User manual CASIO FC-100V

E FC-200V FC-100V User's Guide http://world.casio.com/edu_e/ RCA501407-001V03 Important! CASIO COMPUTER CO., LTD. makes no guarantees concerning accuracy of the contents of this manual or their suitability for any commercial purpose or other particular purpose, or concerning the accuracy of calculation results (such as financial calculation simulation results) produced by this calculator. · Financial calculation rules and practices can differ according to country, geographic area, or financial institution. It is up to you to determine whether the calculation results produced by this calculator are compatible with the financial calculation rules that apply to you. CASIO Europe GmbH Bornbarch 10, 22848 Norderstedt, Germany About this Manual · This User's Guide covers use and operation of the CASIO FC-200V and FC-100V. Operations apply to both models, except in cases indicated by the text "FC-200V only". · Keycap markings indicate what a key inputs or what function it performs. Example: 1, 2, +, -, A, etc. · Pressing the SHIFT or ALPHA key followed by a second key performs the alternate function of the second key. The alternate function is indicated by the text printed above the key. Alternate function VARS Keycap function Y} t It means this: SHIFT · The following shows what the different colors of the alternate function key text mean. If key marking text is this color: Yellow and then the key to Press access the applicable function. ALPHA Red and then the key to Press input the applicable variable or constant. SHIFT · In this manual, a while an ALPHA key operation is shown as 1, key operation is shown as S. · The following shows an example of how an alternate function operation is represented in this User's Guide. Example: 17(S-MENU) Indicates the function that is accessed by the key operation (17) before it. Note that this is not part of the actual key operation you perform. E-1 · The following shows an example of how a key operation to select an on-screen menu item is represented in this User's Guide. Example: 1(1-VAR) Indicates the menu item that is selected by the number key operation (1) before it. Note that this is not part of the actual key operation you perform. · The cursor key is marked with four arrows, indicating direction, as shown in the illustration nearby. In this User's Guide, cursor key operation is indicated as f, c, d, and e. REPLAY Some examples in this manual start out assuming that the calculator is set to a particular angle unit. This is indicated by the following marks. z : Degrees Z : Radians · The displays and illustrations (such as key markings) shown in this User's Guide are for illustrative purposes only, and may differ somewhat from the actual items they represent. · The contents of this manual are subject to change without notice. · In no event shall CASIO Computer Co., Ltd. be liable to anyone for special, collateral, incidental, or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the purchase or use of this product and items that come with it. Moreover, CASIO Computer Co., Ltd. shall not be liable for any claim of any kind whatsoever by any other party arising out of the use of this product and the items that come with it. E-2 Initializing the Calculator Perform the following procedure when you want to initialize the calculator and return the calculation mode and setup to their initial default settings. Note that this operation also clears all data currently in calculator memory. 1. O19(CLR) 2. "All:EXE" (cf), then E. 3. E(Yes) 4. A · To cancel initialization without doing anything, press E(Cancel) instead of E(Yes). This setting: Calculation Mode This setting: Payment Date Mode dn Periods/Y Bond Date Date Input PRF/Ratio B-Even Digit Sep. Angle Display Digits STAT Is initialized to this: COMP Is initialized to this: End 365 CI Annual (FC-200V only) Date (FC-200V only) MDY PRF (FC-200V only) Quantity (FC-200V only) Off Deg Norm1 Off · For information about memory, see "Using Calculator Memory" on page E-35. · For information about shortcut keys settings, see "Shortcuts" on page E-94. E-3 Safety Precautions Be sure to read the following safety precautions before using this calculator. Keep this manual handy for later reference. Caution This symbol is used to indicate information that can result in personal injury or material damage if ignored. Battery · After removing the battery from the calculator, put it in a safe place where it will not get into the hands of small children and accidentally swallowed. · Keep batteries out of the reach of small children. If accidentally swallowed, consult with a physician immediately. · Never charge the battery, try to take the battery apart, or allow the battery to become shorted. Never expose the battery to direct heat or dispose of it by incineration. · Improperly using a battery can cause it to leak and damage nearby items, and can create the risk of fire and personal injury. · Always make sure that the battery's positive k and negative l ends are facing correctly when you load it into the calculator. · Remove the battery if you do not plan to use the calculator for a long time. · Use only the type of battery specified for this calculator in this manual. Disposing of the Calculator · Never dispose of the calculator by burning it. Doing so can cause certain components to suddenly burst, creating the risk of fire and personal injury. E-4 Handling Precautions · Be sure to press the O key before using the calculator for the first time. · Even if the calculator is operating normally, replace the battery at least once every three years (FC-200V) or two years (FC-100V). A dead battery can leak, causing damage to and malfunction of the calculator. Never leave a dead battery in the calculator. · The battery that comes with this unit discharges slightly during shipment and storage. Because of this, it may require replacement sooner than the normal expected battery life. · Low battery power can cause memory contents to become corrupted or lost completely. Always keep written records of all important data. · Avoid use and storage of the calculator in areas subjected to temperature extremes. Very low temperatures can cause slow display response, total failure of the display, and shortening of battery life. Also avoid leaving the calculator in direct sunlight, near a window, near a heater or anywhere else it might be exposed to very high temperatures. Heat can cause discoloration or deformation of the calculator's case, and damage to internal circuitry. · Avoid use and storage of the calculator in areas subjected to large amounts of humidity and dust. Take care never to leave the calculator where it might be splashed by water or exposed to large amounts of humidity or dust. Such conditions can damage internal circuitry. · Never drop the calculator or otherwise subject it to strong impact. · Never twist or bend the calculator. Avoid carrying the calculator in the pocket of your trousers or other tight-fitting clothing where it might be subjected to twisting or bending. · Never try to take the calculator apart. E-5 · Never press the keys of the calculator with a ballpoint pen or other pointed object. · Use a soft, dry cloth to clean the exterior of the calculator. If the calculator becomes very dirty, wipe it off with a cloth moistened in a weak solution of water and a mild neutral household detergent. Wring out all excess liquid before wiping the calculator. Never use thinner, benzene or other volatile agents to clean the calculator. Doing so can remove printed markings and can damage the case. E-6 Contents About this Manual ............................................ 1 Initializing the Calculator ................................ 3 Safety Precautions ........................................... 4 Handling Precautions ...................................... 5 Before Using the Calculator .......................... 10 kRemoving the Hard Case .................................... 10 kTurning Power On and Off ................................... 10 kAdjusting Display Contrast ................................... 10 kAbout the Display .................................................. 11 kDisplay Indicators ................................................. 11 Calculation Modes and Calculator Setup .... 13 kCalculation Modes ............................................... 13 kUsing the Setup Screen ....................................... 13 Inputting Expressions and Values ............... 23 kInputting a Calculation Expression Using Standard Format .................................................. 23 kCorrecting an Expression .................................... 25 kDisplaying the Location of an Error ...................... 27 Basic Calculations ......................................... 28 kArithmetic Calculations ........................................ 28 kPercent Calculations ............................................ 29 Using Multi-statements in Calculations ....... 32 Using Calculation History Memory and Replay ............................................................. 33 Using Calculator Memory .............................. 35 kAnswer Memory (Ans) ......................................... kIndependent Memory (M) .................................... kVariables (A, B, C, D, X, Y) .................................. kFinancial Calculation Variables (VARS) ............... kClearing Memory Contents .................................. 35 37 38 40 41 E-7 Financial Calculation ..................................... 42 kSimple Interest Mode ........................................... kCompound Interest Mode .................................... kCash Flow Mode .................................................. kAmortization Mode ............................................... kConversion Mode ................................................. kCost/Sell/Margin Mode ........................................ kDay Calculation Mode .......................................... kDepreciation Mode (FC-200V only) ..................... kBond Mode (FC-200V only) ................................. kBreak-Even Mode (FC-200V only) ....................... kBEV Sub-mode (Break-Even Mode 1) ................. kMargin of Safety Sub-mode (Break-Even Mode 2) ........................................... kDegree of Operating Leverage Sub-mode (Break-Even Mode 3) ........................................... kDegree of Financial Leverage Sub-mode (Break-Even Mode 4) ........................................... kDegree of Combined Leverage Sub-mode (Break-Even Mode 5) ........................................... kQuantity Conversion Sub-mode (Break-Even Mode 6) ........................................... 42 44 50 55 59 61 64 66 71 78 78 82 84 86 88 90 Shortcuts ........................................................ 94 kCustom Shortcut Keys ......................................... 94 kFunction Shortcut Keys ........................................ 96 Function Calculations ................................... 98 kPi () and Natural Logarithm Base e ................... 98 kTrigonometric and Inverse Trigonometric Functions ............................................................. 98 kHyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions ..... 99 kConverting an Input Value to the Calculator's Default Angle Unit ................................................ 99 kExponential Functions and Logarithmic Functions ........................................................... 100 kPower Functions and Power Root Functions .... 101 kRectangular-Polar Coordinate Conversion ........ 103 kOther Functions ................................................. 104 E-8 Statistical Calculation .................................. 108 kStatistical Calculation Types .............................. 108 kInputting Sample Data ....................................... 108 kSTAT Calculation Screen .................................... 111 kUsing the STAT Menu ......................................... 112 Technical Information .................................. 134 kCalculation Priority Sequence ............................ kStack Limitations ................................................ kCalculation Ranges, Number of Digits, and Precision ............................................................ kSpecial Financial Calculation Error Messages .. kError Messages ................................................. kBefore assuming malfunction of the calculator... 134 136 137 139 140 142 Reference ...................................................... 143 kPower Requirements and Battery Replacement ..................................................... 143 Specifications ............................................... 146 E-9 Before Using the Calculator k Removing the Hard Case Before using the calculator, slide its hard case downwards to remove it, and then affix the hard case to the back of the calculator as shown in the illustration below. k Turning Power On and Off · Press O to turn on the calculator. · Press 1A(OFF) to turn off the calculator. k Adjusting Display Contrast 1. Press s. 2. Use c to select "CONTRAST:EXE", and then press E. This displays the contrast adjustment screen. Use d and e to adjust display contrast. After the setting is the way you want, press E. Important! · If adjusting display contrast does not improve display readability, it probably means that battery power is low. Replace the battery. E-10 k About the Display Your calculator has a 31-dot × 96-dot LCD screen. Example: Input expression Calculation result { Financial Calculation Mode k Display Indicators Sample Display: STAT This Means this: Page: indicator: The keypad has been shifted by pressing the 1 key. The keypad 7 will unshift and this indicator will disappear when you press a key. The alpha input mode has been entered by pressing the S key. The alpha input mode will be exited and this indicator will disappear when you press a key. E-1 3 M There is a value stored in independE-37 ent memory. The calculator is standing by for input of a variable name to assign a value to the variable. This indicator appears after you press 1t(STO). E-37 E-38 The calculator is standing by for input E-94 of a variable name to recall the variable's value. This indicator appears after you press t. STO RCL E-11 This Means this: indicator: STAT 360 SI DMY 7 8 9 FIX SCI Page: The calculator is in the STAT Mode. E-108 360 days in a year. Simple interest for interest calculations of odd (partial) months. Day, month, year (DMY) as the date format. The default angle unit is degrees. The default angle unit is radians. The default angle unit is grads. A fixed number of decimal places is in effect. A fixed number of significant digits is in effect. Calculation history memory data is available and can be replayed, or E-33 there is more data above/below the current screen. The display currently shows an intermediate result of a multi-state- E-32 ment calculation. E-15 $` Disp Important! · For a very complex calculation or some other type of calculation that takes a long time to execute, the display may show only the above indicators (without any value) while it performs the calculation internally. E-12 Calculation Modes and Calculator Setup k Calculation Modes When you want to perform this type of operation: Simple interest calculations Compound interest calculations Cash flow calculations Amortization calculations General and function calculations Statistical and regression calculations Interest rate conversion calculations Cost, selling price, or margin calculations Day or date calculations Depreciation calculations (FC-200V only) Purchase price and annual yield calculations (FC-200V only) Break-even point calculations (FC-200V only) Press this Page: key: S c C A m a n o D d b B E-42 E-44 E-50 E-55 E-28 E-98 E-108 E-59 E-61 E-64 E-66 E-71 E-78 k Using the Setup Screen The setup screen lets you configure various conditions and screen settings used for calculations. You can also use the setup screen to adjust display contrast. E-13 A Displaying the Setup Screen There are two different ways to display the setup screen. · Pressing the s key · Selecting the "Set:" item on the menu screen that appears when you enter some modes. The following are the procedures you need to perform to access and use the setup screen using the above operations. FC-200V Important! All of the example procedures presented in this manual use the s key procedure to display the setup screen. To display the setup screen with the s key 1. Press the s key. This displays a menu of setup items. · See "Setup Screen Settings" on page E-15 for a complete list of menu items. 2. Use fc to select the setup item whose setting you want to change, and then press E. This displays a screen for configuring the setting of the setup item you selected. 3. Configure the setting you want. · You can select a setting by with the cursor and then press E , or you can input the number that corresponds to the setting you want to select. · See "Configuring Settings" on page E-16 for information about configuring each setting. To display the setup screen by selecting "Set:" on a mode menu Important! The following procedure is possible only when there is a "Set:" item on the menu that initially appears when you enter a mode. It is not available in all modes. E-14 1. On the menu that appears when you initially enter a mode, use fc to select "Set:", and then press E. · This displays a setup screen of settings that apply to the current mode only. The content of the setup screen depends on what mode you are currently in. 2. Use fc to select the setup item whose setting you want to change. You can also select a setup item by inputting the applicable number. · See "Setup Screen Settings" below for information about configuring each setting. A Setup Screen Settings No. Setup Screen Item Description Payment date (beginning of term/end of term) Page E-16 E-16 1 Payment 2 Date Mode Number of days in a year 3 dn 4 Periods/Y 5 Bond Date 6 Date Input 7 PRF/Ratio 8 B-Even 9 Digit Sep. 0 Angle ! Fix @ Sci # Norm $ STAT Odd period interest calculation E-16 Number of payment periods per year Date or number of coupon payments specification Date format E-17 E-17 E-18 Profit or profit ratio specification E-18 Sales quantity or sales amount E-18 specification 3-digit separator symbol Angle unit Number of decimal places Number of significant digits Value range for exponential format Statistical display E-19 E-19 E-20 E-20 E-21 E-21 E-22 % CONTRAST Contrast adjustment E-15 A Configuring Settings 1 Payment: Compound Interest (CMPD) Mode, Amortization (AMRT) Mode This setting specifies the payment date. 1:Begin Beginning of period 2:End End of period 1. Use fc to select "Payment", and then press E. 2. Press 1(1:Begin) or 2(2:End) to select the setting you want. · You can also use fc to select a setting and then press E. 2 Date Mode: Simple Interest (SMPL) Mode, Day Calculation (DAYS) Mode, Bond (BOND) Mode (FC-200V only) This setting specifies the number of days in a year. 1:360 360 days 2:365 365 days 1. Use fc to select "Date Mode", and then press E. 2. Press 1(1:360) or 2(2:365) to select the setting you want. · You can also use fc to select a setting and then press E. 3 dn: Compound Interest (CMPD) Mode This setting specifies whether simple interest or compound interest for interest calculations of odd (partial) months. 1:CI Compound interest 2:SI Simple interest 1. Use fc to select "dn", and then press E. E-16 2. Press 1(1:CI) or 2(2:SI) to select the setting you want. · You can also use fc to select a setting and then press E. 4 Periods/Y: Bond (BOND) Mode (FC-200V only) This setting specifies once a year (Annual) or twice a year (Semi-Annual) coupon payments. 1:Annual One coupon payment per year 2:Semi One coupon payment every six months 1. Use fc to select "Periods/Y", and then press E. 2. Press 1(1:Annual) or 2(2:Semi) to select the setting you want. · You can also use fc to select a setting and then press E. 5 Bond Date: Bond (BOND) Mode (FC-200V only) This setting specifies use of either a date (Date) or a number of payments (Term) as the term for bond calculations. 1:Date Date 2:Term Number of payments 1. Use fc to select "Bond Date", and then press E. 2. Press 1(1:Date) or 2(2:Term) to select the setting you want. · You can also use fc to select a setting and then press E. E-17 6 Date Input: Day Calculation (DAYS) Mode, Bond (BOND) Mode (FC-200V only) This setting specifies either month, day, year (MDY) or day, month, year (DMY) as the date format. 1:MDY Month, day, year 06012006 (June 1, 2006) 2:DMY Day, month, year 01062006 (June 1, 2006) 1. Use fc to select "Date Input", and then press E. 2. Press 1(1:MDY) or 2(2:DMY) to select the setting you want. · You can also use fc to select a setting and then press E. 7 PRF/Ratio: Break-Even Point Calculation (BEV) Submode of Break-Even (BEVN) Mode (FC200V only) This setting specifies use of either profit (PRF) or profit ratio (r%) for break-even point calculations. 1:PRF Profit 2:r% Profit ratio 1. Use fc to select "PRF/ Ratio", and then press E. 2. Press 1(1:PRF) or 2(2:r%) to select the setting you want. · You can also use fc to select a setting and then press E. 8 B-Even: Break-Even Point Calculation (BEV) Submode of Break-Even (BEVN) Mode (FC-200V only) This setting specifies use of either sales quantity (Quantity) or sales amount (Sales) for break-even point calculations. 1: Quantity Sales quantity 2: Sales Sales amount E-18 1. Use fc to select "B-Even", and then press E. 2. Press 1(1:Quantity) or 2(2:Sales) to select the setting you want. · You can also use fc to select a setting and then press E. 9 Digit Sep.: All modes except for the STAT Mode and COMP Mode This setting specifies what type of 3-digit separator should be used. Note that the 3-digit separator is not displayed after you specify a number of significant digits with @ Sci. 1:Superscript Superscript comma 123´456 2:Subscript Subscript comma 123,456 3:Off Separator off 123456 1. Use fc to select "Digit Sep.", and then press E. 2. Press 1(1:Superscript), 2(2:Subscript), or 3(3:Off) to select the setting you want. · You can also use fc to select a setting and then press E. 0 Angle: All modes This setting specifies the angle unit used for trigonometric functions. 90° = -- radians = 100 grads 2 1:Deg Degrees 2:Rad Radians 3:Gra Grads 1. Use fc to select "Angle", and then press E. E-19 2. Press 1(1:Deg), 2(2:Rad), or 3(3:Gra) to select the setting you want. · You can also use fc to select a setting and then press E. ! Fix: All modes This setting specifies a fixed number of digits to the right of the decimal place. Calculation results are rounded off to the specified number of digits before being displayed. · Changing this setting automatically cancels any previous settings made for @ Sci and # Norm. · Specify the number of decimal places by inputting a value in the range of 0 (round off and then cut fraction part) to 9 (nine decimal places). 1. Use fc to select "Fix", and then press E. 2. Input a value from 0 to 9 to specify the number of decimal places. Example: 100 ÷ 7 = 14.286 (Fix 3) = 14.29 (Fix 2) @ Sci: All modes This setting specifies the number of significant digits. Calculation results are rounded off to the specified number of digits before being displayed. · Changing this setting automatically cancels any previous settings made for ! Fix and # Norm. · You can specify anywhere from 1 significant digit (by inputting 1) to 10 significant digits (by inputting 0). 1. Use fc to select "Sci", and then press E. 2. Input a value from 0 to 9 to specify the number of significant digits. Example: 10 ÷ 7 = 1.4286 × 100 (Sci 5) = 1.429 × 100 (Sci 4) E-20 # Norm: All modes This setting specifies the range that determines when display of values switches to exponential format. · Changing this setting automatically cancels any previous settings made for ! Fix and @ Sci. Norm1: 10­2 > x, x > 1010 Norm2: 10­9 > x, x > 1010 Example: 1 ÷ 200 = 5 × 10­3 (Norm1) = 0.005 (Norm2) 1. Use fc to select "Norm", and then press E. 2. Press 1(Norm1) or 2(Norm2). $ STAT: Statistics (STAT) Mode, Cash Flow (CASH) Mode This setting controls whether a frequency (FREQ) column is included in the STAT Mode DataEditor. · The Cash Flow (CASH) Mode uses the same DataEditor as the STAT Mode. Turning on display of the frequency column reduces the maximum number of data items that can be input for investment appraisal. 1:On Frequency (FREQ) column display on 2:Off Frequency (FREQ) column display off 1. Use fc to select "STAT", and then press E. 2. Press 1(1:On) or 2(2:Off) to select the setting you want. · You can also use fc to select a setting and then press E. Important! · This operation clears DataEditor data. Note that data is cleared even if you select the setting that corresponds to the current FREQ column display status. Selecting "On" while FREQ column display is currently turned on, for example, will clear DataEditor data. E-21 % CONTRAST: All modes Select this setting when you want to adjust screen contrast and make display figures lighter or darker. 1. Use fc to select "CONTRAST", and then press E. 2. Use d and e to adjust display contrast. 3. Press E. Note · On a setting screen, the cursor mark displayed on the upper right of a screen cannot be used. A Initializing the Setup Screen Settings 1. O19(CLR) 2. "Setup:EXE" (fc), then E. 3. E(Yes) 4. A · To cancel initialization without doing anything, press E(Cancel) instead of E(Yes). · The calculator will automatically enter the COMP Mode after you initialize the setup screen settings. E-22 Inputting Expressions and Values k Inputting a Calculation Expression Using Standard Format Your calculator lets you input calculation expressions just as they are written. Then simply press the E key to execute it. The calculator automatically judges the calculation priority sequence for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, functions, and parentheses. Example: 2 (5 + 4) ­ 2 × (­3) = 2(5+4)2*y3E A Inputting a Function with Parenthesis When you input any of the functions shown below, it is automatically input with the open parenthesis ( ( ) character. Next, you need to input the argument and the closing parenthesis ( ) ). sin(, cos(, tan(, sin­1(, cos­1( , tan­1(, sinh(, cosh(, tanh(, sinh­1(, cosh­1(, tanh­1(, log(, ln(, e^(, 10^(, ^(, '(, 3'(, x'(, Abs(, Pol(, Rec(, Rnd( Example: sin 30 = z 1. t 2. "sin(" (fc), then E. 3. 30)E · Some commonly used functions can also be input using a direct key operation. Example: sin 30 = 1. 11(sin) 2. 30)E E-23 A Omitting the Multiplication Sign You can omit the multiplication sign (×) in any of the following cases. · Before an open parentheses ( ( ): 2 × (5 + 4), etc. · Before a function with parenthesis: 2 × sin(30), 2 × '(3), etc. · Before a variable name, constant, or random number: 20 × A, 2 × , etc. A Final Closed Parenthesis You can omit one or more closed parentheses that come at the end of a calculation, immediately before the E key is pressed. For details, see "Omitting a Final Closed Parenthesis" on page E-29. A Displaying a Long Expression The display can show up to 14 characters at a time. Inputting the 15th character causes the expression to shift to the left. At this time, the ] indicator appears to the left of the expression, indicating that it runs off the left side of the screen. Input expression: 1111 + 2222 + 3333 + 444 Displayed portion: Cursor · When the ] indicator is displayed, you can scroll left and view the hidden part by pressing the d key. This will cause the ' indicator to appear to the right of the expression. At this time, you can use the e key to scroll back. A Number of Input Characters (Bytes) · You can input up to 99 bytes of data for a single expression. Basically, each key operation uses up one byte. A function that requires two key operations to input (like 11(sin)) also uses only one byte. E-24 · Normally the input cursor appears as a straight vertical (I) or horizontal ( ) flashing line on the display screen. When there are 10 or fewer bytes of input remaining in the current expression, the cursor changes shape to I to let you know. If the I cursor appears, terminate the expression at a convenient point and calculate the result. k Correcting an Expression This section explains how to correct an expression as you are inputting it. The procedure you should use depends on whether you have insert or overwrite selected as the input mode. A About the Insert and Overwrite Input Modes With the insert mode, the displayed characters shift to the left to make room when you input a new character. With the overwrite mode, any new character you input replaces the character at the current cursor position. · The cursor is a vertical flashing line (I) when the insert mode is selected. The cursor is a horizontal flashing line ( ) when the overwrite mode is selected. · The initial default is the insert mode. You can switch between the insert mode and the overwrite mode by pressing 1Y(INS). A Changing the Character or Function You Just Input Example: To correct the expression 369 × 13 so it becomes 369 × 12 369*13 Y 2 E-25 A Deleting a Character or Function Example: To correct the expression 369 × × 12 so it becomes 369 × 12 Insert Mode: 369**12 dd Y Overwrite Mode: 369**12 ddd Y A Correcting a Calculation Example: To correct cos(60) so it becomes sin(60) Insert Mode: 12(cos)60) dddY 11(sin) Overwrite Mode: 12(cos)60) dddd 11(sin) E-26 A Inserting input into a Calculation Always use the insert mode for this operation. Use d or e to move the cursor to the location where you want to insert new input, and then input what you want. k Displaying the Location of an Error If an error message (like "Math ERROR" or "Syntax ERROR") appears when you press E, press d or e. This will display the part of the calculation where the error occurred, with the cursor positioned at the error location. You can then make necessary corrections. Example: When you input 14 ÷ 0 × 2 = by mistake instead of 14 ÷ 10 × 2 = Insert Mode: 14/0*2E Press e or d. This is causing the error. d1 E You can also exit the error screen by pressing A, which clears the calculation. E-27 Basic Calculations This section explains how to perform arithmetic and percent calculations. All calculations in this section are performed in the COMP Mode (g). k Arithmetic Calculations Use the +, -, *, and / keys to perform arithmetic calculations. Example: 7 × 8 ­ 4 × 5 = 36 7*8-4*5E · The calculator automatically judges the calculation priority sequence. For more information, see "Calculation Priority Sequence" on page E-134. A Number of Decimal Places and Number of Significant Digits You can specify a fixed number of decimal places and significant digits for the calculation result. Example: 1 ÷ 6 = Initial default setting (Norm1) FIX 3 decimal places (Fix3) SCI 3 significant digits (Sci3) · For more information, see "Configuring Settings" on page E-16. E-28 A Omitting a Final Closed Parenthesis You can omit any closed parenthesis ( ) ) immediately preceding operation of the E key at the end of a calculation. Example: (2 + 3) × (4 ­ 1) = 15 (2+3)* (4-1E k Percent Calculations Example 1: 2% = 0.02 21((%)E Example 2: 150 × 20% = 30 150*20 1((%)E Example 3: To calculate what percentage of 880 is 660. 660/880 1((%)E Example 4: To increase 2500 by 15%. 2500+ 2500* 151((%)E E-29 Example 5: To discount 3500 by 25%. 35003500* 251((%)E Example 6: To discount the sum of 168, 98, and 734 by 20%. 168+98+ 734E -G*201((%)E Example 7: If 300 grams are added to a test sample originally weighing 500 grams, what is the percentage increase in weight? 300+500 1.(A%) Example 8: What is the percentage change when a value is increased from 40 to 46? How about to 48? Insert Mode: 46-40 1.(A%) eeeY8E E-30 Example 9: To calculate the selling price and profit when the purchase price is $480 and the profit rate to the selling price is 25%. 480*25 1.(A%) 480/25 1.(A%) Example 10: To calculate the bargain price and loss when the purchase price is $130 and the loss rate is 4%. 130*y4 1.(A%) 130/y4 1.(A%) E-31 Using Multi-statements in Calculations You can use the colon character (:) to connect two or more expressions and execute them in sequence from left to right when you press E. Example: To create a multi-statement that performs the following two calculations: 3 + 3 and 3 × 3 Insert Mode: 1. 3+3 2. t 3. " : " (fc), then E. 4. 3*3 Disp E "Disp" indicates this is an intermediate result of a multi-statement. E E-32 Using Calculation History Memory and Replay Calculation history memory maintains a record of each calculation expression you input and execute, and its result. You can use calculation history memory in the COMP Mode (g) only. A Recalling Calculation History Memory Contents Press f to back-step through calculation history memory contents. Calculation history memory shows both calculation expressions and results. Example: 1+1E 2+2E 3+3E f f · Note that calculation history memory contents are cleared whenever you turn off the calculator, press the O key, change to another mode, or perform the operation under "Initializing the Calculator" (page E-3) or "Initializing the Setup Screen Settings" (page E-22). · Calculation history memory is limited. When the calculation you are performing causes calculation history memory to become full, the oldest calculation is deleted automatically to make room for the new calculation. E-33 A Replay Function While a calculation result is on the display, you can press d or e to edit the expression you used for the previous calculation. Example: 4 × 3 + 2.5 = 14.5 4 × 3 ­ 7.1 = 4.9 4*3+2.5E A d YYYY -7.1E E-34 Using Calculator Memory Memory Name Answer Memory Independent Memory Description Stores the last calculation result obtained. Calculation results can be added to or subtracted from independent memory. The "M" display indicator indicates data in independent memory. Six variables named A, B, C, D, X, and Y can be used for storage of individual values. The following are the names of the financial calculation variables: n, I, PV, PMT, FV, P/Y, C/Y, PM1, PM2, Dys. Variables VARS This section uses the COMP Mode (g) to demonstrate how you can use memory. k Answer Memory (Ans) A Answer Memory Overview · Answer Memory contents are updated whenever you execute a calculation using any one of the following keys: E, 9, m, 1m(M­), t, or 1t(STO). Answer Memory can hold up to 15 digits. · Answer Memory contents do not change if an error occurs during the current calculation. · Answer Memory contents are maintained even if you press the A key, change the calculation mode, or turn off the calculator. · When multiple results are obtained (in polar coordinate calculations, when "ALL:Solve" is selected in the Simple Interest Mode, etc.), the result that is displayed at the top of the screen is the one stored in Answer Memory. E-35 A Using Answer Memory to Perform a Series of Calculations Example: To divide the result of 3 × 4 by 30 3*4E (Continuing)/30E Pressing / automatically inputs "Ans" command. · With the above procedure, you need to perform the second calculation immediately after the first one. If you need to recall Answer Memory contents after pressing A, press the G key. A Inputting Answer Memory Contents into an Expression Example: To perform the calculations shown below: 123 + 456 = 579 789 ­ 579 = 210 123+456E 789-GE E-36 k Independent Memory (M) You can add calculation results to or subtract results from independent memory. The "M" appears on the display when independent memory contains a value. A Independent Memory Overview · The following is a summary of the different operations you can perform using independent memory. To do this: Add the displayed value or result of the expression to independent memory Subtract the displayed value or result of the expression from independent memory Recall current independent memory contents Assign a specific value or result of the expression to independent memory Perform this key operation: m 1m(M­) Sm(M) 1. 3+5(for example) 2. 1t(STO) 3. "M:"(fc), then E. 4. E(Yes) · You can also store financial calculation value in independent memory. Example: In the SMPL Mode, store the value of SI in independent memory (M) 1. Enter the SMPL Mode for calculation of simple interest (SI). See pages E-42 and E-43 for more information. 2. 1t(STO) 3. "SI"(fc), then E. 4. "M:"(fc), then E. 5. E(Yes) · A number sign (#) next to the independent memory variable name indicates that it already contains data. Performing the following steps will replace any existing data with the new data. E-37 · The "M" indicator appears in the upper left of the display when there is any value other than zero stored in independent memory. · Independent memory contents are maintained even if you press the A key, change the calculation mode, or turn off the calculator. A Calculation Examples Using Independent Memory · If the "M" indicator is on the display, perform the procedure under "Clearing Independent Memory" before performing this example. Example: 23 + 9 = 53 ­ 6 = ­) 45 × 2 = 99 ÷ 3 = (Total) 32 47 90 33 22 23+9m 53-6m 45*21m(M­) 99/3m Sm(M)E A Clearing Independent Memory 1. 0 2. 1t(STO) 3. "M:"(fc), then E. 4. E(Yes) · This clears independent memory and causes the "M" indicator to disappear from the display. k Variables (A, B, C, D, X, Y) A Variable Overview · You can assign a specific value or a calculation result to a variable. Example: To assign the result of 3 + 5 to variable A. 1. 3+5 2. 1t(STO) 3. "A:"(fc), then E. 4. E(Yes) E-38 · Use the following procedure when you want to check the contents of a variable. Example: To recall the contents of variable A Sn(A) · The following shows how you can include variables inside of an expression. Example: To multiply the contents of variable A by the contents of variable B Sn(A)*So(B)E · You can also assign a financial calculation value to a variable. Example: In the CMPD Mode, assign the value of PMT to variable "A". 1. CMPD mode: "PMT" (fc). 2. 1t(STO) 3. "A:"(fc), then E. 4. E(Yes) · A number sign (#) next to a variable name indicates that there is already data assigned to the variable. Performing the following steps will replace any existing data with the new data. · Variable contents are maintained even if you press the A key, change the calculation mode, or turn off the calculator. 9×6+3 Example: = 1.425 5×8 1. 9*6+3 2. 1t(STO) 3. "B:" (fc), then E. 4. E(Yes) 5. 5*8 6. 1t(STO) 7. "C:" (fc), then E. 8. E(Yes) E-39 9. So(B)/SD(C) E k Financial Calculation Variables (VARS) · The following are the names of the financial calculation variables (VARS): n, I, PV, PMT, FV, P/Y, C/Y, PM1, PM2, Dys. · Financial calculation variables are used in financial calculations to store values. See the sections that describe the various modes for information about which variables are used in each mode. · In the COMP Mode, the above variables are used as arithmetic variables, and are referred to as such in the section explaining the COMP Mode. A To select an financial calculation variable in the COMP mode 1. Press 1t(VARS). 2. On the menu screen that appears, use fc to move the highlighting to the variable you want to select, and then press E. A Clearing the Contents of VARS Memories Only 1. O19(CLR) 2. "VARS:EXE" (fc), then E. 3. E(Yes) 4. A · To cancel the clear operation without doing anything, press E(Cancel) instead of E(Yes). · VARS Memory Initial Default Values P/Y, C/Y ....................................................................... 1 n, I, PV, PMT, FV, PM1, PM2, Dys .......................... 0 E-40 k Clearing Memory Contents Use the following procedure to clear the contents of Answer Memory, independent memory, and all of the variables. This procedure does not clear VARS memory contents. See "Clearing the Contents of VARS Memories Only" for more information. 1. O19(CLR) 2. "Memory:EXE" (fc), then E. 3. E(Yes) 4. A · To cancel the clear operation without doing anything, press E(Cancel) instead of E(Yes). E-41 Financial Calculation k Simple Interest Mode · The Simple Interest (SMPL) Mode lets you calculate the interest amount and/or simple future value (principal and interest amount). A Entering the SMPL Mode · Press S to enter the SMPL Mode. Value Input Screen A Setting Values No. Display 1 Set* 2 Dys 3I 4 PV Name Days in Year (Date Mode) Number of Interest Periods (Number of Days) Interest Rate (Annual) Principal (Present Value) Values Used in Examples 365 120 5% $10,000 * For information about specifying the Date Mode, see the "Date Mode" item under "Configuring Settings" on page E-16. A Basic SMPL Mode Procedure Example 1: To calculate the interest amount (SI), and the simple future value (SFV) 1. Input the values for 1, 2, 3, and 4 from the Setting Values table above. · For this example, use fc to select 1 "Set:", and then press E. E-42 · Press 2 to select "365". · Use fc to select 2 "Dys", input 120, and then press E. · Use fc to select 3 "I", input 5, and then press E. · Use fc to select 4 "PV", input 10000, and then press E. 2. Select the value you want to calculate. · For this example, use fc to select "ALL: Solve". 3. Press 9 to perform the calculation. · Pressing the E key returns to the value input screen. · To solve for the items that have "Solve" specified (such as "ALL:Solve"), you can press E instead of 9. A Other SMPL Mode Calculations Example 2: To calculate the simple interest (SI) amount only · In step 2 of the basic procedure (Example 1), select "SI:Solve". Example 3: To calculate the simple future value (SFV) only · In step 2 of the basic procedure (Example 1), select "SFV:Solve". E-43 A SMPL Mode Financial Calculation Variables (VARS) · Variables Dys, I, and PV are used in the SMPL Mode. · The values of SMPL Mode variables are retained even if you change to another mode. Note, however, that SMPL Mode variables are also used by other modes, so performing an input or calculation operation may change the values assigned to them. · Though SMPL Mode variables are financial calculation variables, they are also used by arithmetic and function operations in the COMP Mode. A Calculation Formulas 365-day Mode 360-day Mode SI' = SI' = Dys 365 Dys × PV × i i= i= I% 100 I% 100 × PV × i 360 SI = ­SI' SFV = ­(PV + SI') SI : Dys : PV : I% : SFV : simple interest number of interest periods principal interest rate (annual) principal plus interest k Compound Interest Mode · The Compound Interest (CMPD) Mode lets you calculate any one of the following values, by inputting values for the other four: number of compound periods, interest rate, principal, payment amount, and future value (principal and interest, or final payment amount). A Entering the CMPD Mode · Press c to enter the CMPD Mode. Value Input Screen E-44 A Setting Values No. Display 1 Set*1 2n 3I 4 PV 5 PMT 6 FV 7 P/Y 8 C/Y*2 Name Payment Period (Payment) Number of Compound Periods Interest Rate Present Value (Principal) Payment Amount Future Value (Principal and Interest, or Final Payment Amount) Number of Annual Payments (PMT) Number of Annual Compoundings Values Used in Examples End 48 4% ­$1,000 ­$300 $16,760 12 12 *1 · For information about specifying the payment period, see the "Payment" item under "Configuring Settings" on page E-16. · In the case of compound interest calculations, you can also use the compound interest mode (dn) setting on the setup screen for interest calculations of odd (partial) months. See the explanation of the compound interest mode (dn) setting (page E-16) for more information. 2 * Specify 2 for semiannual compound interest, or 12 for monthly compound interest. Note · After specifying the 1 Payment Period (Payment) and inputting values for 7 Number of Annual Payments (P/Y) and 8 Number of Annual Compoundings, you can calculate any one of the following by inputting values for the other four: Number of Compound Periods, Interest Rate, Principal, Payment Amount, Future Value (principal and interest, or final payment amount). · Input money paid out as a negative value, using the y key to input the minus sign. E-45 A Basic CMPD Mode Procedure Example 1: To calculate the future value (FV) of an investment vehicle that pays an annual interest rate of 4%, when the initial deposit is $1,000 and additional deposits of $300 are made each month 1. Input the required values from the Setting Values table (page E-45). · For this example, use fc to select 1 "Set:", and then press E. · Press 2 to select "End". · Use fc to select 2 "n", input 48, and then press E. · Use fc to select 3 "I", input 4, and then press E. · Use fc to select 4 "PV", input ­1000, and then press E. · Use fc to select 5 "PMT", input ­300, and then press E. · Use fc to select 7 "P/Y", input 12, and then press E. · Use fc to select 8 "C/Y", input 12, and then press E. Input Precautions · Before specifying the number of months when there is a partial month, see "Calculating the Number of Months when a Partial Month is Included" (page E-47). · Input money paid out as a negative value, using the y key to input the minus sign. 2. Select the value you want to calculate. · For this example, use fc to select "FV". E-46 3. Press l to perform the calculation. A Calculating the Number of Compound Periods (n), Interest Rate (I%), Present Value (Principal: PV), and Payment Amount (PMT) · Use the same procedure as shown under "Example 1" (page E-46), substituting the required values. A Calculating the Number of Months when a Partial Month is Included The following example shows how to calculate the number of months (number of days/total days in the month) for the number of compound periods (n) when a partial month is include. Example 1: When the payment period is 16 months and 20 days 1. Use fc to select "n". 2. Input the division operation that divides the number of days in the partial month (20 in this example) by the total number of days in the month. · This example assumes that there are 30 days in the month. 3. Add the number of full months (16 in this example). 4. Press E. Note · This calculator always performs calculations assuming that the partial month comes at the beginning of the compound periods (n). E-47 A Selecting Interest Calculation for a Period with a Partial Month · You can select compound interest or simple interest to calculate interest for a period with a partial month. Before performing each type of calculation, first use Configuring Settings (page E-16) to select either compound interest or simple interest for the dn setting. A CMPD Mode Financial Calculation Variables (VARS) · Variables n, I, PV, PMT, FV, P/Y, and C/Y are used in the CMPD Mode. · The values of CMPD Mode variables are retained even if you change to another mode. Note, however, that CMPD Mode variables are also used by other modes, so performing an input or calculation operation may change the values assigned to them. · Though CMPD Mode variables are financial calculation variables, they are also used by arithmetic and function operations in the COMP Mode. A Calculation Formulas u PV, PMT, FV, n I% G 0 ­ × PMT ­ × FV ­ × PV ­ × FV PMT = ­ × PV ­ × PMT FV = PV = log n= { (1 + iS) × PMT ­ FV × i (1 + iS) × PMT ­ PV × i log (1 + i) } E-48