User manual CELESTRON C6-R - Instruction Manual

Advanced Series Advanced Series GT INSTRUCTION MANUAL INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................................................4 C6-R C6-RGT Warning ...................................................................................................................................................... 4 ASSEMBLY.....................................................................................................................................................................7 Setting up the Tripod .................................................................................................................................. 7 Attaching the Equatorial Mount.................................................................................................................. 7 Attaching the Center Leg Brace.................................................................................................................. 8 Installing the Counterweight Bar ................................................................................................................ 8 Installing the Counterweight....................................................................................................................... 9 Attaching the Hand Control Holder ............................................................................................................ 9 Attaching the Slow Motion Knobs.............................................................................................................. 9 Attaching the Telescope Tube to the Mount ............................................................................................. 10 Balancing the Tube in R.A........................................................................................................................ 12 Adjusting the Mount ................................................................................................................................. 13 Adjusting the Mount in Altitude ............................................................................................................... 13 Adjusting the Mount in Azimuth............................................................................................................... 14 Attaching the Declination Cables (For GT Models Only) ........................................................................ 14 Powering the Telescope ............................................................................................................................ 14 HAND CONTROL ........................................................................................................................................................15 Hand Control Operation............................................................................................................................ 16 Alignment Procedures............................................................................................................................... 17 Startup Procedure...................................................................................................................................... 17 Auto Align ................................................................................................................................................ 18 Auto Three-Star Align .............................................................................................................................. 18 Quick-Align .............................................................................................................................................. 19 Last Alignment ......................................................................................................................................... 19 Re-Alignment............................................................................................................................................ 19 Object Catalog .......................................................................................................................................... 20 Selecting an Object.................................................................................................................................... 20 Slewing to an Object ................................................................................................................................. 20 Finding Planets.......................................................................................................................................... 20 Tour Mode................................................................................................................................................. 21 Constellation Tour..................................................................................................................................... 21 Direction Buttons ...................................................................................................................................... 21 Rate Button................................................................................................................................................ 21 Setup Procedures....................................................................................................................................... 22 Tracking Mode.................................................................................................................................. 22 Tracking Rate.................................................................................................................................... 22 Date/Time ......................................................................................................................................... 22 User Defined Objects........................................................................................................................ 22 Get RA/DEC ..................................................................................................................................... 23 Goto R.A/Dec ................................................................................................................................... 23 Identify.............................................................................................................................................. 23 Precise GoTo............................................................................................................................................. 24 Scope Setup Features ................................................................................................................................ 24 Setup Time-Site ................................................................................................................................ 24 Anti-backlash .................................................................................................................................... 24 Filter Limits ...................................................................................................................................... 24 Direction Buttons .............................................................................................................................. 25 Goto Approach.................................................................................................................................. 25 Autoguide Rates................................................................................................................................ 25 Azimuth Limits ................................................................................................................................. 25 East/West Filtering............................................................................................................................ 26 Utility Features ......................................................................................................................................... 26 Calibrate Goto................................................................................................................................... 26 Home Position................................................................................................................................... 26 Polar Align........................................................................................................................................ 26 Light Control..................................................................................................................................... 27 Factory Settings ................................................................................................................................ 27 2 Version.............................................................................................................................................. 27 Get Alt-Az......................................................................................................................................... 27 Goto Alt-Az ...................................................................................................................................... 27 Hibernate........................................................................................................................................... 27 Turn On/Off GPS.............................................................................................................................. 27 TELESCOPE BASICS..................................................................................................................................................29 Image Orientation...................................................................................................................................... 29 Focusing.................................................................................................................................................... 30 Aligning the Finderscope.......................................................................................................................... 30 Calculating Magnification......................................................................................................................... 30 Determining Field of View........................................................................................................................ 31 General Observing Hints ........................................................................................................................... 31 ASTRONOMY BASICS ...............................................................................................................................................32 The Celestial Coordinate System .............................................................................................................. 32 Motion of the Stars.................................................................................................................................... 33 Finding the North Celestial Pole ............................................................................................................... 35 Declination Drift Method of Polar Alignment .......................................................................................... 36 CELESTIAL OBSERVING .........................................................................................................................................37 Observing the Moon.................................................................................................................................. 37 Lunar Observing Hints .............................................................................................................................. 37 Observing the Planets................................................................................................................................ 37 Observing the Sun ..................................................................................................................................... 37 Solar Observing Hints ............................................................................................................................... 38 Observing Deep Sky Objects .................................................................................................................... 38 Seeing Conditions ..................................................................................................................................... 38 Transparency ............................................................................................................................................. 38 Sky Illumination........................................................................................................................................ 38 Seeing........................................................................................................................................................ 38 Using the Lens Cap Aperture Stop ........................................................................................................... 39 ASTROPHOTOGRAPHY............................................................................................................................................40 Piggyback ................................................................................................................................................. 40 Short Exposure Prime Focus Photography................................................................................................ 41 Terrestrial Photography............................................................................................................................. 42 Metering .................................................................................................................................................... 42 Reducing Vibration ................................................................................................................................... 42 Auto Guiding............................................................................................................................................. 43 TELESCOPE MAINTENANCE..................................................................................................................................44 Care and Cleaning of the Optics ............................................................................................................... 44 Collimation ............................................................................................................................................... 44 OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES .....................................................................................................................................46 APPENDIX A ­ TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS................................................................................................49 APPENDIX B ­ GLOSSARY OF TERMS................................................................................................................50 APPENDIX C ­ LONGITUDES AND LATITUDES.................................................................................................53 APPENDIX D ­ RS-232 CONNECTION....................................................................................................................58 APPENDIX E ­ TIME ZONE MAP............................................................................................................................60 SKY MAPS ....................................................................................................................................................................62 3 Congratulations on your purchase of the Celestron Advanced Series telescope (AST)! The Advanced Series of telescopes come in standard (non-computerized) and computerized GT models. The Advanced Series is made of the highest quality materials to ensure stability and durability. All this adds up to a telescope that gives you a lifetime of pleasure with a minimal amount of maintenance. Furthermore, your Celestron telescope is versatile -- it will grow as your interest grows. The Advanced GT Series ushers in the next generation of computer automated telescopes. The Celestron Advanced GT series continues in this proud tradition combining large aperture optics with the sophistication and ease of use of our computerized GoTo mount. If you are new to astronomy, you may wish to start off by using the built-in Sky Tour feature, which commands the telescopes to find the most interesting objects in the sky and automatically slews to each one. Or if you are an experienced amateur, you will appreciate the comprehensive database of over 40,000 objects, including customized lists of all the best deep-sky objects, bright double stars and variable stars. No matter at what level you are starting out, the Advanced Series telescopes will unfold for you and your friends all the wonders of the Universe. Some of the many standard features of the Advanced GT include: · · · · Fully enclosed optical encoders for position location. Ergonomically designed mount that disassembles into compact and portable pieces. Database filter limits for creating custom object lists. Storage for programmable user defined objects; and Many other high performance features! The AST's deluxe features combine with Celestron's legendary optical systems to give amateur astronomers the most sophisticated and easy to use telescopes available on the market today. Take time to read through this manual before embarking on your journey through the Universe. It may take a few observing sessions to become familiar with your telescope, so you should keep this manual handy until you have fully mastered your telescope's operation. The Advanced GT hand control has built-in instructions to guide you through all the alignment procedures needed to have the telescope up and running in minutes. Use this manual in conjunction with the on-screen instructions provided by the hand control. The manual gives detailed information regarding each step as well as needed reference material and helpful hints guaranteed to make your observing experience as simple and pleasurable as possible. Your telescope is designed to give you years of fun and rewarding observations. However, there are a few things to consider before using your telescope that will ensure your safety and protect your equipment. Warning Y Y Never look directly at the sun with the naked eye or with a telescope (unless you have the proper solar filter). Permanent and irreversible eye damage may result. Never use your telescope to project an image of the sun onto any surface. Internal heat build-up can damage the telescope and any accessories attached to it. Y Never use an eyepiece solar filter or a Herschel wedge. Internal heat build-up inside the telescope can cause these devices to crack or break, allowing unfiltered sunlight to pass through to the eye. Never leave the telescope unsupervised, either when children are present or adults who may not be familiar with the correct operating procedures of your telescope. 4 12 (C8-N Shown) 1 2 3 11 4 10 5 9 6 7 8 Fig 1-1 - The Advanced Series C6-R 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Optical Tube Tube Rings Finderscope Focuser / Eyepiece Equatorial Mount Latitude Adjustment Lever 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 2" Steel Tripod Center Leg Brace / Accessory Tray Counterweights Counterweight Bar Dovetail Slide Bar Objective Lens Shade 5 12 1 2 11 3 15 4 14 A 10 5 B C 6 13 9 7 D E 8 Fig 1-2 - The Advanced Series C6-RGT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. A B C Optical Tube Tube Rings Finderscope Focuser / Eyepiece Equatorial Mount Latitude Adjustment Lever 2" Steel Tripod CONTROL PANEL Hand Control Port DEC Motor Port Autoguide Port 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. D E 6 Center Leg Brace / Accessory Tray Counterweights Counterweight Bar Dovetail Slide Bar Objective Lens Shade Hand Control R.A. Motor Drive / Control Panel Declination Motor Drive 12v Output Jack ON/OFF Switch This section covers the assembly instructions for your Celestron Advanced Series Telescope (AST). Your AST telescope should be set up indoor the first time so that it is easy to identify the various parts and familiarize yourself with the correct assembly procedure before attempting it outdoor. 21019 / 21020 C6-R Diameter Focal Length Eyepiece Finderscope Mount Tripod Software Counterweight 150mm (6.0") refractor 1200mm F/8 20mm - 1.25" (60x) 9x50 CG-5 Equatorial 2" Stainless Steel The Sky L1 2-11lb Setting up the Tripod The CG-5 tripod comes with an all metal center leg brace / accessory tray to give rock solid support to the mount. The tripod comes fully assembled with a metal plate, called the tripod head, that holds the legs together at the top. In addition, there is a central rod that extends down from the tripod head that attaches the equatorial mount to the tripod. To set up the tripod: 1. Stand the tripod upright and pull the tripod legs apart until each leg is fully extended. The tripod will now stand by itself. Once the tripod is set up, you can adjust the height at which it stands. Loosen the lever on the leg clamp so that the tripod leg can be adjusted. Slide the center portion of the tripod leg away from the tripod head until it is at the desired height. Tighten the levers on each leg clamp to hold the legs in place. Equatorial Mount 2. 3. 4. Azimuth Alignment Screws Attaching the Equatorial Mount The equatorial mount allows you to tilt the telescope's axis of rotation so that you can track the stars as they move across the sky. The CG-5 mount is a German equatorial mount that attaches to the tripod head. On one side of the tripod head there is a metal alignment peg for aligning the mount. This side of the tripod will face north when setting up for an astronomical observing session. To attach the equatorial head: 7 Tripod Head Alignment Peg Mounting Knob Figure 2-3 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Locate the azimuth adjustment screws on the equatorial mount. Retract the screws so they no longer extend into the azimuth housing on the mount. Do NOT remove the screws since they are needed later for polar alignment. Hold the equatorial mount over the tripod head so that the azimuth housing is above the metal peg. Place the equatorial mount on the tripod head so that the two are flush. Tighten the knob (attached to the central rod) on the underside of the tripod head to hold the equatorial mount firmly in place. Attaching the Center Leg Brace 1. 2. Slide the accessory tray over the central rod so that each arm of the tray is pushing against the inside of the tripod legs. Thread the accessory tray knob on to the central rod and tighten. Installing the Counterweight Bar To properly balance the telescope, the mount comes with a counterweight bar and at least one counterweight (depending on model). To install the counterweight bar: 1. 2. 3. Locate the opening in the equatorial mount on the DEC axis Thread the counterweight bar into the opening until tight. Tighten the counterweight bar lock nut fully for added support (see fig 2-5). Once the bar is securely in place you are ready to attach the counterweight. Mounting Knob Figure 2-3 Central Rod Accessory Tray Accessory Tray Knob Figure 2-4 Since the fully assembled telescope can be quite heavy, position the mount so that the polar axis is pointing towards north before the tube assembly and counterweights are attached. This will make the polar alignment procedure much easier. 8 Installing the Counterweight The Advanced C6-R comes with two counterweights. To install the counterweight(s): 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Orient the mount so that the counterweight bar points toward the ground . Remove the counterweight safety screw on the end of the counterweight bar (i.e., opposite the end that attaches to the mount). Loosen the locking screw on the side of the counterweight. Slide the counterweight onto the shaft (see Figure 2-5). Tighten the locking screw on the side of the weight to hold the counterweight in place. Replace the counterweight safety screw. Safety Screw Counterweight Bar Locking Nut Counterweight Bar Locking Screw Counterweight Attaching the Hand Control Holder (Advanced GT Models Only) The Advanced GT telescope models come with a hand control holder to place the computerized hand control. The hand control holder comes in two pieces: the leg clamp that snaps around the tripod leg and the holder which attaches to the leg clamp. To attach the hand control holder: 1. 2. Place the leg clamp up against one of the tripod legs and press firmly until the clamp wraps around the leg. Slide the back of the hand control holder downward into the channel on the front of the legs clamp (see Fig 2-6) until it snaps into place. Figure 2-5 Hand Control Holder Leg Clamp Attaching the Slow Motion Knobs (For Non-GT Models Only) The Advanced Series (non-GT models) comes with two slow motion control knobs that allows you to make fine pointing adjustments to the telescope in both R.A. and Declination. To install the knobs: 1. 2. 3. Locate the hard plastic shell under the R.A. shafts. Remove either of the two oval tabs by pulling tightly. Line up the flat area on the inner portion of the R.A. slow motion knob with the flat area on the R.A. shaft (see Fig 2-7). Slide the R.A. slow motion knob onto the R.A. shaft. The knob is a tension fit, so sliding it on holds it in Figure 2-6 4. Figure 2-7 9 place. As mentioned above, there are two R.A. shafts, one on either side of the mount. It makes no difference which shaft you use since both work the same. Use whichever one you find more convenient. If, after a few observing sessions, you find the R.A. slow motion knob is more accessible from the other side, pull firmly to remove the knob, then install it on the opposite side. 5. The DEC slow motion knob attaches in the same manner as the R.A. knob. The shaft that the DEC slow motion knob fits over is toward the top of the mount, just below the telescope mounting platform. Once again, you have two shafts to choose from. Use the shaft that is pointing toward the ground. This makes it easy to reach while looking through the telescope, something which is quite important when you are observing. Attaching the Telescope Tube to the Mount Advanced GT Users! The telescope attaches to the mount via a dovetail slide bar mounting bracket which is mounted along the bottom of the telescope tube. Before you attach the optical tube, Declination make sure that the declination and right ascension clutch Index Marks knobs are tight. This will ensure that the mount does not move suddenly while attaching the telescope. To mount the telescope In order for the GT computerized mount to function properly, before installing the optical tube, the mounting platform must be positioned so that the Declination Index Marks are aligned (see Fig 2-8). tube: 1 Locate the mounting bracket from the box containing the equatorial mount head. 2 Attach the mounting bracket to the tube rings so that the tapered (narrow) end is against the bottom of the tube rings. 3 Loosen the hand knob on the side of the CG-5 mount. 4 Slide the mounting bracket that is attached to the bottom of the tube rings into the recess on the top of the mounting platform (see figure 2-9). 5 Tighten the telescope mounting screw on the CG-5 mount to hold the telescope in place. 6 Hand tighten the mounting platform safety screw until the tip touches the side of the mounting bracket. NOTE: Never loosen any of the knobs on the telescope tube or mount other than the R.A. and DEC clutch knobs. Figure 2-8 Figure 2-9 10 Installing the Finderscope To install the finderscope onto the telescope you must first mount the finderscope through the finder bracket and then attach it to the telescope. Toward the rear of the telescope tube, near the focusing assembly, there is a small bracket with a set screw in it. This is where the finderscope bracket will be mounted. To install the finderscope: 1. Slide the rubber O-ring over the eyepiece end of the finderscope and roll it 2/3 of the way up the finderscope. Insert the eyepiece end of the finderscope through the bracket until the O-ring presses tightly between the finder and the inside of the bracket. Tighten the adjustment screws until they make contact with the finderscope body. Locate the mounting bracket near the front (open) end of the telescope. Figure 2-10 Loosen the set screw on the mounting bracket on the telescope. Slide the finder bracket (attached to the finderscope) into the mounting bracket on the telescope. The finderscope bracket will slide in from the back. The finderscope should be oriented so that the objective lens is toward the front (open) end of the telescope. Tighten the set screw on the mounting bracket to hold the finderscope in place. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. For information on aligning your finderscope, see Telescope Basics section of this manual. Installing the Eyepieces The eyepiece, or ocular as it is also called, is an optical element that magnifies the image focused by the telescope. Without the eyepiece it would be impossible to use the telescope visually. The eyepiece fits directly into the focuser. To attach an ocular: 1. Loosen the set screw on the eyepiece adapter so that it does not obstruct the inner diameter of the barrel. Slide the chrome portion of the eyepiece into the focuser. Tighten the set screw to hold the eyepiece in place. To remove the eyepiece, loosen the set screw on the focuser and slide the eyepiece out. You can replace it with another ocular. T-Adapter Thread 2" Focuser Barrel Focuser Tension Screw 1 ¼" Eyepiece Adapter 2. 3. Focuser Knob Figure 2-11 11 Eyepieces are commonly referred to by focal length and barrel diameter. The focal length of each eyepiece is printed on the eyepiece barrel. The longer the focal length (i.e., the larger the number) the lower the eyepiece magnification (i.e., power) and the shorter the focal length (i.e., the smaller the number) the higher the magnification. Generally, you will use low-to-moderate power when viewing. For more information on how to determine power, see the section on "Calculating Magnification." Your C6-R refracting telescope can use eyepieces with both a 1-1/4" barrel diameter and 2" barrel diameter. To use a 2" barrel eyepiece, the 1 1/4" eyepiece adapter must first be removed. To do this, simply loosen the two chrome thumbscrews located around the focuser barrel (see figure 2-11) and remove the 1 1/4" adapter. Once removed, a 2" eyepiece or accessory can be inserted directly into the focuser barrel and secured with the two thumb screws. Balancing the Tube in R.A. To eliminate undue stress on the mount, the telescope should be properly balanced around the polar axis. In addition, proper balancing is crucial for accurate tracking if using an optional motor drive. To balance the mount: 1. Release the R.A. Clamp (see figure 2-15) and position the telescope off to one side of the mount (make sure that the mounting bracket screw is tight). The counterweight bar will extend horizontally on the opposite side of the mount (see figure 2-12). Release the telescope -- GRADUALLY -- to see which way the telescope "rolls." Loosen the set screw on the counterweight. Move the counterweight to a point where it balances the telescope (i.e., it remains stationary when the R.A. clamp is released). Tighten the set screw to hold the counterweight(s) in place. These are general balance instructions and will reduce undue stress on the mount. When taking astrophotographs, this balance process should be done for the specific area at which the telescope is pointing. Balancing the Telescope in DEC The telescope should also be balanced on the declination axis to prevent any sudden motions when the DEC clamp (Fig 2-5) is released. To balance the telescope in DEC: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Release the R.A. clamp and rotate the telescope so that it is on one side of the mount (i.e., as described in the previous section on balancing the telescope in R.A.). Lock the R.A. clamp to hold the telescope in place. Release the DEC clamp and rotate the telescope until the tube is parallel to the ground (see figure 2-13). Release the tube -- GRADUALLY -- to see which way it rotates around the declination axis. DO NOT LET GO OF THE TELESCOPE TUBE COMPLETELY! Loosen the screws that hold the telescope tube inside the mounting rings and slide the telescope either forwards or backwards until it remains stationary when the DEC clamp is released. Tighten the tube ring screws firmly to hold the telescope in place. 2. 3. 4. 5. 12 Figure 2-12 Figure 2-13 Like the R.A. balance, these are general balance instructions and will reduce undue stress on the mount. When taking astrophotographs, this balance process should be done for the specific area at which the telescope is pointing. Adjusting the Mount In order for a motor drive to track accurately, the telescope's axis of rotation must be parallel to the Earth's axis of rotation, a process known as polar alignment. Polar alignment is achieved NOT by moving the telescope in R.A. or DEC, but by adjusting the mount vertically, which is called altitude, and horizontally, which is called azimuth. This section simply covers the correct movement of the telescope during the polar alignment process. The actual process of polar alignment, that is making the telescope's axis of rotation parallel to the Earth's, is described later in this manual in the section on "Polar Alignment." Adjusting the Mount in Altitude · · To increase the latitude of the polar axis, tighten the rear latitude adjustment screw and loosen the front screw (if necessary). To decrease the latitude of the polar axis, tighten the front (under the counterweight bar) latitude adjustment screw and loosen the rear screw (if necessary). The latitude adjustment on the CG-5 mount has a range from approximately 30° going up to 60°. It is best to always make final adjustments in altitude by moving the mount against gravity (i.e. using the rear latitude adjustment screw to raise the mount). To do this you should loosen both latitude adjustment screws and manually push the front of the mount down as far as it will go. Then tighten the rear adjustment screw to raise the mount to the desired latitude. For Advanced GT users, it may be helpful to remove the front latitude adjustment screw completely. This will allow the mount to reach lower latitudes without the screw coming into contact with the R.A. motor assembly. To remove the Rear Latitude Adjustment Screw Front Latitude Adjustment Screw Azimuth Adjustment Knobs Figure 2-14 13 latitude screw, first use the rear screw to raise the mount head all the way up. Then remove the front latitude screw completely. Now you should be able to manually move the mount head all the way to its lowest latitude. Now, using only the rear screw, raise the mount to your desired latitude. Adjusting the Mount in Azimuth For rough adjustments in azimuth, simply pick up the telescope and tripod and move it. For fine adjustments in azimuth: 1. Turn the azimuth adjustment knobs located on either side of the azimuth housing (see Fig 2-14). While standing behind the telescope, the knobs are on the front of the mount. · Turning the right adjustment knob clockwise moves the mount toward the right. · Turning the left adjustment knob clockwise moves the mount to the left. Both screws push off of the peg on the tripod head, which means you may have to loosen one screw while tightening the other. The screw that holds the equatorial mount to the tripod may have to be loosened slightly. Keep in mind that adjusting the mount is done during the polar alignment process only. Once polar aligned, the mount must NOT be moved. Pointing the telescope is done by moving the mount in right ascension and declination, as described earlier in this manual. Attaching the Declination Cable (For GT Models Only) The Advanced Series mount comes with a declination cable that connects from the R.A. motor drive electronic panel to the Dec motor drive. To attach the motor cable: Locate the Declination cable and plug one end of the cable into the port on the electronics panel labeled DEC Port and plug the other end of the cable into the port located on the declination motor drive (see Fig 2-15). DEC Locking Clamp Powering the Telescope R.A. Locking Clamp Declination Cable Input Port The Advanced GT can be powered by the supplied car battery adapter or optional 12v AC adapter. Use only adapters supplied by Celestron. Using any other adapter may damage the electronics or cause the telescope not to operate properly, and will void your manufacturer's warranty. 1. Declination Cable Output Port 12v Power Input On/Off Switch To power the telescope with the car battery adapter (or 12v AC adapter), simply plug the round post into the 12v Figure 2-15 outlet on the electronic panel and plug the other end into your cars cigarette lighter outlet or portable power supply (see Optional Accessories). Note: to prevent the power cord from being accidentally pulled out, wrap the power cord around the strain relief located below the power switch. Turn on the power to the telescope by flipping the switch, located on the electronics panel, to the "On" position. 14 2. The Advanced Series GT, computerized version of each telescope has a hand controller designed to give you instant access to all the functions that your telescope has to offer. With automatic slewing to over 40,000 objects, and common sense menu descriptions, even a beginner can master its variety of features in just a few observing sessions. Below is a brief description of the individual components of the computerized hand controller: 1. 2. 3. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Window: Has a dual-line, 16 character display screen that is backlit for comfortable viewing of telescope information and scrolling text. Align: Instructs the telescope to use a selected star or object as an alignment position. Direction Keys: Allows complete control of the telescope in any direction. Use the direction keys to move the telescope to the initial alignment stars or for centering objects in the eyepiece. 1 7 2 8 3 9 4 10 5 11 6 12 Figure 3-1 The Advanced GT Hand Control 15 4. Catalog Keys: The Advanced Series has keys on the hand control to allow direct access to each of the catalogs in its database. The hand control contains the following catalogs in its database: Messier ­ Complete list of all Messier objects. NGC ­ Complete list of all the deep-sky objects in the Revised New General Catalog. Caldwell ­ A combination of the best NGC and IC objects. Planets - All 8 planets in our Solar System plus the Moon. Stars ­ A compiled list of the brightest stars from the SAO catalog. List ­ For quick access, all of the best and most popular objects in the Advanced GT database have been broken down into lists based on their type and/or common name: Named Stars Named Objects Double Stars Variable Stars Asterisms CCD Objects IC Objects Abell Objects Constellation Common name listing of the brightest stars in the sky. Alphabetical listing of over 50 of the most popular deep sky objects. Numeric-alphabetical listing of the most visually stunning double, triple and quadruple stars in the sky. Select list of the brightest variable stars with the shortest period of changing magnitude. A unique list of some of the most recognizable star patterns in the sky. A custom list of many interesting galaxy pairs, trios and clusters that are well suited for CCD imaging with the Advanced GT telescope. A complete list of all the Index Catalog deep-sky objects. A custom list of the Abell Catalog deep-sky galaxies. A complete list of all 88 constellations. Info: Displays coordinates and useful information about objects selected from the Advanced GT database. Tour: Activates the tour mode, which seeks out all the best objects for the current date and time, and automatically slews the telescope to those objects. 7. Enter: Pressing Enter allows you to select any of the Advanced GT functions and accept entered parameters. 8. Undo: Undo will take you out of the current menu and display the previous level of the menu path. Press Undo repeatedly to get back to a main menu or use it to erase data entered by mistake. 9. Menu: Displays the many setup and utilities functions such as tracking rates and user defined objects and many others. 10. Scroll Keys: Used to scroll up and down within any of the menu lists. A double-arrow will appear on the right side of the LCD when there are sub-menus below the displayed menu. Using these keys will scroll through those sub-menus. 11. Rate: Instantly changes the rate of speed of the motors when the direction buttons are pressed. 12. RS-232 Jack: Allows you to interface with a computer and control the telescope remotely. 5. 6. Hand Control Operation This section describes the basic hand control procedures needed to operate the GT Series Telescopes. These procedures are grouped into three categories: Alignment, Setup and Utilities. The alignment section deals with the initial telescope alignment as well as finding objects in the sky; the setup section discusses changing parameters such as tracking mode and tracking rate; finally, the last section reviews all of the utilities functions such as calibrating your mount, polar alignment and backlash compensation. 16 Alignment Procedures In order for the telescope to accurately point to objects in the sky, it must first be aligned to three known positions (stars) in the sky. With this information, the telescope can create a model of the sky, which it uses to locate any object with known coordinates. There are many ways to align your telescope with the sky depending on what information the user is able to provide: Auto Align allows the telescope to select three stars and uses the entered time/location information to align the telescope; Auto Three Star Align involves the same process as Auto Align, however it allows the user to select which star to use to align the telescope. Quick-Align will ask you to input all the same information as you would for the Auto Align procedure. However, instead of slewing to the alignment stars for centering and alignment, the telescope bypasses this step and simply models the sky based on the information given. Finally, Last Alignment restores your last saved star alignment and switch position. Last Alignment also serves as a good safeguard in case the telescope should lose power. Startup Procedure Before any of the described alignments are performed, the telescope mount needs to be positioned so that the index marks are aligned on both the right ascension and declination axes (see Fig 2-8). First index its switch position so that each axis has an equal amount of travel to move in either direction. Once the index position has been set, Mount Calibration the hand control will display the last entered date and time information After an Auto Align is successfully stored in the hand control. Once the telescope is powered on: completed, the hand control will 1. Press ENTER begin the alignment process. display the message, Calibrating... 2. The hand control will ask the user to set the mount to its index This automatic calibration routine is position. Move the telescope mount, either manually or with necessary to calculate and the hand control, so that the index marked in both R.A. and compensates for "cone" error Dec are aligned (see Fig 2-8). Press Enter to continue. inherent in all German equatorial 3. The hand control will then display the last entered local time, mounts. Cone error is the date, time zone, longitude and latitude. inaccuracy that results from the · Use the Up/Down keys (10) to view the current optical tube not being exactly parameters. perpendicular to the mounts · Press ENTER to accept the current parameters. declination axis as well as various other inaccuracies such as backlash · Press UNDO to enter current date and time in the mounts gears. The telescope information into the hand control. The following is able to automatically determine information will be displayed: Time - Enter the current local time for your area. You can enter either the local time (i.e. 08:00), or you can enter military time (i.e. 20:00 ). · Select PM or AM. If military time was entered, the hand control will bypass this step. · Choose between Standard time or Daylight Savings time. Use the Up and Down scroll buttons (10) to toggle between options. · Select the time zone that you are observing from. Again, use the Up and Down buttons (10) to scroll through the choices. Refer to Time Zone map in Appendix for more information. Date - Enter the month, day and year of your observing session. · Finally, you must enter the longitude and latitude of the location of your observing site. Use the table in Appendix C to locate the closest longitude and latitude for your current observing location and enter those numbers when asked in the hand control, pressing ENTER after each entry. Remember to select "West" for longitudes in North America and "North" for latitudes in the North Hemisphere. For international cities, the correct hemisphere is indicated in the Appendix listings. the cone error value by always using alignment stars on both sides of the Meridian (see Figure 3-2). Mechanical errors can be reduced further by always centering alignment stars using the up and right arrow buttons as described in the Pointing Accuracy box below. 17 4. Select one of the four alignment methods as described below. Note: If incorrect information is entered into the hand control, the UNDO button acts like a back space button allowing the user to re-enter the correct data. Auto Align Auto Align allows the telescope to automatically choose three stars (two on one side of the Meridian, and one on the opposite side) on which to align itself. To Auto Align your telescope: 1. Select Auto Align from the alignment choices given. Based on the date and time information entered, the telescope will automatically select and go to a bright star that is above the horizon. · If for some reason the chosen star is not visible (perhaps behind a tree or building) press UNDO to automatically select the next bright star from the database star list. 2. Once the telescope is finished slewing to your first alignment star, the display will ask you to use the arrow Figure 3-2 buttons to align the selected star with the crosshairs in the The Meridian is an imaginary line in the sky center of the finderscope. Once centered in the finder, that starts at the North celestial pole and press ENTER. ends at the South celestial pole and passes 3. The display will then instruct you to center the star in the through the zenith. If you are facing South, the meridian starts from your Southern field of view of the eyepiece. When the star is centered, horizon and passes directly overhead to the press ALIGN to accept this star as your first alignment North celestial pole. star. 4. After the first alignment star has been entered the telescope will automatically select a second alignment star on the same side of the Meridian and have you repeat this procedure for that star. 5. For the third alignment star, the telescope will select a bright star on the opposite side of the Meridian and slew to it. Once again center the star in the crosshairs of the finderscope and then center the star in the eyepiece, pressing ENTER when complete. When the telescope has been aligned on all three stars the display will read Alignment Successful, and you are now ready to find your first object. Auto Three-Star Align Auto Three-Star Alignment works much the same way as Auto Align, however instead of automatically slewing to the alignment stars, the user is allowed to select the alignment stars from a list. To use Auto Three-Star Align: 1. 2. Select Auto Three Star Align from the alignment choices given. The hand control will display a recommended alignment star to begin. · Press UNDO to display the next recommended star on the same side of the Meridian, or · Press the UP and DOWN arrows keys to scroll through the compete list of available alignment stars to choose from. Once the desired alignment star is displayed on the hand control press ENTER to slew the telescope to the star. As with the Auto Align procedure, you will be asked to center the star in the crosshairs of the finderscope and then center the star in 18 Pointing Accuracy For the best possible pointing accuracy, always center the alignment stars using the up arrow button and the right arrow button. Approaching from this direction when looking through the eyepiece will eliminate much of the backlash between the gears and assures the most accurate alignment possible. 3. 4. the eyepiece, pressing ENTER when complete. NOTE: Although the telescope allows the user to select the alignment stars, for best all-sky pointing accuracy it is still necessary to select two alignment stars on one side of the Meridian and the third star on the opposite side of the Meridian. For this reason, the hand control will only display stars that are on the same side of the Meridian for the first two alignment stars, then will only display stars on the opposite side of the Meridian for the third alignment star. Quick-Align Quick-Align uses all the date and time information entered at startup to align the telescope. However, instead of slewing to the alignment stars for centering and alignment, the telescope bypasses this step and simply models the sky based on the information given. This will allow you to roughly slew to the coordinates of bright objects like the moon and planets and gives the telescope the information needed to track objects in any part of the sky (depending on accuracy of polar alignment). Quick-Align is not meant to be used to accurately locate small or faint deep-sky objects or to track objects accurately for photography. To use Quick-Align, simply select Quick Align from the alignment options and press ENTER. The telescope will automatically use the entered date/time parameters to align itself with the sky and display Alignment Successful. NOTE: Once a Quick-Align has been done, you can use the Re-alignment feature (see below) to improve your telescopes pointing accuracy. The Last Alignment method will automatically recall the last stored index positions to continue using the alignment that was saved when the telescope was last powered down. This is a useful feature should your telescope accidentally lose power or be powered down. NOTE: Just like with Quick-Align, you can use the Re-alignment feature (see below) to improve your telescopes pointing accuracy after using the Last Alignment method. To maintain a more accurate alignment over a series of observing sessions, use the Hibernate feature described later in this chapter. Last Alignment Re-Alignment The Advanced Series telescopes have a re-alignment feature which allows you to replace any of the original alignment stars with a new star or celestial object. This can be useful in several situations: · · If you are observing over a period of a few hours, you may notice that your original two alignment stars have drifted towards the west considerably. (Remember that the stars are moving at a rate of 15º every hour). Aligning on a new star that is in the eastern part of the sky will improve your pointing accuracy, especially on objects in that part of the sky. If you have aligned your telescope using the Quick-Align method, you can use re-align to align on actual objects in the sky. This will improve the pointing accuracy of your telescope without having to re-enter addition information. To replace an existing alignment star with a new alignment star: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the desired star (or object) from the database and slew to it. Carefully center the object in the eyepiece. Once centered, press the UNDO button until you are at the main menu. With Advanced GT displayed, press the ALIGN key on the hand control. The display will then ask you which alignment star you want to replace. Use the UP and Down scroll keys to select the alignment star to be replaced. It is usually best to replace the star closest to the new object. This will space out your alignment stars across the sky. Press ALIGN to make the change. 19 Object Catalog Selecting an Object Now that the telescope is properly aligned, you can choose an object from any of the catalogs in the telescope's extensive database. The hand control has a key (4) designated for each of the catalogs in its database. There are two ways to select objects from the database: scrolling through the named object lists and entering object numbers. Pressing the LIST key on the hand control will access all objects in the database that have common names or types. Each list is broken down into the following categories: Named Stars, Named Object, Double Stars, Variable Stars, Asterisms and CCD Objects. Selecting any one of these catalogs will display a numericalphabetical listing of the objects under that list. Pressing the Up and Down keys (10) allows you to scroll through the catalog to the desired object. When scrolling through a long list of objects, holding down either the Up or Down key will allow you to scroll through the catalog more rapidly by only displaying every fifth catalog object. Pressing any of the other catalog keys (M, CALD, NGC, or STAR) will display a blinking cursor below the name of the catalog chosen. Use the numeric key pad to enter the number of any object within these standardized catalogs. For example, to find the Orion Nebula, press the "M" key and enter "042". Helpful Hint Slewing to an Object Once the desired object is displayed on the hand control screen, choose from the following options: · · Press the INFO Key. This will give you useful information about the selected object such as R.A. and declination, magnitude size and text information for many of the most popular objects. Press the ENTER Key. This will automatically slew the telescope to the coordinates of the object. Caution: Never slew the telescope when someone is looking into the eyepiece. The telescope can move at fast slew speeds and may hit an observer in the eye. Object information can be obtained without having to do a star alignment. After the telescope is powered on, pressing any of the catalog keys allows you to scroll through object lists or enter catalog numbers and view the information about the object as described above. Finding Planets Your telescope can locate all 8 of our solar systems planets plus the Moon. However, the hand control will only display the solar system objects that are above the horizon (or within its filter limits). To locate the planets, press the PLANET key on the hand control. The hand control will display all solar system objects that are above the horizon: · · · Use the Up and Down keys to select the planet that you wish to observe. Press INFO to access information on the displayed planet. Press ENTER to slew to the displayed planet. 20 Tour Mode The Advanced Series telescopes include a tour feature which automatically allows the user to choose from a list of interesting objects based on the date and time in which you are observing. The automatic tour will display only those objects that are within your set filter limits (see Filter Limits in the Setup Procedures section of the manual). To activate the Tour mode, press the TOUR key (6) on the hand control. The hand control will display the best objects to observe that are currently in the sky. · · · To see information and data about the displayed object, press the INFO key. To slew to the object displayed, press ENTER. To see the next tour object, press the Up key. Constellation Tour In addition to the Tour Mode, your telescope has a Constellation Tour that allows the user to take a tour of all the best objects in each of the 88 constellations. Selecting Constellation from the LIST menu will display all the constellation names that are above the user defined horizon (filter limits). Once a constellation is selected, you can choose from any of the database object catalogs to produce a list of all the available objects in that constellation. · · · To see information and data about the displayed object, press the INFO key. To slew to the object displayed, press ENTER. To see the next tour object, press the Up key. Direction Buttons The hand control has four direction buttons (3) in the center of the hand control which control the telescope's motion in altitude (up and down) and azimuth (left and right). The telescope can be controlled at nine different speed rates. Rate Button Pressing the RATE key (11) allows you to instantly change the speed rate of the motors from high speed slew rate to precise guiding rate or anywhere in between. Each rate corresponds to a number on the hand controller key pad. The number 9 is the fastest rate (3º per second, depending on power source) and is used for slewing between objects and locating alignment stars. The number 1 on the hand control is the slowest rate (.5x sidereal) and can be used for accurate centering of objects in the eyepiece and photographic guiding. To change the speed rate of the motors: · · Press the RATE key on the hand control. The LCD will display the current speed rate. Press the number on the hand control that corresponds to the desired speed. The number will appear in the upper-right corner of the LCD display to indicate that the rate has been changed. The hand control has a "double button" feature that allows you to instantly speed up the motors without having to choose a speed rate. To use this feature, simply press the arrow button that corresponds to the direction that you want to move the telescope. While holding that button down, press the opposite directional button. This will increase the slew rate to the maximum slew rate. The direction that a star moves in the eyepiece when a direction is pressed will change depending on which side of the Meridian the telescope tube is positioned. In order to change the direction of the arrow buttons, see Scope Setup Features later in this section. 21 1 2 3 4 5 = = = = = .5x 1x (sidereal) 4x 8x 16x 6 7 8 9 = 64x = .5º / sec = 2º / sec = 3º / sec Nine available slew speeds Setup Procedures The Advanced GT contains many user defined setup functions designed to give the user control over the telescope's many advanced features. All of the setup and utility features can be accessed by pressing the MENU key and scrolling through the options: Tracking Mode This allows you to change the way the telescope tracks depending on the type of mount being used to support the telescope. The telescope has three different tracking modes: EQ North EQ South Off Used to track the sky when the telescope is polar aligned in the Northern Hemisphere. Used to track the sky when the telescope is polar aligned in the Southern Hemisphere. When using the telescope for terrestrial (land) observation, the tracking can be turned off so that the telescope never moves. Tracking Rate In addition to being able to move the telescope with the hand control buttons, your telescope will continually track a celestial object as it moves across the night sky. The tracking rate can be changed depending on what type of object is being observed: Sidereal This rate compensates for the rotation of the Earth by moving the telescope at the same rate as the rotation of the Earth, but in the opposite direction. When the telescope is polar aligned, this can be accomplished by moving the telescope in right ascension only. Used for tracking the moon when observing the lunar landscape. Used for tracking the Sun when solar observing with the proper filter. Lunar Solar View Time-Site - Displays the current time and longitude/latitude downloaded from the optional CN-16 GPS receiver. It will also display other relevant time-site information like time zone, daylight saving and local sidereal time. Local sidereal time (LST) is useful for knowing the right ascension of celestial objects that are located on the Meridian at that time. View Time-Site will always display the last saved time and location entered while it is linking with the GPS. Once current information has been received, it will update the displayed information. If GPS is switched off or not present, the hand control will only display the last saved time and location. User Defined Objects - Your telescope can store up to 400 different user defined objects in its memory. The objects can be daytime land objects or an interesting celestial object that you discover 22 that is not included in the regular database. There are several ways to save an object to memory depending on what type of object it is: GoTo Object: To go to any of the user defined objects stored in the database, scroll down to either GoTo Sky Obj or Goto Land Obj and enter the number of the object you wish to select and press ENTER. The telescope will automatically retrieve and display the coordinates before slewing to the object. Your telescope stores celestial objects to its database by saving its right ascension and declination in the sky. This way the same object can be found each time the telescope is aligned. Once a desired object is centered in the eyepiece, simply scroll to the "Save Sky Obj" command and press ENTER. The display will ask you to enter a number between 1-200 to identify the object. Press ENTER again to save this object to the database. You can also store a specific set of coordinates for an object just by entering the R.A. and declination for that object. Scroll to the "Enter RA-DEC " command and press ENTER. The display will then ask you to enter first the R.A. and then the declination of the desired object. The telescope can also be used as a spotting scope on terrestrial objects. Fixed land objects can be stored by saving their altitude and azimuth relative to the location of the telescope at the time of observing. Since these objects are relative to the location of the telescope, they are only valid for that exact location. To save land objects, once again center the desired object in the eyepiece. Scroll down to the "Save Land Obj" command and press ENTER. The display will ask you to enter a number between 1-200 to identify the object. Press ENTER again to save this object to the database. Save Sky Object: Enter R.A. - Dec: Save Land Object: To replace the contents of any of the user defined objects, simply save a new object using one of the existing identification numbers; the telescope will replace the previous user defined object with the current one. Get RA/DEC - Displays the right ascension and declination for the current position of the telescope. Goto R.A/ Dec - Allows you to input a specific R.A. and declination and slew to it. Helpful Hint To store a set of coordinates (R.A./Dec) permanently into the database, save it as a User Defined Object as described above. Identify Identify Mode will search any of the telescope's database catalogs or lists and display the name and offset distances to the nearest matching objects. This feature can serve two purposes. First, it can be used to identify an unknown object in the field of view of your eyepiece. Additionally, Identify Mode can be used to find other celestial objects that are close to the objects you are currently observing. For example, if your telescope is pointed at the brightest star in the constellation Lyra, choosing Identify and then searching the Named Star catalog will no doubt return the star Vega as the star you are observing. However, by selecting Identify and searching by the Named Object or Messier catalogs, the hand control will let you know that the Ring Nebula (M57) is approximately 6° from your current position. Searching the Double Star catalog will reveal that Epsilon Lyrae is only 1° away from Vega. To use the Identify feature: · · · Press the Menu button and select the Identify option. Use the Up/Down scroll keys to select the catalog that you would like to search. Press ENTER to begin the search. 23 Note: Some of the databases contain thousands of objects, and can therefore take several minutes to return the closest objects. Precise GoTo The Advanced Series telescopes have a precise goto function that can assist in finding extremely faint objects and centering objects closer to the center of the field of view for astrophotography and CCD imaging. Precise Goto automatically searches out the closest bright star to the desired object and asks the user to carefully center it in the eyepiece. The hand control then calculates the small difference between its goto position and its centered position. Using this offset, the telescope will then slew to the desired object with enhanced accuracy. To use Precise Goto: 1. Press the MENU button and use the Up/Down keys to select Precise Goto. · Choose Database to select the object that you want to observe from any of the database catalogs listed or; · Choose RA/DEC to enter a set of celestial coordinates that you wish to slew to. Once the desired object is selected, the hand control will search out and display the closest bright star to your desired object. Press ENTER to slew to the bright alignment star. Use the direction buttons to carefully center the alignment star in the eyepiece. Press ENTER to slew to the desired object. SCOPE SETUP SETUP TIME-SITE ANTI-BACKLASH AZM POSITIVE AZM NEGATIVE ALT POSITIVE ALT NEGATIVE FILTER LIMITS ALTMAX IN LIST ALTMIN IN LIST DIRECTION BUTTONS AZM BUTTONS ALT BUTTONS GOTO APPROACH AZM APPROACH ALT APPROACH AUTOGUIDE RATES AZM RATE 2. 3. 4. Scope Setup Features Setup Time-Site - Allows the user to customize the telescope's display by changing time and location parameters (such as time zone and daylight savings). Anti-backlash ­ All mechanical gears have a certain amount of backlash or play ALT RATE between the gears. This play is evident by how long it takes for a star to move in the AZIMUTH LIMITS eyepiece when the hand control arrow buttons are pressed (especially when changing directions). The Advanced GT's anti-backlash features allows the user to compensate for AZM MIN LIMIT backlash by inputting a value which quickly rewinds the motors just enough to eliminate AZM MAX LIMIT E/W FILTERING the play between gears. The amount of compensation needed depends on the slewing rate selected; the slower the slewing rate the longer it will take for the star to appear to FILTERING ON move in the eyepiece. There are two values for each axis, positive and negative. Positive FILTERING OFF is the amount of compensation applied when you press the button, in order to get the gears moving quickly without a long pause. Negative is the amount of compensation applied when you release the button, winding the motors back in the other direction to resume tracking. Normally both values should be the same. You will need to experiment with different values (from 0-99); a value between 20 and 50 is usually best for most visual observing, whereas a higher value may be necessary for photographic guiding. To set the anti-backlash value, scroll down to the anti-backlash option and press ENTER. While viewing an object in the eyepiece, observe the responsiveness of each of the four arrow buttons. Note which directions you see a pause in the star movement after the button has been pressed. Working one axis at a time, adjust the backlash settings high enough to cause immediate movement without resulting in a pronounced jump when pressing or releasing the button. Now, enter the same values for both positive and negative directions. If you notice a jump when releasing the button, but setting the values lower results in a pause when pressing the button, go with the higher value for positive, but use a lower value for negative. The telescope will remember these values and use them each time it is turned on until they are changed. Filter Limits ­ When an alignment is complete, the telescope automatically knows which celestial objects are above the horizon. As a result, when scrolling through the database lists (or selecting the Tour function), the hand control will display only those objects that are known to be above the horizon when you are observing. You can customize the object database by selecting altitude limits that are appropriate for your location and situation. For 24 example, if you are observing from a mountainous location where the horizon is partially obscured, you can set your minimum altitude limit to read +20º. This will make sure that the hand control only displays objects that are higher in altitude than 20º. If you want to explore the entire object database, set the maximum altitude limit to 90º and the minimum limit to ­ 90º. This will display every object in the database lists regardless of whether it is visible in the sky from your location. Observing Tip! Direction Buttons ­The direction a star appears to move in the eyepiece changes depending on which side of the Meridian the telescope tube is on. This can create confusion especially when guiding on a star when doing astrophotography. To compensate for this, the direction of the drive control keys can be changed. To reverse the button logic of the hand control, press the MENU button and select Direction Buttons from the Utilities menu. Use the Up/Down arrow keys (10) to select either the azimuth (right ascension) or altitude (declination) button direction and press ENTER. Select either positive or negative for both axes and press ENTER to save. Setting the azimuth button direction to positive will move the telescope in the same direction that the telescope tracks (i.e. towards the west). Setting the altitude buttons to positive will move the telescope counterclockwise along the DEC axis. Goto Approach - lets the user define the direction that the telescope will approach when slewing to an object. This allows the user the ability to minimize the affects of backlash when slewing from object to object. Just like with Direction Buttons, setting GoTo Approach to positive will make the telescope approach an object from the same direction as tracking (west) for azimuth and counterclockwise in declination. Declination Goto approach will only apply while the telescope tube is on one side of the Meridian. Once the tube passes over to the other side of the Meridian, the Goto approach will need to be reversed. Helpful Hint! To change the Goto approach direction, simply choose Goto Approach from the Scope Setup menu, select either Altitude or Azimuth approach, choose positive or negative and press ENTER. In order to minimize the affect of gear backlash on pointing accuracy, the settings for Button Direction should ideally match the settings for GoTo Approach. By default, using the up and right direction buttons to center alignment stars will automatically eliminate much of the backlash in the gears. If you change the Goto approach of your telescope it is not necessary to change the Button Direction as well. Simply take notice of the direction the telescope moves when completing it final goto approach. If the telescope approaches its alignment star from the west (negative azimuth) and clockwise (negative altitude) then make sure that the buttons used to center the alignment stars also move the telescope in the same directions. Autoguide Rate ­ Allows the user to set an autoguide rate as a percentage of sidereal rate. This is helpful when calibrating your telescope to a CCD autoguider for long exposure photography. Azimuth Limits - Sets the limits that the telescope can slew in azimuth (R.A.) The slew limits are set to 0º to 180º; with zero being the position of the telescope when the Fig 3-3 ­ Azimuth Slew Limits- This counterweight bar is extended out towards the west and 180º figure shows the full range of motion being the position when the counterweight bar is extended out for the R.A. (azimuth) axis toward the east (see Fig 3-3). However, the slew limits can be customized depending on your needs. For example, if you are using CCD imaging equipment that has cables that are not long enough to move with the telescope as it slews across the sky, you can adjust the azimuth slew limit on the side of the mount that is restricted by the cables. Using the example above, the user could slew the telescope 25 in R.A. (azimuth) until it reaches the point that the cables are extended to their maximum. Then by displaying the telescopes azimuth in this position (by looking at Get Alt-Az under the Utilities menu) you can determine the telescopes azimuth at its most extended position. Enter this azimuth reading for either the maximum or minimum azimuth slew limit to ensure that the telescope will not slew beyond this point. Warning: In order for the telescope to be able to slew to a star from the direction that minimizes the amount of backlash in the gears, it may be necessary for the telescope to slew beyond the specified slew limit in order to approach the star from the correct direction. This can limit your ability to slew to an object by as much as 6º from the azimuth slew limit set in the hand control. If this proves to be a problem, the direction that the telescope takes to center an object can be changed. To change the telescopes slewing direction, see Goto Approach under the Scope Setup menu. In order to guaranty that the telescope will have a full range of motion in R.A. (azimuth), set the azimuth slew limits to 354 and 186. This will allow the mount to slew without regard to the slew limits. East/West (E/W) Filtering - In order to ensure the best possible full sky pointing accuracy, the Advanced series telescopes automatically filters and chooses its initial alignment stars so that the first two alignment stars are located on one side of the Meridian and the third star is on the opposite side of the Meridian. East/West Filtering allows you to turn off this automatic filtering feature, allowing the hand control to display all of its alignment stars when doing a Auto Three Star Align, without regard to the Meridian. Utility Features Scrolling through the MENU (9) options will also provide access to several advanced utility functions within the Advanced Series telescopes such as; Calibrate Goto, Polar Alignment, Hibernate as well as many others. Calibrate Goto - Goto Calibration is a useful tool when attaching heavy visual or photographic accessories to the telescope. Goto Calibration calculates the amount of distance and time it takes for the mount to complete its final slow goto when slewing to an object. Changing the balance of the telescope can prolong the time it takes to complete the final slew. Goto Calibration takes into account any slight imbalances and changes the final goto distance to compensate. UTILITIES CALIBRATE GOTO HOME POSTION GOTO SET Home Position ­ The telescopes "home" position is a user-definable position that is used to store the telescope when not in use. The home position is useful when storing the telescope in a permanent observatory facility. By default the Home position is the same as the index position used when aligning the mount. To set the Home position for your mount simply use the arrow buttons on the hand control to move the telescope mount to the desired position. Select the Set option and press Enter. POLAR ALIGN LIGHT CONTROL KEYPAD OFF KEYPAD ON DISPLAY OFF DISPLAY ON Polar Align- The Advanced GT has a polar alignment function that will help you polar align your telescope for increased tracking precision and astrophotography. After performing an Auto Alignment, the telescope will slew to where Polaris should be. By using the equatorial head to center Polaris in the eyepiece, the mount will then be pointed towards the actual North Celestial Pole. Once Polar Align is complete, you must re-align your telescope again using any of the alignment methods described earlier. To polar align the mount in the Northern Hemisphere: 1. 2. With the telescope set up and roughly positioned towards Polaris, align the mount using the Auto Align or Auto Three Star method. Select Polar Align from the Utilities menu and press Enter. FACTORY SETTING PRESS UNDO PRESS "0" Based on your current alignment, the telescope will slew to where it thinks Polaris VERSION GET ALT-AZ GOTO ATL-AZ HIBERNATE TURN ON/OFF GPS 26 should be. Use the equatorial head latitude and azimuth adjustments to place Polaris in the center of the eyepiece. Do not use the direction buttons to position Polaris. Once Polaris is centered in the eyepiece press ENTER; the polar axis should then be pointed towards the North Celestial Pole. Light Control ­ This feature allows you to turn off both the red key pad light and LCD display for daytime use to conserve power and to help preserve your night vision. Factory Settings ­ Returns the Advanced GT hand control to its original factory settings. Parameters such as backlash compensation values, initial date and time, longitude/latitude along with slew and filter limits will be reset. However, stored parameters such as user defined objects will remain saved even when Factory Settings is selected. The hand control will ask you to press the "0" key before returning to the factory default setting. Version - Selecting this option will allow you to see the current version number of the hand control, motor control and GPS software (if using optional CN-16 GPS accessory). The first set of numbers indicate the hand control software version. For the motor control, the hand control will display two sets of numbers; the first numbers are for azimuth and the second set are for altitude. On the second line of the LCD, the GPS and serial bus versions are displayed. Get Alt-Az - Displays the relative altitude and azimuth for the current position of the telescope. Goto Alt-Az - Allows you to enter a specific altitude and azimuth position and slew to it. Hibernate - Hibernate allows the telescope to be completely powered down and still retain its alignment when turned back on. This not only saves power, but is ideal for those that have their telescopes permanently mounted or leave their telescope in one location for long periods of time. To place your telescope in Hibernate mode: 1. Select Hibernate from the Utility Menu. 2. Move the telescope to a desire position and press ENTER. 3. Power off the telescope. Remember to never move your telescope manually while in Hibernate mode. Once the telescope is powered on again the display will read Wake Up. After pressing Enter you have the option of scrolling through the time/site information to confirm the current setting. Press ENTER to wake up the telescope. Pressing UNDO at the Wake Up screen allows you to explore many of the features of the hand control without waking the telescope up from hibernate mode. To wake up the telescope after UNDO has been pressed, select Hibernate from the Utility menu and press ENTER. Do not use the direction buttons to move the telescope while in hibernate mode. Helpful Hint Turn On/Off GPS - If using your Advanced GT telescope with the optional CN-16 GPS accessory (see Optional Accessories section of the manual), you will need to turn the GPS on the first time you use the accessory. . If you want to use the telescope's database to find the coordinates of a celestial object for a future or past dates you would need to turn the GPS off in order to manually enter a time other than the present. 27 ADVANCED GT MENU TRACKING MODE EQ NORTH EQ SOUTH OFF RATE SIDEREAL SOLAR LUNAR VIEW TIME-SITE SCOPE SETUP SETUP TIME-SITE ANTI-BACKLASH FILTER LIMITS DIRECTION BUTTONS GOTO APPROACH AUTOGUIDE RATE AZIMUTH LIMITS EAST/WEST FILTERING UTILITIES CALIBRATE GOTO HOME POSITION POLAR ALIGN LIGHT CONTROL FACTORY SETTING VERSION GET ALT-AZ GOTO ALT-AZ HIBERNATE TURN ON/OFF GPS USER OBJECTS GOTO SKY OBJ SAVE SKY OBJ ENTER RA & DEC SAVE LAND OBJ GOTO LAND OBJ GET RA-DEC GOTO RA-DEC IDENTIFY SELECT CATALOG PRECISE GOTO GOTO TYPE ALIGNMENT START-UP PROCUDURE SET TO INDEX ENTER TIME DLS/ST TIME ZONE ENTER DATE- MM/DD/YY ENTER LONG/LAT AUTO ALIGN CENTER STAR 1 CENTER STAR 2 CENTER STAR 3 LIST NAMED STAR NAMED OBJECT ASTERISM TOUR VARIABLE STAR DOUBLE STAR CCD OBJECTS ABELL IC CATALOG CALDWELL MESSIER NGC SAO SOLAR SYSTEM CONSTELLATION AUTO THREE-STAR ALIGN SELECT STAR 1 CENTER STAR 1 SELECT STAR 2 CENTER STAR 2 SELECT STAR 3 CENTER STAR 3 LAST ALIGNMENT QUICK-ALIGN 28 A telescope is an instrument that collects and focuses light. The nature of the optical design determines how the light is focused. Some telescopes, known as refractors, use lenses. Other telescopes, known as reflectors, use mirrors. Developed in the early 1600s, the refractor is the oldest telescope design. It derives its name from the method it uses to focus incoming light rays. The refractor uses a lens to bend or refract incoming light rays, hence the name (see Figure 4-1). Early designs used single element lenses. However, the single lens acts like a prism and breaks light down into the colors of the rainbow, a phenomenon known as chromatic aberration. To get around this problem, a two-element lens, known as an achromat, was introduced. Each element has a different index of refraction allowing two different wavelengths of light to be focused at the same point. Most two-element lenses, usually made of crown and flint glasses, are corrected for red and green light. Blue light may still be focused at a slightly different point. Figure 4-1 A cutaway view of the light path of the Refractor optical design Image Orientation It should be noted that the image orientation will change depending on the viewing configuration. When using the star diagonal, the image is right-side-up, but reversed from left-to-right. If inserting the eyepiece into the accessory adapter (i.e., without the star diagonal), the image is inverted (upside down and reversed from left-to-right). This holds true for the 9x50 finder as well as the telescope. For correct orientation through the telescope, which is important primarily for terrestrial observing, use the optional 45° erect image diagonal 1-1/4" (#94112-A). Actual image orientation as seen with the unaided eye Reversed from left to right, as viewed with a Star Diagonal Figure 4-2 Inverted image, as viewed with the eyepiece directly in telescope 29 Focusing To focus your telescope, simply turn the focus knob located directly below the focuser. Turning the knob clockwise allows you to focus on an object that is farther than the one you are currently observing. Turning the knob counterclockwise from you allows you to focus on an object closer than the one you are currently observing. · If you wear corrective lenses (specifically glasses), you may want to remove them when observing with an eyepiece attached to the telescope. However, when using a camera you should always wear corrective lenses to ensure the sharpest possible focus. If you have astigmatism, corrective lenses must be worn at all times. Aligning the Finderscope Accurate alignment of the finder makes it easy to find objects with the telescope, especially celestial objects. To make aligning the finder as easy as possible, this procedure should be done in the daytime when it is easy to find and identify objects. The finderscope has a spring-loaded adjustment screw that puts pressure on the finderscope while the remaining screws are used to adjust the finder horizontally and vertically. To align the finder: 1 2 3 4 5 Choose a target that is in excess of one mile away. This eliminates any possible parallax effect between the telescope and finder. Release the R.A. and DEC clamps and point the telescope at your target. Center your target in the main optics of the telescope. You may have to move the telescope slightly to center it. Adjust the screw on the finder bracket that is on the right (when looking through the finder) until the crosshairs are centered horizontally on the target seen through the telescope. Adjust the screw on the top of the finder bracket until the crosshairs are centered vertically on the target seen through the telescope. Image orientation through the finder is inverted (i.e., upside down and backwards left-to-right). This is normal for any finder that is used straight-through. Because of this, it may take a few minutes to familiarize yourself with the directional change each screw makes on the finder. Calculating Magnification You can change the power of your telescope just by changing the eyepiece (ocular). To determine the magnification of your telescope, simply divide the focal length of the telescope by the focal length of the eyepiece used. In equation format, the formula looks like this: Magnification = Focal Length of Telescope (mm) Focal Length of Eyepiece (mm) Let's say, for example, you are using the 20mm eyepiece. To determine the magnification you simply divide the focal length of your telescope (the C6-R for example has a focal length of 1200mm) by the focal length of the eyepiece, 20mm. Dividing 1200 by 20 yields a magnification of 60 power. 30 Although the power is variable, each instrument under average skies has a limit to the highest useful magnification. The general rule is that 60 power can be used for every inch of aperture. For example, the C6-R is 6 inches in diameter. Multiplying 6 by 60 gives a maximum useful magnification of 360 power. Although this is the maximum useful magnification, most observing is done in the range of 20 to 35 power for every inch of aperture which is 120 to 210 times for the C6-R telescope. Determining Field of View Determining the field of view is important if you want to get an idea of the angular size of the object you are observing. To calculate the actual field of view, divide the apparent field of the eyepiece (supplied by the eyepiece manufacturer) by the magnification. In equation format, the formula looks like this: Apparent Field of Eyepiece True Field = Magnification As you can see, before determining the field of view, you must calculate the magnification. Using the example in the previous section, we can determine the field of view using the same 20mm eyepiece. The 20mm eyepiece has an apparent field of view of 50°. Divide the 50° by the magnification, which is 60 power. This yields an actual field of .83°, or nearly a full degree. To convert degrees to feet at 1,000 yards, which is more useful for terrestrial observing, simply multiply by 52.5. Continuing with our example, multiply the angular field .83° by 52.5. This produces a linear field width of 43.6 feet at a distance of one thousand yards. The apparent field of each eyepiece that Celestron manufactures is found in the Celestron Accessory Catalog (#93685). General Observing Hints When working with any optical instrument, there are a few things to remember to ensure you get the best possible image. · · · · Never look through window glass. Glass found in household windows is optically imperfect, and as a result, may vary in thickness from one part of a window to the next. This inconsistency can and will affect the ability to focus your telescope. In most cases you will not be able to achieve a truly sharp image, while in some cases, you may actually see a double image. Never look across or over objects that are producing heat waves. This includes asphalt parking lots on hot summer days or building rooftops. Hazy skies, fog, and mist can also make it difficult to focus when viewing terrestrially. The amount of detail seen under these conditions is greatly reduced. Also, when photographing under these conditions, the processed film may come out a little grainier than normal with lower contrast and underexposed. If you wear corrective lenses (specifically glasses), you may want to remove them when observing with an eyepiece attached to the telescope. When using a camera, however, you should always wear corrective lenses to ensure the sharpest possible focus. If you have astigmatism, corrective lenses must be worn at all times. 31 Up to this point, this manual covered the assembly and basic operation of your telescope. However, to understand your telescope more thoroughly, you need to know a little about the night sky. This section deals with observational astronomy in general and includes information on the night sky and polar alignment. The Celestial Coordinate System To help find objects in the sky, astronomers use a celestial coordinate system that is similar to our geographical coordinate system here on Earth. The celestial coordinate system has poles, lines of longitude and latitude, and an equator. For the most part, these remain fixed against the background stars. The celestial equator runs 360 degrees around the Earth and separates the northern celestial hemisphere from the southern. Like the Earth's equator, it bears a reading of zero degrees. On Earth this would be latitude. However, in the sky this is referred to as declination, or DEC for short. Lines of declination are named for their angular distance above and below the celestial equator. The lines are broken down into degrees, minutes of arc, and seconds of arc. Declination readings south of the equator carry a minus sign (-) in front of the coordinate and those north of the celestial equator are either blank (i.e., no designation) or preceded by a plus sign (+). The celestial equivalent of longitude is called Right Ascension, or R.A. for short. Like the Earth's lines of longitude, they run from pole to pole and are evenly spaced 15 degrees apart. Although the longitude lines are separated by an angular distance, they are also a measure of time. Each line of longitude is one hour apart from the next. Since the Earth rotates once every 24 hours, there are 24 lines total. As a result, the R.A. coordinates are marked off in units of time. It begins with an arbitrary point in the constellation of Pisces designated as 0 hours, 0 minutes, 0 seconds. All other points are designated by how far (i.e., how long) they lag behind this coordinate after it passes overhead moving toward the west. Figure 5-1 The celestial sphere seen from the outside showing R.A. and DEC. 32 Motion of the Stars The daily motion of the Sun across the sky is familiar to even the most casual observer. This daily trek is not the Sun moving as early astronomers thought, but the result of the Earth's rotation. The Earth's rotation also causes the stars to do the same, scribing out a large circle as the Earth completes one rotation. The size of the circular path a star follows depends on where it is in the sky. Stars near the celestial equator form the largest circles rising in the east and setting in the west. Moving toward the north celestial pole, the point around which the stars in the northern hemisphere appear to rotate, these circles become smaller. Stars in the mid-celestial latitudes rise in the northeast and set in the northwest. Stars at high celestial latitudes are always above the horizon, and are said to be circumpolar because they never rise and never set. You will never see the stars complete one circle because the sunlight during the day washes out the starlight. However, part of this circular motion of stars in this region of the sky can be seen by setting up a camera on a tripod and opening the shutter for a couple hours. The processed film will reveal semicircles that revolve around the pole. (This description of stellar motions also applies to the southern hemisphere except all stars south of the celestial equator move around the south celestial pole.) Figure 5-2 All stars appear to rotate around the celestial poles. However, the appearance of this motion varies depending on where you are looking in the sky. Near the north celestial pole the stars scribe out recognizable circles centered on the pole (1). Stars near the celestial equator also follow circular paths around the pole. But, the complete path is interrupted by the horizon. These appear to rise in the east and set in the west (2). Looking toward the opposite pole, stars curve or arc in the opposite direction scribing a circle around the opposite pole (3). 33 Latitude Scales The easiest way to polar align a telescope is with a latitude scale. Unlike other methods that require you to find the celestial pole by identifying certain stars near it, this method works off of a known constant to determine how high the polar axis should be pointed. The Advanced Series mount can be adjusted from 30 to 60 degrees (see figure 5-3). The constant, mentioned above, is a relationship between your latitude and the angular distance the celestial pole is above the northern (or southern) horizon; The angular distance from the northern horizon to the north celestial pole is always equal to your latitude. To illustrate this, imagine that you are standing on the north pole, latitude +90°. The north Latitude celestial pole, which has a declination of +90°, would Scale be directly overhead (i.e., 90 above the horizon). Now, let's say that you move one degree south -- your latitude is now +89° and the celestial pole is no longer directly overhead. It has moved one degree closer toward the northern horizon. This means the pole is now 89° above the northern horizon. If you move one Figure 5-3 degree further south, the same thing happens again. You would have to travel 70 miles north or south to change your latitude by one degree. As you can see from this example, the distance from the northern horizon to the celestial pole is always equal to your latitude. If you are observing from Los Angeles, which has a latitude of 34°, then the celestial pole is 34° above the northern horizon. All a latitude scale does then is to point the polar axis of the telescope at the right elevation above the northern (or southern) horizon. To align your telescope: 1. 2. Make sure the polar axis of the mount is pointing due north. Use a landmark that you know faces north. Level the tripod. There is a bubble level built into the mount for this purpose. NOTE: Leveling the tripod is only necessary if using this method of polar alignment. Perfect polar alignment is still possible using other methods described later in this manual without leveling the tripod. 3. Adjust the mount in altitude until the latitude indicator points to your latitude. Moving the mount affects the angle the polar axis is pointing. For specific information on adjusting the equatorial mount, please see the section "Adjusting the Mount." This method can be done in daylight, thus eliminating the need to fumble around in the dark. Although this method does NOT put you directly on the pole, it will limit the number of corrections you will make when tracking an object. It will also be accurate enough for short exposure prime focus planetary photography (a couple of seconds) and short exposure piggyback astrophotography (a couple of minutes). Pointing at Polaris This method utilizes Polaris as a guidepost to the celestial pole. Since Polaris is less than a degree from the celestial pole, you can simply point the polar axis of your telescope at Polaris. Although this is by no means perfect alignment, it does get you within one degree. Unlike the previous method, this must be done in the dark when Polaris is visible. 1. 2. Set the telescope up so that the polar axis is pointing north. Loosen the DEC clutch knob and move the telescope so that the tube is parallel to the polar axis. When this is done, the declination setting circle will read +90°. If the declination setting circle is not aligned, move the telescope so that the tube is parallel to the polar axis. Adjust the mount in altitude and/or azimuth until Polaris is in the field of view of the finder. Center Polaris in the field of the telescope using the fine adjustment controls on the mount. 3. 4. 34 Remember, while Polar aligning, do NOT move the telescope in R.A. or DEC. You do not want to move the telescope itself, but the polar axis. The telescope is used simply to see where the polar axis is pointing. Like the previous method, this gets you close to the pole but not directly on it. The following methods help improve your accuracy for more serious observations and photography. Finding the North Celestial Pole In each hemisphere, there is a point in the sky around which all the other stars appear to rotate. These points are called the celestial poles and are named for the hemisphere in which they reside. For example, in the northern hemisphere all stars move around the north celestial pole. When the telescope's polar axis is pointed at the celestial pole, it is parallel to the Earth's rotational axis. Many methods of polar alignment require that you know how to find the celestial pole by identifying stars in the area. For those in the northern hemisphere, finding the celestial pole is not too difficult. Fortunately, we have a naked eye star less than a degree away. This star, Polaris, is the end star in the handle of the Little Dipper. Since the Little Dipper (technically called Ursa Minor) is not one of the brightest constellations in the sky, it may be difficult to locate from urban areas. If this is the case, use the two end stars in the bowl of the Big Dipper (the pointer stars). Draw an imaginary line through them toward the Little Dipper. They point to Polaris (see Figure 5-5). The position of the Big Dipper changes during the year and throughout the course of the night (see Figure 5-4). When the Big Dipper is low in the sky (i.e., near the horizon), it may be difficult to locate. During these times, look for Cassiopeia (see Figure 5-5). Observers in the southern hemisphere are not as fortunate as those in the northern hemisphere. The stars around the south celestial pole are not nearly as bright as those around the north. The closest star that is relatively bright is Sigma Octantis. This star is just within naked eye limit (magnitude 5.5) and lies about 59 arc minutes from the pole. Definition The north celestial pole is the point in the northern hemisphere around which all stars appear to rotate. The counterpart in the southern hemisphere is referred to as the south celestial pole. Figure 5-4 The position of the Big Dipper changes throughout the year and the night. Figure 5-5 The two stars in the front of the bowl of the Big Dipper point to Polaris which is less than one degree from the true (north) celestial pole. Cassiopeia, the "W" shaped constellation, is on the opposite side of the pole from the Big Dipper. The North Celestial Pole (N.C.P.) is marked by the "+" sign. 35 Declination Drift Method of Polar Alignment This method of polar alignment allows you to get the most accurate alignment on the celestial pole and is required if you want to do long exposure deep-sky astrophotography through the telescope. The declination drift method requires that you monitor the drift of selected stars. The drift of each star tells you how far away the polar axis is pointing from the true celestial pole and in what direction. Although declination drift is simple and straight-forward, it requires a great deal of time and patience to complete when first attempted. The declination drift method should be done after any one of the previously mentioned methods has been completed. To perform the declination drift method you need to choose two bright stars. One should be near the eastern horizon and one due south near the meridian. Both stars should be near the celestial equator (i.e., 0° declination). You will monitor the drift of each star one at a time and in declination only. While monitoring a star on the meridian, any misalignment in the east-west direction is revealed. While monitoring a star near the east/west horizon, any misalignment in the north-south direction is revealed. It is helpful to have an illuminated reticle eyepiece to help you recognize any drift. For very close alignment, a Barlow lens is also recommended since it increases the magnification and reveals any drift faster. When looking due south, insert the diagonal so the eyepiece points straight up. Insert the cross hair eyepiece and align the cross hairs so that one is parallel to the declination axis and the other is parallel to the right ascension axis. Move your telescope manually in R.A. and DEC to check parallelism. First, choose your star near where the celestial equator and the meridian meet. The star should be approximately within 1/2 an hour of the meridian and within five degrees of the celestial equator. Center the star in the field of your telescope and monitor the drift in declination. · · If the star drifts south, the polar axis is too far east. If the star drifts north, the polar axis is too far west. Make the appropriate adjustments to the polar axis to eliminate any drift. Once you have eliminated all the drift, move to the star near the eastern horizon. The star should be 20 degrees above the horizon and within five degrees of the celestial equator. · · If the star drifts south, the polar axis is too low. If the star drifts north, the polar axis is too high. Again, make the appropriate adjustments to the polar axis to eliminate any drift. Unfortunately, the latter adjustments interact with the prior adjustments ever so slightly. So, repeat the process again to improve the accuracy checking both axes for minimal drift. Once the drift has been eliminated, the telescope is very accurately aligned. You can now do prime focus deep-sky astrophotography for long periods. NOTE: If the eastern horizon is blocked, you may choose a star near the western horizon, but you must reverse the polar high/low error directions. Also, if using this method in the southern hemisphere, the direction of drift is reversed for both R.A. and DEC. 36 With your telescope set up, you are ready to use it for observing. This section covers visual observing hints for both solar system and deep sky objects as well as general observing conditions which will affect your ability to observe. Observing the Moon Often, it is tempting to look at the Moon when it is full. At this time, the face we see is fully illuminated and its light can be overpowering. In addition, little or no contrast can be seen during this phase. One of the best times to observe the Moon is during its partial phases (around the time of first or third quarter). Long shadows reveal a great amount of detail on the lunar surface. At low power you will be able to see most of the lunar disk at one time. Change to higher power (magnification) to focus in on a smaller area. Choose the lunar tracking rate from the hand control's MENU tracking rate options to keep the moon centered in the eyepiece even at high magnifications. Lunar Observing Hints To increase contrast and bring out detail on the lunar surface, use filters. A yellow filter works well at improving contrast while a neutral density or polarizing filter will reduce overall surface brightness and glare. Observing the Planets Other fascinating targets include the five naked eye planets. You can see Venus go through its lunar-like phases. Mars can reveal a host of surface detail and one, if not both, of its polar caps. You will be able to see the cloud belts of Jupiter and the great Red Spot (if it is visible at the time you are observing). In addition, you will also be able to see the moons of Jupiter as they orbit the giant planet. Saturn, with its beautiful rings, is easily visible at moderate power. Planetary Observing Hints · Remember that atmospheric conditions are usually the limiting factor on how much planetary detail will be visible. So, avoid observing the planets when they are low on the horizon or when they are directly over a source of radiating heat, such as a rooftop or chimney. See the "Seeing Conditions" section later in this section. To increase contrast and bring out detail on the planetary surface, try using Celestron eyepiece filters. · Observing the Sun Although overlooked by many amateur astronomers, solar observation is both rewarding and fun. However, because the Sun is so bright, special precautions must be taken when observing our star so as not to damage your eyes or your telescope. Never project an image of the Sun through the telescope. Because of the folded optical design, tremendous heat buildup will result inside the optical tube. This can damage the telescope and/or any accessories attached to the telescope. 37 For safe solar viewing, use a solar filter that reduces the intensity of the Sun's light, making it safe to view. With a filter you can see sunspots as they move across the solar disk and faculae, which are bright patches seen near the Sun's edge. Solar Observing Hints · · The best time to observe the Sun is in the early morning or late afternoon when the air is cooler. To center the Sun without looking into the eyepiece, watch the shadow of the telescope tube until it forms a circular shadow. To ensure accurate tracking, be sure to select the solar tracking rate. · Observing Deep Sky Objects Deep-sky objects are simply those objects outside the boundaries of our solar system. They include star clusters, planetary nebulae, diffuse nebulae, double stars and other galaxies outside our own Milky Way. Most deep-sky objects have a large angular size. Therefore, low-to-moderate power is all you need to see them. Visually, they are too faint to reveal any of the color seen in long exposure photographs. Instead, they appear black and white. And, because of their low surface brightness, they should be observed from a dark-sky location. Light pollution around large urban areas washes out most nebulae making them difficult, if not impossible, to observe. Light Pollution Reduction filters help reduce the background sky brightness, thus increasing contrast. Seeing Conditions Viewing conditions affect what you can see through your telescope during an observing session. Conditions include transparency, sky illumination, and seeing. Understanding viewing conditions and the effect they have on observing will help you get the most out of your telescope. Transparency Transparency is the clarity of the atmosphere which is affected by clouds, moisture, and other airborne particles. Thick cumulus clouds are completely opaque while cirrus can be thin, allowing the light from the brightest stars through. Hazy skies absorb more light than clear skies making fainter objects harder to see and reducing contrast on brighter objects. Aerosols ejected into the upper atmosphere from volcanic eruptions also affect transparency. Ideal conditions are when the night sky is inky black. Sky Illumination General sky brightening caused by the Moon, aurorae, natural airglow, and light pollution greatly affect transparency. While not a problem for the brighter stars and planets, bright skies reduce the contrast of extended nebulae making them difficult, if not impossible, to see. To maximize your observing, limit deep sky viewing to moonless nights far from the light polluted skies found around major urban areas. LPR filters enhance deep sky viewing from light polluted areas by blocking unwanted light while transmitting light from certain deep sky objects. You can, on the other hand, observe planets and stars from light polluted areas or when the Moon is out. Seeing Seeing conditions refers to the stability of the atmosphere and directly affects the amount of fine detail seen in extended objects. The air in our atmosphere acts as a lens which bends and distorts incoming light rays. The amount of bending depends on air density. Varying temperature layers have different densities and, therefore, bend light differently. Light rays from the same object arrive slightly displaced creating an imperfect or smeared image. These atmospheric 38 disturbances vary from time-to-time and place-to-place. The size of the air parcels compared to your aperture determines the "seeing" quality. Under good seeing conditions, fine detail is visible on the brighter planets like Jupiter and Mars, and stars are pinpoint images. Under poor seeing conditions, images are blurred and stars appear as blobs. The conditions described here apply to both visual and photographic observations. Figure 6-1 Seeing conditions directly affect image quality. These drawings represent a point source (i.e., star) under bad seeing conditions (left) to excellent conditions (right). Most often, seeing conditions produce images that lie some where between these two extremes. Using the Lens Cap Aperture Stop As mentioned earlier, all refractive optics will exhibit some amount of chromatic aberration due to the prism effect of lenses. Chromatic aberration will become more pronounced the farther the incoming light rays are off-axis (i.e. passing through the edge of the objective lens) and virtually unnoticeable on-axis (passing through the center of the objective lens). This type of aberration is only evident when observing very bright sources of light, such as bright planets and very luminous stars (like Sirius). There are several techniques that the observer can employ to suppress visible signs of chromatic aberration, these include; reducing the aperture and using filters. The objective lens cap covering the objective lens of the telescope has a built-in 112mm aperture stop in the center. By leaving the lens cap on the telescope with the aperture stop removed, you will allow all the incoming light to pass closer to the center of the optical axis. Since, most planets are extremely bright objects (visible to the unaided eye) any loss of light from reducing the aperture will be unnoticeable. The lens cap should always be completely removed when observing deep-sky objects such as galaxies and nebulae, where aperture (light gathering power) is essential and chromatic aberration is not an issue. Another useful technique for reducing aberrations and improving planetary detail is the use of colored eyepiece filters. Filters are commonly used to bring out particular planetary detail, such as the polar caps on Mars or the bands and zones around Jupiter. The use of Celestron's Contrast Booster (#94121) reduces the effect of chromatic aberration as well as improves contrast and resolution. 39 After looking at the night sky for a while you may want to try photographing it. Several forms of photography are possible with your telescope, including terrestrial and celestial photography. Both of these are discussed in moderate detail with enough information to get you started. Topics include the accessories required and some simple techniques. More information is available in some of the publications listed at the end of this manual. In addition to the specific accessories required for each type of celestial photography, there is the need for a camera but not just any camera. The camera does not have to have many of the features offered on today's state-of-the-art equipment. For example, you don't need auto focus capability or mirror lock up. Here are the mandatory features a camera needs for celestial photography. First, a "B" setting which allows for time exposures. This excludes point and shoot cameras and limits the selection to SLR cameras, the most common type of 35mm camera on the market today. Second, the "B" or manual setting should NOT run off the battery. Many new electronic cameras use the battery to keep the shutter open during time exposures. Once the batteries are drained, usually after a few minutes, the shutter closes, whether you were finished with the exposure or not. Look for a camera that has a manual shutter when operating in the time exposure mode. Olympus, Nikon, Minolta, Pentax, Canon and others have made such camera bodies. The camera must have interchangeable lenses so you can attach it to the telescope and so you can use a variety of lenses for piggyback photography. If you can't find a new camera, you can purchase a used camera body that is not 100-percent functional. The light meter, for example, does not have to be operational since you will be determining the exposure length manually. You also need a cable release with a locking function to hold the shutter open while you do other things. Mechanical and air release models are available. Piggyback The easiest way to enter the realm of deep-sky, long exposure astrophotography is via the piggyback method. Piggyback photography is done with a camera and its normal lens riding on top of the telescope. Through piggyback photography you can capture entire constellations and record large scale nebulae that are too big for prime focus photography. Because you are photographing with a low power lens and guiding with a high power telescope, the margin for error is very large. Small mistakes made while guiding the telescope will not show up on film. To attach the camera to the telescope, use the piggyback adapter screw located on the top of the tube mounting ring. It may be necessary to remove the finder scope bracket before attaching the camera. As with any form of deep-sky photography, it should be done from a dark sky observing site. Light pollution around major urban areas washes out the faint light of deep-sky objects. You can still practice from less ideal skies. 1. 2. 3. 4. Polar align the telescope (using one of the methods described earlier) and start the motor drive. Load your camera with slide film, ISO 100 or faster, or print film, ISO 400 or faster! Set the f/ratio of your camera lens so that it is a half stop to one full stop down from completely open. Set the shutter speed to the "B" setting and focus the lens to the infinity setting. 40 5. 6. Locate the area of the sky that you want to photograph and move the telescope so that it points in that direction. Find a suitable guide star in the telescope eyepiece field of view. This is relatively easy since you can search a wide area without affecting the area covered by your camera lens. If you do not have an illuminated cross hair eyepiece for guiding, simply defocus your guide star until it fills most of the field of view. This makes it easy to detect any drift. Release the shutter using a cable release. Monitor your guide star for the duration of the exposure making the necessary corrections needed to keep the star centered. 7. 8. Short Exposure Prime Focus Photography Short exposure prime focus photography is the best way to begin recording celestial objects. It is done with the camera attached to the telescope without an eyepiece or camera lens in place. To attach your camera, you need the T-adapter and a T-Ring for your specific camera (i.e., Minolta, Nikon, Pentax, etc.). The C6-R focuser has a built-in T-adapter and are ready to accept a 35mm camera body. The T-Ring replaces the 35mm SLR camera's normal lens. Prime focus photography allows you to capture the entire solar disk (if using the proper filter) as well as the entire lunar disk. To attach your camera to your telescope: 1 2 Remove the eyepiece from the 1 1/4" eyepiece holder. Unthread the 1 1/4" eyepiece holder from the focuser assembly. This will expose the male thread of the builtin T-adapter. Thread the T-ring onto the exposed T-adapter threads. Mount your camera body onto the T-Ring the same as you would any other lens. With your camera attached to the telescope, you are ready for prime focus photography. Start with an easy object like the Moon. Here's how to do it: 1. Load your camera with film that has a moderate-to-fast speed (i.e., ISO rating). Faster films are more desirable when the Moon is a crescent. When the Moon is near full, and at its brightest, slower films are more desirable. Here are some film recommendations: · · · · 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. T-Max 100 T-Max 400 Any 100 to 400 ISO color slide film Fuji Super HG 400 3 4 Center the Moon in the field of your telescope. Focus the telescope by turning the focus knob until the image is sharp. Set the shutter speed to the appropriate setting (see table 7-1). Trip the shutter using a cable release. Advance the film and repeat the process. 41 Lunar Phase Crescent Quarter Full ISO 50 1/2 1/15 1/30 ISO 100 1/4 1/30 1/60 ISO 200 1/8 1/60 1/125 ISO 400 1/15 1/125 1/250 Table 7-1 Above is a listing of recommended exposure times when photographing the Moon at the prime focus of your telescope. The exposure times listed in table 7-1 should be used as a starting point. Always make exposures that are longer and shorter than the recommended time. Also, take a few photos at each shutter speed. This will ensure that you will get a good photo. · · If using black and white film, try a yellow filter to reduce the light intensity and to increase contrast. Keep accurate records of your exposures. This information is useful if you want to repeat your results or if you want to submit some of your photos to various astronomy magazines for possible publication! This technique is also used for photographing the Sun with the proper solar filter. · Terrestrial Photography Your telescope makes an excellent telephoto lens for terrestrial (land) photography. Terrestrial photography is best done will the telescope tracking drive turned off. To turn the tracking drive off, press the MENU (9) button on the hand control and scroll down to the Tracking Mode sub menu. Use the Up and Down scroll keys (10) to select the Off option and press ENTER. This will turn the tracking motors off, so that objects will remain in your camera's field of view. Metering The Advanced Series telescope has a fixed aperture and, as a result, fixed f/ratios. To properly expose your subjects photographically, you need to set your shutter speed accordingly. Most 35mm SLR cameras offer through-the-lens metering which lets you know if your picture is under or overexposed. Adjustments for proper exposures are made by changing the shutter speed. Consult your camera manual for specific information on metering and changing shutter speeds. Reducing Vibration Releasing the shutter manually can cause vibrations, producing blurred photos. To reduce vibration when tripping the shutter, use a cable release. A cable release keeps your hands clear of the camera and lens, thus eliminating the possibility of introducing vibration. Mechanical shutter releases can be used, though air-type releases are best. Blurry pictures can also result from shutter speeds that are too slow. To prevent this, use films that produce shutter speeds greater than 1/250 of a second when hand-holding the lens. If the lens is mounted on a tripod, the exposure length is virtually unlimited. Another way to reduce vibration is with the Vibration Suppression Pads (#93503). These pads rest between the ground and tripod feet. They reduce the vibration amplitude and vibration time. 42 Auto Guiding The Advanced GT telescope has a designated auto guiding port for use with a CCD autoguider. The diagram below may be useful when connecting the CCD camera cable to the telescope and calibrating the autoguider. Note that the four outputs are active-low, with internal pull-ups and are capable of sinking 25 mA DC. 43 While your telescope requires little maintenance, there are a few things to remember that will ensure your telescope performs at its best. Care and Cleaning of the Optics Occasionally, dust and/or moisture may build up on the objective lens of your telescope. Special care should be taken when cleaning any instrument so as not to damage the optics. If dust has built up on the lens, remove it with a brush (made of camel's hair) or a can of pressurized air. Spray at an angle to the lens for approximately two to four seconds. Then, use an optical cleaning solution and white tissue paper to remove any remaining debris. Apply the solution to the tissue and then apply the tissue paper to the lens. Low pressure strokes should go from the center of the lens to the outer portion. Do NOT rub in circles! You can use a commercially made lens cleaner or mix your own. A good cleaning solution is isopropyl alcohol mixed with distilled water. The solution should be 60% isopropyl alcohol and 40% distilled water. Or, liquid dish soap diluted with water (a couple of drops per one quart of water) can be used. Occasionally, you may experience dew build-up on the lens of your telescope during an observing session. If you want to continue observing, the dew must be removed, either with a hair dryer (on low setting) or by pointing the telescope at the ground until the dew has evaporated. If moisture condenses on the inside of the lens, remove the accessories from the rear cell of the telescope. Place the telescope in a dust-free environment and point it down. This will remove the moisture from the telescope tube. To minimize the need to clean your telescope, replace all lens covers once you have finished using it. Since the rear cell is NOT sealed, the cover should be placed over the opening when not in use. This will prevent contaminants from entering the optical tube. Internal adjustments and cleaning should be done only by the Celestron repair department. If your telescope is in need of internal cleaning, please call the factory for a return authorization number and price quote. Collimation Collimation is the process of aligning the optical axis of each optical element with each other and with the mechanical axis of the telescope tube. For a refractor telescope design this means aligning the optical axis of the objective lens with the optical axis of the eyepiece on the other end of the tube. Your C6-R refractor was properly aligned at the factory, however rough handling while traveling may eventually alter the alignment of the lens. Your Celestron refractor telescope comes with a fully adjustable objective lens housing to ensure proper alignment of the optical axis. To determine whether or not re-collimation is necessary, the telescope should be set up outside at night. It should be a still night and one in which you have let the telescope Collimation Screws (Allen head) Mounting Screws (Phillips head) Figure 8-1 ­ Objective lens housing (with lens shade removed) show mounting and collimation screws. 44 sit outside for 15 to 30 minutes before attempting collimation. You should also wait for a night with good seeing conditions and avoid looking over anything that produces heat waves (i.e., roof tops, car hoods, etc.). Pick a bright star and center it in the field of the telescope. Study the image of the star while racking it in and out of focus using an eyepiece that yields 30 to 60 power for every inch of aperture. If an unsymmetrical focus pattern is present, then collimation is necessary. (If the telescope is properly collimated, the out of focus star image will appear as a concentric ring pattern similar to that shown in Figure 8-2). To collimate, the telescope should be on either a motor driven (i.e., tracking) equatorial mount that is approximately polar aligned or pointed at a stationary star without the motor drive running. Polaris, the North Star, is the perfect collimation star for northern hemisphere observers since it appears motionless against the background sky long enough to perform the collimation procedure. Polaris is the last star in the handle of the Little Dipper (Ursa Minor) and its distance above the northern horizon is always equal to your latitude angle. Prior to collimating, locate the three (3) screws on the objective lens housing on the front of the tube. (These screws attach the objective lens housing to the main tube and should not be removed). It may be necessary to remove the lens shade from the front of the tube to allow easy access to the collimation screws. Next to each mounting screw is a shorter Allen screw that pushes against the optical tube to pivot the objective lens housing (see Figure 1). In order to make an adjustment, the outer screw is loosened while the Allen screw is turned in or out. Then, the outer screw is tightened. Only one of the three (3) sets is adjusted at a time. Normally motions on the order of 1/8 turn will make a difference, with only about 1/2 to 3/4 turn being the maximum required. Do NOT remove or back out the holder screws more than one (1) to two (2) turns! With Polaris or another bright star centered in the field of view, focus with your highest power eyepiece (i.e., one with the shortest focal length). This includes eyepieces in the 4mm to 6mm range. The star should be well centered in the field of view of the eyepiece. It may be helpful for two people working together, while one views and instructs the other which screws are correctly turned and by how much. Start by loosening the Phillips head screws about 1 turn and advancing the Allen screw to see if the motion is correct. If not, undo what you did and try another set of screws. After making the first of each adjustment, it is necessary to re-aim the telescope tube to center the star again in the field of view. It can then be judged for symmetry by going just inside and outside of exact focus and noting the star's pattern. Improvement should be seen if the proper adjustments are made. Since three (3) sets of screws are present, it may be necessary to move at least two (2) sets of screws to achieve the necessary lens movement. Do NOT over tighten the outer holding screws! Once in collimation, your telescope should not need additional collimation unless the telescope has been bumped or jarred severely. In fact, most observers will find the telescope's collimation right out of the box to be satisfactory. Exact collimation is only necessary for discriminating observers that require optimal imagery. Figure 8-2 A collimated telescope should appear as a symmetrical ring pattern similar to the diffraction disk seen here. Collimating Eyepiece- Your refractor includes a collimating eyepiece that can help you to roughly check the alignment of your telescope in the daytime. The collimating eyepiece has a pin hole site that helps you determine if the optics are properly aligned with the tube. With the focuser racked in all the way and the diagonal removed, place the collimating eyepiece inside the focuser tube. If the telescope is properly collimated, you should be able to see the entire edge of the objective lens when looking through the pin hole. If the objective lens appears oval, then it may be necessary to collimate the telescope as described above. 45 You will find that additional accessories enhance your viewing pleasure and expand the usefulness of your telescope. For ease of reference, all the accessories are listed in alphabetical order. Adapter AC (#18773) - Allow DC (battery powered) telescopes to be converted for use with 120 volt AC power. Auxiliary Port Accessory (#93965) ­ This accessory plugs into the auxiliary port of the telescopes control panel to provide additional ports for accessories like the CN-16 GPS as well as a PC programming port. Barlow Lens - A Barlow lens is a negative lens that increases the focal length of a telescope. Used with any eyepiece, it doubles the magnification of that eyepiece. Celestron offers two Barlow lens in the 1-1/4" size. The 2x Ultima Barlow (#93506) is a compact triplet design that is fully multicoated for maximum light transmission and parfocal when used with the Ultima eyepieces. The OMNI Barlow (#93326) is a compact achromatic Barlow lens that is under three inches long and weighs only 4 oz. It works very well with all Celestron eyepieces. Eyepieces - Like telescopes, eyepieces come in a variety of designs. Each design has its own advantages and disadvantages. For the 1-1/4" barrel diameter there are four different eyepiece designs available. · OMNI Plössl - Plössl eyepieces have a 4-element lens designed for low-to-high power observing. The Plössls offer razor sharp views across the entire field, even at the edges! In the 1-1/4" barrel diameter, they are available in the following focal lengths: 4mm, 6mm, 9mm, 12.5mm, 15mm, 20mm, 25mm, 32mm and 40mm.