. This feature can be used to relay a reflected live broadcast (from another server). It can also be used to request a stored file and turn it into an outgoing live stream. In any of these fields, "User Name/Password" is used if the source or destination computers require automatic broadcasts to be authenticated with a name and password. "Wait for announced stream(s)" directs the server to wait for the incoming stream and then relay it. Relays set to wait for announced streams can accept only media streams using the RTSP announce protocol. User Datagram Protocol (UDP) streams are not supported. Managing Your Streaming Server 37 "Relay via TCP" sets broadcasts to announce the stream to the destination computer via TCP. The destination computer must support the automatic announcing of broadcasts. For Relay via TCP, the mount point is the path to the destination URL. Like any mount point, it points to a Session Description Protocol (SDP) file and must end in ".sdp" (for example, Keynote_Relay.sdp). If a mount point is not supplied, then the mount point of the source is automatically used. "Relay via UDP" sets broadcasts that don't require announcing to stream over a UDP port. Use this if streaming media is being relayed directly to a QuickTime client or a multicast address, or to a streaming server that doesn't support automatic broadcasting. "Base Port" is the port number the destination computer uses to listen for incoming streams. A UDP port is required for each stream. A typical relay can have multiple streams, usually one audio stream and one video stream. The Base Port field must contain the UDP port of the first stream that is relayed. It must be an even port number greater than 6000. Consecutive even numbers are chosen for the remaining UDP ports. Even numbers are for Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP), and the intermediate odd numbers are for Real-Time Transport Control Protocol (RTCP). If the base port is set to 6000, then 6002, 6004, and so on are automatically chosen as the remaining UDP ports for multiple streams. "Multicast TTL" is the time-to-live (TTL) value specifying the number of times a media stream can be passed from one router to another before the stream is no longer transmitted. The value can be any number between 1 and 255. A value of 1 reaches client computers on the local area network. The larger the number, the farther the multicast packets will travel. Setting Up Relays You can use the Relay Settings pane in Streaming Server Admin to set up relays. Each relay comprises a source and one or more destinations. You can also enable a "default relay" for all incoming broadcasts that are automatically announced to your streaming server and set up one or more relay destinations. To set up a relay: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Click Relay Settings. Click New Relay or Edit Default Relay. Complete the fields for Source Settings (not necessary for the default relay). Complete the fields for Destination. If you want additional destinations, click Add Destination and fill out the necessary fields. Click Save Changes to add the source to your relay settings. 38 Chapter 2 Turning a Relay On or Off You can turn a relay on or off in the Relay Settings pane of Streaming Server Admin. To turn on a relay, click the name of the relay. Then click Edit Relay and click the Enabled checkbox to display the checkmark. To turn off a relay, click the name of the relay. Then click Edit Relay and click the Enabled checkbox to remove the checkmark. Security A certain level of security is inherent in real-time streaming, since content is delivered only as the client needs it and no files remain afterward. But other security issues usually need to be addressed. Aspects of streaming security covered in this section include m setting up password protection for content m configuring qtaccess to limit access to the media folder m encrypting communications when using the web-based Streaming Server Admin tool m streaming on Port 80 Resetting the Streaming Server Admin User Name and Password If you forget the Streaming Server Admin user name and password, you can reset them. To reset the user name and password: 1 Log in to the server computer as root, open a terminal, and type the following: qtpasswd someUserName where someUserName is a name of your choice. 2 3 Follow the prompts by entering the administrator user name and a password you want to assign to the user someUserName. Using a text editor, modify the /Library/QuickTimeStreaming/Config/qtgroups file. For Windows, modify the c:\Program Files\Darwin Streaming Server\qtgroups file. For other supported platforms, modify the /etc/streaming/qtgroups file. Modify the file so that the user name you just created or modified is included in the group Admin, as follows: admin: someUserName 4 Save the file as ordinary text (not .rtf or any other file format). Managing Your Streaming Server 39 Controlling Access to Streamed Media You can set up authentication to control client access to streamed media files. Two schemes of authentication are supported: basic and digest. By default, the server uses the more secure digest authentication. You can also control playlist access and administrator access to your streaming server. Authentication does not control access to media streamed from a relay server. The administrator of the relay server must set up authentication for relayed media. The ability to manage user access is built into the streaming server, so it is always enabled. For access control to work, an access file must be present in the directory you selected as your Media Directory. If an access file is not present in the streaming server media directory, all clients are allowed access to the media in the directory. To set up access control: 1 2 3 Use the qtpasswd command-line utility to create new user accounts with passwords. Create an access file and place it in the media directory that you want to protect. If you want to disable authentication for a media directory, remove the access file (called qtaccess) or rename it (for example, qtaccess.disabled). Creating an Access File An access file is a text file called qtaccess that contains information about users and groups who are authorized to view media in the directory in which the access file is stored. The directory you use to store streamed media can contain other directories, and each directory can have its own access file. When a user tries to view a media file, the server checks for an access file to see whether the user is authorized to view the media. The server looks first in the directory where the media file is located. If an access file is not found, it looks in the enclosing directory. The first access file that's found is used to determine whether the user is authorized to view the media file. The access file for the streaming server works like the Apache web server access file. You can create an access file with any text editor. The filename must be qtaccess and the file can contain some or all of the following information: AuthName AuthUserFile AuthGroupFile require user require group require valid-user require any-user 40 Chapter 2 Terms not in angle brackets are keywords. Anything in angle brackets is information you supply. Save the access file as plain text (not .rtf or any other file format). message is text your users see when the login window appears. It's optional. If your message contains any white space (such as a space character between terms), make sure you enclose the entire message in quotation marks. user filename is the path and filename of the user file. For Mac OS X, the default is /Library/QuickTimeStreaming/Config/qtusers. For Windows, it is c:\Program Files\Darwin Streaming Server\qtusers). For other supported platforms, it is /etc/streaming/qtusers. group filename is the path and filename of the group file. For Mac OS X, the default is /Library/QuickTimeStreaming/Config/qtgroups. For Windows, it is c:\Program Files\Darwin Streaming Server\qtgroups. For other supported platforms, it is /etc/streaming/qtgroups. A group file is optional. If you have a lot of users, it may be easier to set up one or more groups, and then enter the group names, than to list each user. username is a user who is authorized to log in and view the media file. The user's name must be in the user file you specified. You can also specify valid-user, which designates any valid user. groupname is a group whose members are authorized to log in and view the media file. The group and its members must be listed in the group file you specified. You can use these additional user tags: m valid-user is any user defined in the qtusers file. The statement "require valid-user" specifies that any authenticated user in the qtusers file can have access to the media files. If this tag is used, the server will prompt users for an appropriate user name and password. m any-user allows any user to view media without providing a name or password. You can also add the keyword AuthScheme with the values "basic" or "digest" to a qtaccess file. This overrides the global authentication setting on a directory-by-directory basis. If you have made customized changes to the default qtaccess access file, be aware that making any changes to broadcast user settings in Streaming Server Admin will modify the default qtaccess file at the root level of the Movies directory. Any customized modifications you may have made prior to this will not be preserved. Managing Your Streaming Server 41 What Clients Need to Access Protected Media Users must have QuickTime 5 or later to access a media file for which digest authentication is enabled. If your streaming server is set up to use basic authentication, users need QuickTime 4.1 or later. Users must enter their user names and passwords to view the media file. Users who try to access a media file with an earlier version of QuickTime will see the error message "401: Unauthorized." Adding User Accounts and Passwords You can add a user account and password if you log in to the server computer. To add a user account: 1 Log in to the server computer as root, open a terminal window, and type the following: qtpasswd -f Alternatively, use sudo to execute the command as root. See "Executing a Command With sudo" on page 44. 2 Enter a password for the user and reenter it when prompted. Adding or Deleting Groups You can edit the /Library/QuickTimeStreaming/Config/qtgroups file with any text editor as long as it follows this format: : For Windows, the path is c:\Program Files\Darwin Streaming Server\qtgroups. For other supported platforms, it is /etc/streaming/qtgroups. m To add or delete a group, simply edit the group file you set up. Making Changes to the User or Group File You can make changes to the user or group file if you log in to the server computer. To delete a user from a user or group file: 1 2 3 Log in to the server computer as administrator and use a text editor to open the user or group file. Delete the user name and encrypted passwords line from the user file. Delete the user name from the group file. To change a user password: 1 Log in to the server computer as root, open a terminal window, and type the following: qtpasswd 42 Chapter 2 Alternatively, use sudo to execute the command as root. See "Executing a Command With sudo" on page 44. 2 Enter a new password for the user. The password you enter replaces the password in the file. Installing SSL SSL stands for Secure Sockets Layer. It's a protocol that provides encrypted communications on the Internet. Before you enable secure administration in QuickTime Streaming Server (QTSS) or Darwin Streaming Server (DSS), you must get a valid certificate signed by a certificate authority such as VeriSign or Thawte. Install the certificate in /Library/QuickTimeStreaming/ streamingadminserver.pem (for Mac OS X) with the information from your certificate file. For Windows, install the certificate in c:\Program Files\Darwin Streaming Server\streamingadminserver.pem. In other supported platforms, install it in /etc/streaming/ streamingadminserver.pem. Warning If you enable SSL support in Streaming Server Admin, your browser must also support SSL. If it doesn't, you will not be able to access Streaming Server Admin. If there is a firewall or proxy between the computer on which you are running your browser and Streaming Server Admin, make sure that the firewall or proxy allows SSL requests to pass through. Also, make sure that any routers or NATs (Network Address Translators) between your remote computer and the streaming server allow port 1240 communication. You need to install the OpenSSL library and Net::SSLeay to support the security functions of DSS. You can get OpenSSL from www.openssl.org. You can get Net::SSLeay from www.perl.com. Using Automatic Unicast (Announce) With QTSS or DSS on a Separate Computer You can broadcast from QuickTime Broadcaster to QuickTime Streaming Server (QTSS) or to Darwin Streaming Server (DSS) running on a separate computer using the Automatic Unicast (Announce) transmission method. You'll need to create a broadcaster user account on the streaming server. This will allow an SDP file to be created on the server. The user name and password that you specify will be entered through QuickTime Broadcaster. You will need to upgrade your streaming server to QTSS or DSS 4.0 or later if you have an earlier version. If QuickTime Broadcaster is running on the same computer as QuickTime Streaming Server, a broadcaster user account is not required. To create a user account on the streaming server: 1 2 Create a file named qtaccess in your streaming server Movies directory. If you wish to let anyone broadcast to your server, enter the following lines in the file: Managing Your Streaming Server 43 require any-user require any-user 3 If you want to limit broadcaster access to the server, enter the following lines in the file: require user someUserName require any-user where someUserName is a broadcaster user name of your choosing. 4 5 Save the file as plain text (not .rtf or any other file format). For QTSS or DSS 4.1 or later: Click "Change Movie Broadcast Password" in General Settings in Streaming Server Admin. Enter the new user name and then the new password (twice) in the dialog, and click Change Password. You're done. For QTSS or DSS version 4.0: Log in as root (or administrator in Windows) and open a terminal window. Alternatively, use sudo to execute the command below as root. See "Executing a Command With sudo" on page 44. As root (or administrator in Windows), type the following (where someUserName is a broadcaster user name of your choosing): qtpasswd someUserName You will be prompted for a password twice. After each prompt, enter the password for the new user you are creating. Example: [host:~] root# qtpasswd broadcastuser Adding userName broadcastuser New password: Re-type new password: [host:~] root# Executing a Command With sudo If you are logged in as an administrator, you can use sudo to execute a command as if you were the root user (administrator in Windows). This way you don't have to enable the root account to make changes that require root privileges. 44 Chapter 2 To execute a command as root: m Open a terminal window and type sudo followed by a space and then the command you want to execute. You will be prompted for an administrator password before the command executes. For example, to execute the kill command using sudo, you would enter the following in a terminal: [host:~] user# sudo kill 529 530 where 529 and 530 are process IDs. For more information about sudo, enter man sudo in a terminal. Streaming on Port 80 If you are setting up a streaming server on the Internet and you think some of your clients are behind firewalls that allow only web traffic, enable streaming on port 80. This lets the streaming server accept connections on port 80, the default port for web traffic, and QuickTime clients will be able to connect to your streaming server even if they are behind a web-only firewall. If you enable streaming on port 80, make sure you disable any Web server on the same computer that may conflict with your streaming server. Firewalls and Networks With Address Translation The streaming server sends data using User Datagram Protocol (UDP) packets. Firewalls designed to protect information on a network often block UDP packets. Client computers located behind a firewall that blocks UDP packets can't receive streamed media. However, the streaming server also allows streaming over HTTP connections, which allows streamed media to be viewed through even very tightly configured firewalls. Some client computers located on networks that use address translation may also be unable to receive UDP packets, but they can receive media that's streamed over HTTP connections. If users have problems viewing media through a firewall or via a network that uses address translation, they should upgrade their client software to QuickTime 5 or later. If users still have problems, their network administrators should provide them with the appropriate settings for the Streaming Proxy and Streaming Transport settings on their computers. Network administrators can also set their firewall software to permit RTP and RTSP throughput. Problems This section provides information on what to do if you encounter certain problems while streaming media. Managing Your Streaming Server 45 Streaming Server Admin Is Not Responding m Verify that the streamingadminserver.pl script is running. If not, log in as root (or administrator in Windows), open a terminal window, and start the Streaming Server Admin process by typing /usr/sbin/streamingadminserver.pl m Alternatively, use sudo to execute the command as root. See "Executing a Command With sudo" on page 44. The Server Doesn't Start Up or Quits Unexpectedly m Check the error log. m Make sure the QuickTimeStreamingServer file (for QTSS) or the DarwinStreamingServer file (for DSS) is in the /usr/sbin/ directory. The Streaming Server Computer Crashes or Is Restarted m With QuickTime Streaming Server (QTSS) 4.1 or later, when the computer restarts, playlists start up automatically. With QTSS 4.0, once the computer starts up, you may need to restart playlists, even if Streaming Server Admin indicates they are playing. m Make sure the streaming server is running before you restart the playlists. m If you were using the streaming server to relay broadcasts using the Default Relay feature, you need to restart the broadcasts on the other streaming servers that were relaying to this server using the RTSP Announce protocol. Likewise, any TCP or RTSP Announce relays must be restarted on the server after it has restarted. Media Files Do Not Stream Properly m Try streaming a sample movie to see if the server can stream it. A sample movie is included with the server. If the server streams the sample movie, the problem may be with the way your movie file is prepared. Recreate the movie. If the sample movie doesn't stream, the problem may be with the server computer or the network. m Check streaming server activity and, if necessary, reduce the maximum number of connections or throughput. m If the problem occurs on a client computer, make sure the user has the appropriate Streaming Proxy and Streaming Transport settings. The administrator for the client computer's network should be able to provide the correct settings. m Make sure the client software supports the file format being broadcast. m Check the structure of the URL.