User manual CASIO FX-991WA

fx-115WA fx-991WA User's Guide E Removing and Replacing the Calculator's Cover · To Remove the cover Grasp the top of the cover, and slide the unit out from the bottom. · To Replace the cover Grasp the top of the cover, and slide the unit in from the bottom. Always slide the unit into the cover with the unit's display end first. Never slide the keyboard end of the unit into the cover. CASIO ELECTRONICS CO., LTD. Unit 6, 1000 North Circular Road, London NW2 7JD, U.K. Safety Precautions Be sure to read the following safety precautions before using this calculator. Keep this manual handy for later reference. Caution This symbol is used to indicate information that can result in personal injury or material damage if ignored. Batteries · After removing the batteries from the calculator, put them in a safe place where there is no danger of them getting into the hands of small children and accidently swallowed. · Keep batteries out of the reach of small children. If accidently swallowed, consult with a physician immediately. · Never charge batteries, try to take batteries apart, or allow batteries to become shorted. Never expose batteries to direct heat or dispose of them by incineration. · Misuse of batteries can cause them to leak acid that can cause damage to nearby items and creates the possibility of fire and personal injury. · Always make sure that a battery's positive k and negative l sides are facing correctly when you load it into the calculator. · Remove the batteries if you do not plan to use the calculator for a long time. · Use only the type of batteries specified for this calculator in this manual. Disposing of the Calculator · Never dispose of the calculator by burning it. Doing so can cause certain components to suddenly burst, creating the danger of fire and personal injury. 1 · The displays and illustrations (such as key markings) shown in this User's Guide are for illustrative purposes only, and may differ somewhat from the actual items they represent. · The contents of this manual are subject to change without notice. · In no event shall CASIO Computer Co., Ltd. be liable to anyone for special, collateral, incidental, or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the purchase or use of these materials. Moreover, CASIO Computer Co., Ltd. shall not be liable for any claim of any kind whatsoever against the use of these materials by any other party. Handling Precautions · Be sure to press the · key before using the calculator for the first time. Even if the calculator is operating normally, replace the battery at least once every three years. Dead battery can leak, causing damage to and malfunction of the calculator. Never leave the dead battery in the calculator. The battery that comes with this unit discharges slightly during shipment and storage. Because of this, it may require replacement sooner than the normal expected battery life. Low battery power can cause memory contents to become corrupted or lost completely. Always keep written records of all important data. Avoid use and storage in areas subjected to temperature extremes. Very low temperatures can cause slow display response, total failure of the display, and shortening of battery life. Also avoid leaving the calculator in direct sunlight, near a window, near a heater or anywhere else it might become exposed to very high temperatures. Heat can cause discoloration or deformation of the calculator's case, and damage to internal circuitry. 2 · · · · Avoid use and storage in areas subjected to large amounts of humidity and dust. Take care never to leave the calculator where it might be splashed by water or exposed to large amounts of humidity or dust. Such elements can damage internal circuitry. Never drop the calculator or otherwise subject it to strong impact. Never twist or bend the calculator. Avoid carrying the calculator in the pocket of your trousers or other tight-fitting clothing where it might be subjected to twisting or bending. Never try to take the calculator apart. Never press the keys of the calculator with a ball-point pen or other pointed object. Use a soft, dry cloth to clean the exterior of the unit. If the calculator becomes very dirty, wipe it off with a cloth moistened in a weak solution of water and a mild neutral household detergent. Wring out all excess moisture before wiping the calculator. Never use thinner, benzine or other volatile agents to clean the calculator. Doing so can remove printed markings and damage the case. · · · · · 3 Contents Safety Precautions ........................................... 1 Handling Precautions ...................................... 2 Two-line Display ............................................... 5 Key Layout ........................................................ 6 Before Starting Calculations... ...................... 7 kModes .................................................................... kInput Capacity ........................................................ kMaking Corrections During Input ........................... kReplay Function ..................................................... kError Locator .......................................................... kExponential Display Formats ................................. kAnswer Memory ..................................................... 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 Basic Calculations ......................................... 10 Memory Calculations ..................................... 10 kIndependent Memory ........................................... 10 kVariables .............................................................. 10 Fraction Calculations .................................... 11 kFraction Calculations ............................................ 11 kDecimal-to-Fraction Conversion ........................... 11 kFraction-to-Decimal Conversion ........................... 11 Percentage Calculations ............................... 12 Scientific Function Calculations .................. 13 kTrigonometric/Inverse Trigonometric Functions ... 13 kHyperbolic/Inverse Hyperbolic Functions ............ 13 kAngle Unit Conversion ......................................... 14 kCommon and Natural Logarithms/ Antilogarithms ...................................................... 14 kSquare Roots, Cube Roots, Roots, Squares, Cubes, Reciprocals, Factorials, Random Numbers and .......................................... 14 kFIX, SCI, RND ..................................................... 15 kENG Calculations ................................................ 16 kInputting ENG Calculation Symbols ..................... 16 kCoordinate Conversion (Pol(x, y), Rec (r, )) ............ 17 kPermutation ......................................................... 18 kCombination ......................................................... 18 4 Statistical Calculations .................................. 18 kStandard Deviation (SD Mode) ............................ 18 kProbability Distribution Calculations ................... 19 kRegression Calculations (REG Mode) ................. 20 Complex Number Calculations (CMPLX Mode) ................................................ 22 kAbsolute Value/Argument Calculation ................. 23 Metric Conversions ( fx-991WA ) ................... 23 Scientific Constants ( fx-991WA ) .................. 25 Base-n Calculations ....................................... 26 Degrees, Minutes, Seconds Calculations .... 28 Technical Information .................................... 28 kWhen you have a problem...... ............................. kError Messages ................................................... kOrder of Operations ............................................. kStacks .................................................................. kPower Supply ...................................................... kInput Ranges ....................................................... 28 29 30 31 31 33 Specifications ................................................. 35 Two-line Display You can simultaneously check the calculation formula and its answer. The first line displays the calculation formula. The second line displays the answer. 5 Key Layout Key Layout < fx-991WA > Page SHIFT 11 ALPHA REPLAY 8 2 MODE ON/CLEAR Page 15 27 x! LOGIC 24 CONV 17 Rec( 15 14 28 HEX Page 15 Page 17 23 Page Page Page Page 16 10 A 25 11 11 28 10 B 17 DEC 15 14 27 10 BIN 14 14 27 e OCT 14 10 C 15 10 sin-1 D 14 13 10 cos-1 E 14 13 10 tan-1 F DISTR 10 19 Re<->lm 28 23 13 20 23 r arg 13 23 10 Abs X 13 19 10 Y 10 10 MM DT CL Page Page 10 20 16 A M 10 10 10 20 16 20 16 B G 19 8 INS 10 10 18 McI ScI 19 C T Page Page 20 16 y µ 20 16 m 20 16 k 8 18 nPr 18 nCr Page 18 16 f 18 16 p 18 16 n 20 20 y Page 15 Rnd 15 Ran# 15 14 DRG 12 Page CONV 10 18 nPr 9 nPr fx-115WA: 18 6 nCr Before Starting Calculations... k Modes Application Calculation Modes Normal calculations Complex number calculations Standard deviation calculations Regression calculations Base-n calculations COMP CMPLX SD ­ CMPLX SD Mode Name Mode Indicator REG REG BASE-N b (binary) o (octal) d (decimal) H (hexadecimal) DEG RAD GRA Angle Unit Modes Degrees Radians Grads Display Modes Exponential notation (Canceling FIX and SCI specification) Number of decimal place specification Number of significant digit specification Exponential display range specifications R T B ­ ­ Fix Sci ENG NORM1 NORM2 FIX SCI ENG Note! · Mode indicators appear in the lower part of the display, except for the Base-n indicators which appear in the exponent part of the display. · The ENG mode cannot be selected while the calculator is in the CMPLX or BASE-N mode. 7 · You cannot set the angle unit or the display mode while the calculator is in the BASE-N mode. · The COMP, CMPLX, SD, and REG modes can be used in combination with the angle unit modes. · Be sure to check the current calculation mode (SD, REG, COMP, CMPLX) and angle unit mode (DEG, RAD, GRA) before beginning a calculation. k Input Capacity · The memory area used for calculation input can hold 79 "steps." Whenever you input the 73rd step of any calculation, the cursor changes from "_" to "k" to let you know memory is running low. If you still need to input more, you should divide your calculation into two or more parts. k Making Corrections During Input · Use e and r to move the cursor to the location you want. · Press [ to delete the number or function at the current cursor position. · Press A K to change to an insert cursor t. Inputting something while the insert cursor is on the display inserts the input at the insert cursor position. · Press e, r, A K, or = returns to the normal cursor from the insert cursor. k Replay Function · Pressing r or e recalls the last calculation you performed. You can then make any changes you want in the calculation and re-execute it. · Pressing t does not clear Replay memory, so you can recall the last calculation even after you press t. · Replay memory is cleared whenever you start a new calculation, change to another mode, or turn off power. 8 k Error Locator · Pressing r or e after an error occurs displays the calculation with the cursor positioned at the location where the error occurred. k Exponential Display Formats This calculator can display up to 10 digits. Larger values are automatically displayed using exponential notation. In the case of decimal values, you can select between two formats that determine at what point exponential notation is used. Press F F F F 3 1 (or 2) to select NORM 1 or NORM 2. · NORM 1 With NORM 1, exponential notation is automatically used for integer values with more than 10 digits and decimal values with more than two decimal places. · NORM 2 With NORM 2, exponential notation is automatically used for integer values with more than 10 digits and decimal values with more than nine decimal places. · All of the examples in this manual show calculation results using the NORM 1 format. k Answer Memory · Whenever you press = after inputting values or an expression, the calculated result is automatically stored in Answer Memory. You can recall Answer Memory contents by pressing g. · Answer Memory can store up to 12 digits for the mantissa and two digits for the exponent. · Answer Memory contents are not changed if the operation performed by any of the above key operations results in an error. 9 Basic Calculations · Use the COMP mode for basic calculations. · Example 1 : 3 (5 10­9) 3-R 5eD 9T= · Example 2 : 5 (9 7) 5-R 9+7 T= · You can skip all T operations before =. 1.5-08 80.00 Memory Calculations k Independent Memory · Values can be input directly into memory, added to memor y, or subtracted from memory. Independent memory is convenient for calculating cumulative totals. · Independent memory uses the same memory area as variable M. · To clear independent memory (M), input 0 j 3. · Example: 23 53 ) 45 9 6 2 32 47 90 ­11 23 + 9 j 3 53 , 6 | 45 - 2 A { 32.00 47.00 90.00 ­11.00 (Total) 03 k Variables · There are nine variables (A through F, M, X and Y), which can be used to store data, constants, results, and other values. · Use the following operation to delete data assigned to all nine variables: A C = . · Use the following operation to delete data assigned to a particular variable: 0 j 1. This operation deletes the data assigned to variable A. 10 · Example: 193.2 Ö 23 193.2 Ö 28 8.4 6.9 193.2 j 1 \ 23 = 8.400 6.900 p 1 \ 28 = Fraction Calculations k Fraction Calculations · Use the COMP mode for fraction calculations. · Values are automatically displayed in decimal format whenever the total number of digits of a fractional value (integer numerator denominator separator marks) exceeds 10. · Example 1 : 2 3 1 4 5 2C3 +1C 4C 5= · Example 2 : 1 2 1.6 1 C 2 + 1.6 = 2 7 15.00 2.100 · Fraction/decimal calculation results are always decimal. k Decimal-to-Fraction Conversion · Example: 2.75 2 3 4 2.75 = 2.75 2 3 4.00 11 4.00 C AB k Fraction-to-Decimal Conversion · Example: 1 0.5 (Fraction Decimal) 2 1C 2= 11 1 2. 00 C C 0.500 1 2. 00 Percentage Calculations · Use the COMP mode for percentage calculations. · Example 1 : To calculate 12% of 1500 1500 - 12 A v 180.00 · Example 2 : To calculate what percentage of 880 is 660 660 \ 880 A v · Example 3 : To add 15% onto 2500 2500 - 15 A v + · Example 4 : To discount 3500 by 25% 3500 - 25 A v , 75.00 2875.00 2625.00 · Example 5: If 300 grams are added to a test sample originally weighing 500 grams, what is the percentage increase in weight? 300 500 500 100 160 (%) 300 + 500 A v 160.00 · Example 6: If temperature changes from 40°C to 46°C, what percentage did it rise? 46 40 40 100 15 (%) 46 , 40 A v 15.00 12 Scientific Function Calculations · Use the COMP mode for scientific function calculations. · = 3.14159265359 k Trigonometric/Inverse Trigonometric Functions · Example 1 : sin63°52o41 q q q 1 " R " 00 S 63 I 52 I 41 I = 0.897859012 R · Example 2 : cos rad) 3 q q q 2 " T " ( WRAx\3T= · Example 3 : cos 2 rad 2 4 q q q 2 " T " 1 0.500 T WA V RL2\2T= g\Ax= · Example 4 : tan 1 0.741 0.78539816300 T 0.2500 q q q 1 " R " A g 0.741 = 36.5384457700 R k Hyperbolic/Inverse Hyperbolic Functions · Example 1 : sinh 3.6 M S 3.6 = · Example 2 : sinh 1 18.2854553600 30 M A j 30 = 13 4.09462222400 k Angle Unit Conversion · Press A v to display the following menu. D R G 12 3 · Pressing 1, 2, or 3 converts the displayed value to the corresponding angle unit. · Example : To convert 4.25 radians to degrees FFF1 " R " 4 . 25 r 4.25 A v 2 (R) = 243.5070629 k Common and Natural Logarithms/ Antilogarithms · Example 1 : log 1.23 R 1.23 = 0.08990511100 · Example 2 : In 90 ( loge 90) T 90 = · Example 3 : e10 · Example 4 : 101.5 · Example 5 : 24 4.4998096700 22026.4657900 31.622776600 16.00 A U 10 = A Q 1.5 = 2w 4= k Square Roots, Cube Roots, Roots, Squares, Cubes, Reciprocals, Factorials, Random Numbers and · Example 1: 2 3 5 L2+L3-L5= · Example 2: 3 5.28719690900 5 3 27 D 5 + D D 27 = ­1.29002405300 14 · Example 3: 7 123 ( = 123 7 ) 7 A H 123 = · Example 4: 123 30 2 123 + 30 K = · Example 5: 12 3 · Example 6: 1 1 3 1 4 12 N = 1 1.98864779500 1023.00 1728.00 R 3a, 4aT a= · Example 7: 8! 8Af= 12.00 40320.00 · Example 8: To generate a random number between 0.000 and 0.999 AM= · Example 9: 3 3Ax= 0.66400 9.42477796100 Example (results differ each time) k FIX, SCI, RND · Example 1: 200Ö7 14 400 200 \ 7 - 14 = (Specifies three decimal places.) 400.00 400.00000 Fix FFFF13 200 \ 7 = (Calculation continues using 10 display digits) 28.57100 400.00000 - 14 = Performing the same calculation using the specified number of decimal places 200 \ 7 = (Internal rounding) 28.57100 28.57100 AQ 15 - 14 = 399.99400 · Press F F F F 3 1 to clear FIX specification. · Example 2: 1Ö 3, displaying result with two significant digits (SCI 2) FFFF2 21 \3 = 3.3­01 Sci · Press F F F F 3 1 to clear SCI specification. k ENG Calculations · Example 1: To convert 56,088 meters to kilometers 56088 = J 56.088003 · Example 2: To convert 0.08125 grams to milligrams 0.08125 = J 81.25­03 k Inputting ENG Calculation Symbols · F F F F F 1 enters the ENG mode in which ENG symbols can be used in calculations. · To exit the ENG mode, press F F F F F 2. · The following are the nine ENG symbols that can be used in ENG mode calculations. Key Operation Ak AM Ag At Am AN An Ap Af Unit 103 106 109 1012 10­3 10­6 10­9 10­12 10­15 16 Symbol k (kilo) M (Mega) G (Giga) T (Tera) m (milli) µ (micro) n (nano) p (pico) f (femto) * For displayed values, the calculator selects the ENG symbol that makes the numeric part of the value fall within the range of 1 to 1000. * ENG symbols cannot be used when inputting fractions. * The ENG mode cannot be used in combination with the CMPLX, or BASE-N modes. · Performing any of the key operations in the above table while you are not in the ENG mode inputs the exponential value in the "Unit" column (without inputting the ENG symbol). · Example: 9Ö10 = 0.9 m (milli) FFFFF1 9 \ 10 = 9 1 0. ENG m 900. In the ENG mode, even standard (non-ENG) calculation results are displayed using ENG symbols. AP J 9 1 0.9 m 900. k Coordinate Conversion (Pol(x, y), Rec (r, )) · Calculation results are automatically assigned to variables E and F. · Example 1: To convert polar coordinates (r 2, to rectangular coordinates (x, y) (DEG mode) x y 60°) A F 2 P 60 T = 0o 1.00 R 1.73205080800 · 0 n, 0 o swaps displayed value with value in memory. · Example 2: To convert rectangular coordinates (1, 3) to polar coordinates (r, ) (RAD mode) r f1P L 3T= 17 2.00 T 0 o 1.04719755100 · 0 n, 0 o swaps displayed value with value in memory. k Permutation · Example: To determine how many different 4-digit values can be produced using the numbers 1 through 7 · Numbers cannot be duplicated within the same 4-digit value (1234 is allowed, but 1123 is not). 7Am4= 840. k Combination · Example: To determine how many different 4-member groups can be organized in a group of 10 individuals fx-115WA ................ 10 n 4 = fx-991WA .......... 10 A n 4 = 210. Statistical Calculations k Standard Deviation (SD Mode) · Press F F 1 to enter the SD Mode for statistical calculations using standard deviation. · Data input always starts with A m = to clear statistical memory. · Input data is used to calculate values for 0 1 x2 n, x, x2, o, n and n-1 which you can 0 2 x recall using the key operations noted 0 k n nearby. AM o A A n A N n-1 18