User manual GARMIN GPS 48

GPS 48 Personal NavigatorTM Owner's Manual & Reference Software Version 4.55 or above © 1998-1999 GARMIN Corporation 1200 E. 151st Street, Olathe, Kansas 66062 USA Tel: 913-397-8200 Fax: 913-397-8282 GARMIN (Europe) Ltd. Unit 5, The Quadrangle, Abbey Park, Romsey, Hampshire SO51 9AQ UK Tel: 011-44-1794-519944 Fax: 011-44-1794-519222 GARMIN (Asia) Corp. No. 68, Jangshu 2nd Rd., Shijr, Taipei County, Taiwan Tel: 011-886-2-2642-9199 Web Site Address: www.garmin.com All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided herein, no part of this manual may be reproduced, copied, transmitted, disseminated, downloaded or stored in any storage medium, for any purpose without prior written consent of GARMIN Corporation. GARMIN Corporation hereby grants permission to download a single copy of this manual onto a hard drive or other eletronic storage medium to be viewed for personal use, provided that such electronic or printed copy of this manual contains the complete text of this copyright notice and provided further that any unauthorized commercial distribution of this manual is strictly prohibited. Information in this manual is subject to change without notice. GARMIN Corporation reserves the right to change or improve its products and to make changes in the content without obligation to notify any person or organization of such changes. Visit the GARMIN website (www.garmin.com) for current updates and supplemental information concerning the use and operation of this and other GARMIN products. GARMIN, Personal Navigator, AutoLocate, TracBack, and PhaseTrac12 are all trademarks of GARMIN Corporation and may not be used without the express permission of GARMIN Corporation. December 1999 - Part Number 190-00141-00 Rev. B - Printed in Taiwan Fax: 011-886-2-2642-9099 INTRODUCTION GPS 48 Owner's Manual Packing List Thank you for choosing the GARMIN GPS 48 --the smallest, easiestto-use GPS navigator for outdoor use! The GPS 48 represents GARMIN's continuing commitment to provide quality navigation information in a versatile and user-friendly flexible design you'll enjoy for years. To get the most from your new GPS, take the time to read through the owner's manual in order to understand the operating features of the GPS 48. This manual is organized into four sections for your convenience: Introduction gives a quick overview of the manual and contains the table of contents and the glossary of navigational terms. Getting Started introduces you to the basic features of the unit and provides a quick-start orientation to the GPS 48. Reference provides details about the advanced features and operations of the GPS 48 by topic. The Appendix section contains initialization instructions and items with multiple listings, such as map datums, time offsets, and the index. Before getting started with your GPS, check to see that your GARMIN GPS 48 package includes the following items. If you are missing any parts, please contact your dealer immediately. Standard Package: · GPS 48 Unit · Wrist Strap · Carrying Case · Owner's Manual · Quick Reference Guide · 4 AA Batteries See your GARMIN dealer for accessories including our PC kit, swivel mounts, external antennas, and power/data cables. We hope the GPS 48 will meet all of your navigation needs and know it will become a valuable part of your outdoor gear. i INTRODUCTION Caution The GPS system is operated by the government of the United States, which is solely responsible for its accuracy and maintenance. The system is subject to changes which could affect the accuracy and performance of all GPS equipment. Although the GPS 48 is a precision electronic NAVigation AID (NAVAID), any NAVAID can be misused or misinterpreted and, therefore, become unsafe. Use the GPS 48 at your own risk. To reduce the risk of unsafe operation, carefully review and understand all aspects of this Operator's Manual and thoroughly practice operation using the simulator mode prior to actual use. When in actual use, carefully compare indications from the GPS 48 to all available navigation sources including the information from other NAVAIDs, visual sightings, maps, etc. For safety, always resolve any discrepancies before continuing navigation. NOTE: This device meets requirements for Part 15 of the FCC limits for Class B digital devices for home or office use. It has been tested for compliance with all necessary FCC standards. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to other equipment, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by relocating the equipment or connecting the equipment to a different circuit than the affected equipment. Consult an authorized dealer or other qualified service technician for additional help if these remedies do not correct the problem. Operation is subject to the following conditions: (1) This device cannot cause harmful interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation. The GPS 48 does not contain any user-serviceable parts. Repairs should only be made by an authorized service center. Unauthorized repairs or modifications could void your warranty and your authority to operate this device under Part 15 regulations. ii INTRODUCTION Table of Contents SECTION ONE Introduction Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3 Navigation Basics & Key Pad Usage & Data Entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-5 SECTION TWO Getting Started Initializing for First Time Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-7 Primary Page Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-9 Power On & Marking a Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Position Page, Map Basics, & Going To A Waypoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Compass Page & Cancelling A GOTO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Clearing the Map Display, Screen Contrast, & Power Off . . . . . . . . . . .13 SECTION THREE Reference Satellite Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14-15 Battery Level Indicator, Backlighting, and Emergency Erase . . . . . . . . .16 Position Page & User Selectable Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17-18 Map Page & Marine Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19-21 Map Page, Zooming, Panning & Configuring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22-23 Map Page, Track Log, City, & Navaid Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24-27 Using the Highway & Compass Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28-31 Marking a Position & Position Averaging Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 Waypoint Pages & Managing Waypoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33-37 Selecting a GOTO Destination & Man Overboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 TrackBack Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39-40 Creating & Using Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41-45 Menu Page & Distance/Sun Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 System Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46-48 Navigation Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49-51 Interface Setup & DGPS Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52-53 Alarms Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 Find City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 Navigation Simulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 SECTION FOUR Appendices Appendix A­­Specifications & Wiring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57-60 Appendix B--Messages and Time Offsets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61-62 Appendix C--Map Datums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63-64 Appendix D--Navaid Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 Appendix E--Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66-68 1 INTRODUCTION Glossary The GPS 48 is a powerful navigation tool that can guide you anywhere in the world. To better understand its operation and capabilities, it may be helpful to review the basic terms and concepts briefly explained below. Other navigation and GPS definitions used in the manual are defined in the appropriate reference sections of the manual. Almanac Data Satellite constellation information (including location and health of satellites) that is transmitted to your receiver from every GPS satellite. Almanac data must be acquired before GPS navigation can begin. Bearing The compass direction from your position to a destination. Course Made Good (CMG) The bearing from the "active from" position (your starting point) to your present position. Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) The sca;e on the highway page indicating amount of off corse deviation. Course To Steer (CTS) The bearing giving the most efficient direction to your destination. Crosstrack Error (XTK) The distance you are off a desired course in either direction. Desired Track (DTK) The compass course between the "from" and "to" waypoints. Differential GPS (DGPS) An extension of the GPS system that uses land-based radio beacons to transmit position corrections to GPS receivers. Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA) The time of day of your arrival at a destination. 2 INTRODUCTION Glossary Estimated Time Enroute (ETE) The time left to your destination at your present speed. Grid Coordinate system that projects the earth on a flat surface, using square zones for position measurements. UTM/UPS and Maidenhead formats are grid systems. Ground Speed (SPD) The velocity you are traveling relative to a ground position. Latitude The north/south measurement of position perpendicular to the earth's polar axis. Longitude An east/west measurement of position in relation to the Prime Meridian, an imaginary circle that passes through the north and south poles. Navigation The process of traveling from one place to another and knowing where you are in relation to your desired course. Position An exact, unique location based on a geographic coordinate system. Track (TRK) The direction of movement relative to a ground position. Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) A grid coordinate system that projects global sections onto a flat surface to measure position in specific zones. Velocity Made Good (VMG) The speed you are traveling in the direction of the destination. Waypoint A specific location saved in the receiver's memory. 3 INTRODUCTION Navigation Basics The GPS 48 provides steering guidance and navigation information using degrees, a measurement measured in a clockwise direction from a north reference. North is described as 000º, east as 090º, south as 180º, and west as 270º. The diagram and compass rose below provide a graphic illustration of the navigation terms used by the GPS 48. More information on basic navigation and GPS are available at your local library or bookstore. "ACTIVE TO" WAYPOINT "A CT IV NORTH NORTH EL BRG SP EE D DIST EG " TRK RA CK ER DTK "ACTIVE FROM" WAYPOINT 4 GR OU ND CR OS ST RO R ANC E INTRODUCTION Keypad Usage & Data Entry B P M G E Q U D LR Turns the unit on and off and activates screen backlighting. Scrolls through the main data pages in sequence and returns display from a submenu page to a primary page. Captures a position and displays the mark position page. Displays GOTO page with the waypoint highlighted for GOTO operation. Pressing GOTO twice activates MOB. Confirms data entry and activates highlighted fields to allow data entry. Returns display to a previous page, or restores a data field's previous value. Selects alphanumerical characters and menu choices and moves the field highlight from field to field. Moves the selected character field and moves the field highlight from field to field. DATA ENTRY The arrow keypad is used for all data entry. Use the U and D keys to select letters, numbers, and menu options; use the L and R keys to move the cursor forward or backward along the line. Press E to begin entering data, and to confirm your entry. 5 GETTING STARTED Initializing Your GPS 48 for First-Time Use The GPS 48 does not require initialization under normal day-to-day use. However, initialization may reduce the time it takes to compute a position fix after one of the following events: · After memory loss · When the receiver has been moved more than 500 miles with the power off. Additionally, it may be necessary to initialize the unit the first time you use it, if it does not acquire a fix in a few minutes. The receiver is shipped from the factory in AutoLocateTM mode, which enables the GPS 48 to determine its location anywhere in the world. Another method is the graphic initialization described below, which usually provides a fix in a few minutes. To turn the GPS 48 on: 1. Press and hold B until the receiver turns on. Initializing the Receiver Hold the receiver parallel to the ground and rotate the antenna perpendicular to the receiver. Welcome Page The welcome page is displayed while the unit conducts a self test, followed by a warning page. Once testing is complete, the warning page is replaced by the Satellite Page, with the EZinit prompt ready for you to select one of two initialization methods: ·Select Country­­allows you to initialize the receiver by selecting your present position from a list of countries in the GPS 48's internal database. This method usually provides a position fix in a few minutes. ·AutolocateTM ­­allows the GPS 48 to initialize itself and calculate a position fix without knowing your present position. This usually provides a position fix in 3-5 minutes. The EZinit prompt can be activated from the satellite page by pressing the E key if the unit has not acquired satellites. Note: If the EZinit prompt appears after you have initialized the receiver (due to the antenna's view of satellites being obstructed), highlight the `NO RE-INIT' selection with the arrow keypad and press E. 6 To initialize the receiver: 1. If the `COUNTRY' option is not highlighted, press the D key repeatedly to move the field highlight to the `COUNTRY' option. 2. Press the E key. 3. Use the D key to scroll through the list options until the country of your present location appears. If the country you're in is not listed, select another country within 500 miles of your present position. 4. Use theU key to highlight the country/state/region you're in. 5. Press E to finish. GETTING STARTED Initializing the Receiver The GPS 48 now begins searching for the appropriate satellites for your location and should acquire a position within 3-5 minutes. You can verify that you have acquired a position by watching the Satellite Page transition to the Position Page (provided you haven't pressed any other buttons) or by looking for a `2D NAV' or `3D NAV' status at the top-left corner of the Satellite Page. Initialization Troubleshooting If you have trouble initializing the receiver or acquiring a position, check the following: · Does the unit have a clear view of the sky? The EZinit prompt will automatically appear if the receiver needs to be initialized. The prompt may also appear during normal use if the antenna is shaded or the unit is indoors. If there are large buildings or mountains nearby, or if there is heavy tree cover, the receiver may not be receiving enough satellite signals to calculate a position. · Have you selected the right country/state/region from the EZinit list? Check for the correct approximate lat/lon on the Position Page, or reselect the appropriate country from the list to restart the initialization. · Have you moved more than 500 miles from the last calculated position with the receiver off? Reinitialize the receiver, selecting the country/state/ region of your new location from the EZinit list. Your unit should now be initialized. Use the arrow keypad to highlight the country and region or state (if necessary) of your present position from the list and press ENTER. If the country is not listed, select the closest country instead. 7 GETTING STARTED Primary Pages Before we start the tour, let's briefly look at the five primary information pages used for the GPS 48. Switch between pages by pressing either the Q or J keys. Primary Pages J Q Satellite Page The Satellite Page shows satellite positions and signal strength. Satellite positions are displayed using two circles and a center point. The outer circle shows satellites on level with the horizon; the inner circle is 45º above the horizon; and the center point represents satellites directly overhead. Knowing satellite positions will show you the direction of any blocked signals. The bottom of the page contains a row of signal strength bars corresponding to each satellite being used. Satellite Page The Satellite Page will allow you to monitor satellite signal reception and strength. Position Page The Position Page shows you where you are, what direction you're heading and how fast you're going. The top of the page contains a compass tape which is a graphic representation of your heading. Your track and speed are indicated immediately below. The graphic compass tape reflects your heading only while you are moving. ! Position Page 8 The rest of the page shows your current position in three dimensions: latitude, longitude, and altitude. A trip odometer and 12/24-hour clock are also provided. Map Page The Map Page acts as a window. It allows you to view your position, the "path" you have traveled over, and nearby navaids, cities and waypoints. A diamond icon in the center of the screen represents your current position. As you move, you will see a thin line - called a track log - appear along the path you have just covered. The GPS 48 contains a built­in marine database that displays city locations and nautical navaids on the moving map. The database is covered on pages 21-22. The bottom corners of the map will always display your current track and speed. When going to a waypoint, highlighting an on-screen waypoint, or using the panning target crosshair, the corresponding distance and bearing are shown at the top corners of the map. The top of the screen contains the zoom, pan, and configuration fields. GETTING STARTED Primary Pages Navigation Page A navigation page gives you steering guidance when going to a waypoint. The GPS 48 has two navigation page choices: the Compass Page and the Highway Page. The Compass Page is the default and briefly explained here. The Highway Page is covered on pages 28 and 31. The Compass Page shows the destination waypoint at the top of the page with the bearing (BRG) and distance (DST) to the waypoint shown below. The center of the page contains a compass ring and arrow to show you the direction of the waypoint from the direction you are moving. The bottom of the page gives your track (TRK), speed (SPD), and a selectable field for estimated time to arrival (ETA), estimated time enroute (ETE), course to steer (CTS), crosstrack error, (XTK), velocity made good (VMG), or turn bearing (TRN). The Map Page shows your progress on a moving map plotter and gives a bird's­eye­view of surrounding naviads, cities and waypoints. Menu Page The last primary page is the Menu Page. The Menu Page gives you access to the GPS 48's waypoint management, route, track log, and setup features through a list of submenus. The Compass Page is the default navigation page and will show you the way to the waypoint from the direction you are moving. 9 GETTING STARTED Getting Started Tour Now that you've seen the primary pages, let's get started by taking a simple tour to show you the basics about using your GPS 48. The tour assumes that your unit has been turned on, initialized, and that none of the factory settings (units of measure, selectable fields, etc.) have been changed. If these settings have been changed, the pictures and descriptions you see in this manual may not match what you see on your screen. Power On & Marking a Position Turning the GPS 48 On 1. Press B until the receiver turns on. The Welcome Page will be shown while the unit conducts a self test. The welcome page will appear while the unit conducts a self test. Once testing is complete, the Satellite Page will appear. When sufficient satellite signals have been acquired, the Satellite Page will be replaced by the Position Page. If your unit acquires a position rapidly it will skip the Satellite Page. Marking a Position GPS is really about marking and going to places called waypoints. Before we can use our GPS 48 to guide us somewhere, we have to mark a position as a waypoint. (Your GPS 48 can hold up to 500 waypoints.) To mark your present position: 1. Press the M key. The mark position page will appear, with a default three-digit name for the new waypoint in the upper-left portion of the page. To rename the waypoint: 1. Highlight the name field, and press E. 2. Enter the waypoint name `HOME', and press E. (See pg. 9 for data entry.) The waypoint symbol field will become highlighted. Press the UP arrow to move forward through the alphabet or numbers and the DOWN arrow to move backward. Each waypoint may also be assigned a custom waypoint symbol for easy waypoint recognition on the map. To change the waypoint symbol: 1. Highlight the waypoint symbol field, and press E. 2. Select the house symbol, and press E. 3. Move the cursor to the `DONE?' prompt, and press E. 10 Using the Position Page Walk at a brisk pace for 3-4 minutes and watch the Position Page. The direction you are moving (track), your speed, trip distance, and altitude are shown on the upper half of the screen. The latitude and longitude of your position are displayed in the middle of the page, with the time of day shown below. Let's continue by moving to the next page: 1. Press P. GETTING STARTED Map Page & Going to a Waypoint Map Page The next page is the Map Page. To ensure we can see our entire trip on the map, lets change the map scale from .2nm (default) to 1.2nm. 1. Use the arrow keys to highlight the `ZM' field at the top left of the Map Page and press E. 2. Press the U arrow until `1nm' is shown and press E. The Map Page displays your present position as a diamond icon and provides a real time graphic "breadcrumb" display of your track right on the screen. The Map Page shows your present position as a diamond icon in the center of the map. The house symbol labeled `HOME' is the waypoint you created and the line connecting the two is your track log. 1. Now turn approximately 90º to your right and continue walking for another 2-3 minutes. Notice how the display changes, always keeping the direction you are moving at the top of the map . Going to a Waypoint Once you've stored a waypoint in memory, you may return to it by performing a GOTO. A GOTO is a straight-line course from your present position to the destination you've selected. Let's navigate back to our starting position, the HOME waypoint. To select a GOTO destination: 1. Press G. 2. Highlight the `HOME' waypoint, and press E. The GOTO waypoint page allows you to select a destination from a list of all available waypoints in the GPS 48's memory. You'll notice that you'll automatically return to the Map Page, and a straight line will connect your current position to the position of the GOTO waypoint. Let's continue by moving to the next page: 1. Press P. 11 GETTING STARTED Highway Page Bearing to Waypoint Track Over Ground Destination Waypoint Graphic Highway Distance to Waypoint Speed Over Ground CDI Scale User Selectable Field Highway Page & Cancelling a GOTO The GPS48 will also provide steering guidance with a Graphic Compass display. The GPS 48's Highway Page provides graphic steering guidance to a destination waypoint, with emphasis on the straight-line desired course, the distance and direction you are off course. As you head toward your destination, the middle of the screen provides visual guidance to your waypoint on a moving graphic "highway." Your present position is represented by the diamond in the center of the CDI scale. The line down the middle of the highway represents your desired track. As you navigate toward a waypoint, the highway will actually move--indicating the direction you're off course--relative to the position diamond on the CDI scale. To stay on course, simply steer in toward the center of the highway. To select the Compass Page 1. From the Highway Page, press E twice. Once a GOTO is activated, the GPS 48 provides steering guidance until the GOTO is canceled. To cancel a GOTO, highlight the cancel prompt at the bottom of the page and press ENTER. The Compass Page will now become the displayed navigation page. This page provides a directional pointer to your destination, by using a rotating compass display to show direction of travel. It provides better steering guidance at slower speeds with many directional changes. Cancelling a GOTO If you decide to stop navigating to the active waypoint, all you have to do is cancel the GOTO. To cancel an active GOTO: 1. Press the G key. 2. Use the arrow keypad to move the field highlight to the `CANCEL GOTO' prompt at the bottom of the page and press E. 12 Clearing a Cluttered Map Display After you've used the GPS 48 for a few trips, you may find that your map display has become a bit messy from keeping track of your every move. For practice, let's clean up the screen by clearing the track log (the plot points left on the Map Page) we've just created during the Getting Started tour. 1. Press P or Q until the Map Page appears. 2. Highlight the `CFG' field and press E. 3. Highlight `Track Setup' and press E. 4. Highlight the `CLEAR LOG?' option and press E. The clear log confirmation page will appear. 5. Use the L key to highlight the `Yes' prompt. 6. Press E to finish. GETTING STARTED Clearing the Map, Contrast, & Power Off Adjusting Screen Contrast You can access the GPS 48's contrast feature from the Satellite Page. To adjust the screen contrast: 1. Press P or Q until the Satellite Page appears. 2. Press Lor Rto adjust the level of contrast, and press E. Highlight the `CLEAR LOG?' prompt and press ENTER to clear the track log. Screen Backlighting Three levels of screen backlighting are available for nighttime use. Activate backlighting by pressing the B key briefly. To change the level of backlighting, press the B key repeatatly until the desired level is of backlight is selected. Backlighting will remain on for the time specified on the system setup page (See page 48) or until turned off. Turning the Receiver Off You've now gone through the basic operation of your new GPS receiver and probably know a little more than you think about how it works. We encourage you to experiment with the GPS 48 until it becomes an extension of your own navigation skills. If you encounter any problems using the unit or want to take advantage of the GPS 48's more advanced features, turn to the reference section. To turn the GPS 48 off: 1. Press and hold the B key for 3 seconds. Pressing the LEFT or RIGHT arrows from the Satellite Page will automatically activate the screen contrast bar. 13 REFERENCE Satellite Page Satellite Page Status Field Battery Indicator Estimated Position Error Skyview Display Signal Strength Indicators The GPS 48 Satellite Page will help you determine which satellites are in view, and whether or not any satellites are being "shaded" or blocked from receiving satellite signals (See satellite 02 above). By periodically monitoring the signal strength bars at the bottom of the page and the north up sky view, you will be able to see how moving to another area with a clearer view of the sky will improve satellite reception and speed up signal acquisition. The GPS 48's Satellite Page displays the status of various receiver functions. The status information will help you understand what the GPS 48 is doing at any given time, and will tell you whether or not the receiver has calculated a position fix. Sky View and Signal Strength Bars The sky view and signal strength bars give you an indication of what satellites are visible to the receiver, whether or not they are being used to calculate a position fix, and the signal quality. The satellite sky view shows a bird's-eye-view of the position of each available satellite relative to the unit's last known position. The outer circle represents the horizon (north up); the inner circle is 45º above the horizon; and the center point is directly overhead. You can use the sky view to help determine if any satellites are being blocked, and whether you have a current position fix (indicated by a `2D NAV' or `3D NAV' in the status field). You can also set the sky view to a track up configuration by changing the `orientation' option on the Map Page. (See pg. 24 for setup instructions.) While the receiver is looking for satellites the satellite number will be highlighted in the sky view. When the receiver locates and begins satellite reception, the satellite number will no longer be highlighted and a hollow strength indicator will be displayed at the bottom of the page. After the receiver has gathered the satellite information and can use the satellite for navigation the strength indicator bar will become solid. As soon as the GPS 48 has gathered enough satellites to calculate a position the status field will indicate a 2D or 3D fix. 14 Receiver Status Receiver status is indicated at the top left of the page, with the current horizontal accuracy (estimated position error, in feet or meters) at the top right. The status will be shown as one of the following conditions: Searching-- the GPS 48 is looking for any available satellites in view. AutoLocate-- the GPS 48 is initializing and collecting new almanac data. This process can take 5 minutes, depending on the satellites currently in view. Acquiring-- the receiver is collecting data from available satellites, but has not collected enough data to calculate a 2D fix. 2D Nav (2D Navigation)-- at least three satellites with good geometry have been acquired and a 2-dimensional position fix (latitude and longitude) is being calculated. `2D Diff' will appear when you are receiving DGPS corrections in 2D mode. 3D Nav (3D Navigation)-- at least four satellites with good geometry have been acquired, and your position is now being calculated in latitude, longitude and altitude. `3D Diff' will appear when you are receiving DGPS corrections in 3D mode. Poor Cvg (Poor GPS Coverage)-- the receiver isn't tracking enough satellites for a 2D or 3D fix due to bad satellite geometry. Not Usable-- the receiver is unusable, possibly due to incorrect initialization or abnormal satellite conditions. Turn the unit off and back on to reset, and reinitialize the receiver if necessary. Simulator-- the receiver is in simulator mode. REFERENCE Receiver Status & EZinit The signal strength bars at the bottom of the page will not appear until the GPS 48 has found the satellites indicated at the bottom of the screen. EZinit Option Prompt The Satellite Page also provides access to the EZinit prompt whenever a position fix has not been calculated. (The unit must be in searching, AutoLocate, acquiring, simulator, or poor coverage mode.) This allows you to reinitialize the unit, and is useful if you have traveled over 500 miles with the receiver off. (The EZinit prompt will automatically appear if the receiver needs to be initialized. The prompt may also appear during normal use if the antenna is shaded or the unit is indoors.) If you travel over 500 miles with the receiver off, you may reinitialize the unit to your new position by using the EZinit feature. To access EZinit press ENTER from the Satellite Status Page before any satellites are acquired. 15 REFERENCE Battery Level Indicator The Satellite Page also features a battery level indicator, located to the left of the sky view, which displays the strength of the unit's batteries. The battery indicator will not appear if the receiver is using external power. The battery level indicator is calibrated for alkaline batteries. Voltage differences will display Ni-Cad and lithium batteries differently. No other receiver functions are affected. Battery Level, Backlighting & Emergency Erase ! The GPS 48 features an internal lithium battery that will maintain the unit's memory when the receiver is not running off batteries or external power. Backlighting Bulb Icon When backlighting is on, a bulb icon will appear on the Satellite Page. Use the icon to determine if backlighting is turned on during daylight hours. The GPS 48 features full-screen backlighting with three selectable levels of brightness. To activate the backlight, press the B key briefly. To increase the brightness, repeatedly press the B key. The backlight will remain on until cycled off or the backlight timeout setting has been reached (see page 48). Note: A bulb icon will appear on the Satellite Page when backlighting is turned on. Emergency Erase Function You may erase the GPS 48's memory in four quick steps. This will cause all stored data to be deleted, including: routes, waypoints, and the track log. To erase all stored data: 1. Ensure that the GPS 48 is turned off. 2. While holding down the Mkey, hold down the B key to turn the unit on. A warning message will appear with "Yes?" highlighted, and ask you to confirm your selection. 3. If you do not wish to erase all stored data, select `No?' by pressing Rand E to cancel the emergency erase. 4. If you do wish to complete the emergency erase, press E to confirm. Upon activating the Emergency Erase Function, you will be asked to confirm your decision. 16 Position Page The second page in the GPS 48's primary page sequence is the Position Page. This page shows you where you are, what direction you're heading, and how fast you're going, and it's most useful when you are traveling without an active destination waypoint. The graphic heading display at the top of the page indicates the direction you're heading (while you're moving). Directly below this display are the track, speed, and trip odometer and altitude fields (default). Track is the compass direction representing your course over the ground, and speed is how fast you're moving. The center of the page shows your current latitude and longitude in degrees and minutes. The GPS 48 uses this basic information to mark exact positions as waypoints, which help guide you from one place to another. The lower center of the page is a 12- or 24-hour clock. Both the trip odometer and the altitude fields are user selectable. Both fields offer a trip odometer, trip timer, and elapsed time. The left field offers additional selections for average speed and maximum speed, the right field for altitude. The following user-selectable options are available on the Position Page: Trip Odometer (TRIP)-- total distance traveled since last reset. Trip Timer (TTIME)-- total (cumulative) time in which a ground speed has been maintained since last reset. Elapsed Time (ELPSD)-- hours and minutes since last reset. Average Speed (AVSPD)-- average speed traveled. Maximum Speed (MXSPD)-- maximum speed traveled since last reset. Altitude (ALT)-- vertical distance above sea level. To change a user­selectable field: 1. Highlight the desired field, and press E. 2. Select the new field and press E to confirm. REFERENCE Position Page The speed and track displayed on the Position Page may fluctuate at slow speeds (or when you're standing still) because of position errors caused by Selective Availability. The user selectable fields on the Position Page give you a variety of information to choose from. 17 REFERENCE Position Page (cont) To reset timer, speed measurement, or odometer: 1. Highlight the user-selectable field, and press E. 2. Press E to confirm or Q to exit. Maximum Speed & Altitude Fields The trip odometer, trip timer, and average speed fields are linked. Resetting one of these options in a user-selectable field will automatically reset the corresponding data in the other. This ensures that information shown in these fields reflects your current trip. Maximum Speed Field To obtain the most accurate reading of average speed, keep in mind that due to the sensitivity of the GPS 48's antenna, your maximum speed value may include the effects of rapid movement, such as swinging your arm while holding the unit. To reset the maximum speed field: The user selectable fields on the Position Page give you a variety of information to choose from.Resetting the trip odometer will erase the previous mileage and set the odometer to 0. 1. Highlight the `MXSPD' field, and press E. 2. Press E to confirm the `RESET?' prompt . Altitude Field When the GPS 48 is acquiring satellites or navigating in the 2D mode, the last known altitude is used to compute your position. In cases where the GPS 48 has 2D coverage, entering your exact altitude will enable the receiver to determine a more accurate fix. Note: Altitude can only be entered when the receiver is in the 2D mode. To enter an altitude: 1. Highlight the `ALT' field, and press E. 2. Enter a value, and press E. You may enter your exact altitude to assist the GPS 48 in establishing a more accurate fix when operating in 2D mode. Note: Use caution when entering a 2D altitude, entering an incorrect altitude may significantly degrade position accuracy. 18 Map Page Zoom Scale Pan & Configure Fields Distance to Waypoint Present Position Track Over Ground Speed Over Ground REFERENCE Map Page Bearing to Waypoint The Map Page shows your position and surroundings, and provides you with a target cursor that lets you pan ahead to determine the distance and bearing to a map position, mark new waypoints and goto waypoints while you navigate. The Map Page is broken down into two sections: control fields and map section. The zoom function, panning control, and configuration fields are located at the top of the screen. The zoom function uses 12 selectable zoom ranges from 0.2 to 320 miles or 0.5 to 600 km. (Using the zoom, panning, and configure fields will be addressed in the next section.) The map portion of the page displays your present position as a diamond icon, your track and/or route as a solid line, marine database points (see page 20), and waypoints by squares or the selected symbol, the waypoint name or comment may also be displayed. Range Rings may be displayed to help estimate distances. You may select which of these features are shown through the map setup submenu page (see pg. 24 for more information). The four corners of the Map Page are used to display various navigation data, including the bearing and distance to a destination waypoint and your current track and speed over the ground. The two fields at the top corners of the map show your bearing and distance to one of three selectable destinations: an active destination waypoint, a highlighted on-screen waypoint, or the panning target crosshair. If you are not navigating to a waypoint or using the panning function, the top data fields will not be displayed. Your current track and speed are shown at the bottom corners of the display. Note: A map scale represents the distance shown from the bottom to the top of the Map Page. For example, when viewing the 10 mile scale, the distance represented between the top of the screen and bottom is 10 miles. The four corners of the Map Page are used to show your course, speed, and distance to either a cursor or to a destination waypoint. 19 REFERENCE Marine Database The GPS 48 contains an updateable, marine database that displays city locations and nautical navaids on the moving map. Check the Garmin website for possible nautical navaid updates. City locations are depicted by a small square icon, cities are displayed at the zoom scale specified on the city setup menu (see page 26). The nautical navaids contained in the GPS 48 marine database include racons, radio beacons, fog horns, daybeacons (red triangles, green squares and white diamonds), lit and unlit navaids. Each navaid is represented by a symbol on the map that will help quickly identify the type of navaid. There are 10 symbols representing the different types of navaids Marine Database Navaid labels contain abbreviated descriptions of the navaids. To view the label, highlight the navaid or zoom in until the navaid label is visible. Foghorn Racon Radio Beacon Daybeacon (red triangle) Daybeacon (green square) Daybeacon (white diamond) Lit Navaid (color indicated in symbol) City locations are displayed on the map. To configure the city locations, highlight OPT, press ENTER and select `CITY SETUP'. Lit Navaid (multicolor) Unlit Navaid (color indicated in symbol) Unlit Navaid (multicolor) 20 Marine Database (cont) Lit and unlit navaids are designated by the primary color. The navaid symbol will have the first letter in the primary color displayed in the symbol. Information about the navaid is contained in the navaid label. The navaid label can be activated two ways, either by reaching the label zoom scale set in navaid setup (see page 27) or by panning the map cursor to the navaid (see page 22). The navaid label contains an abbreviated description of the navaid. Lit Navaids have a description string with two required parts, type of light(s), color of light(s) and an optional third, period of light(s). There are many different light types; fixed, flashing, occulating and directional are just a few of these many types. There are 7 primary light colors portrayed in the unit; White, Red, Green, Orange, Yellow or Amber, Violet and Blue. Unlit Navaids can either have a normal worded description such as "TR ON PILE", or a special designation code for the shape and color within the description string. Fog Signal labels include type of sound, whistle, bell, horn, siren or diaphone and the sound characteristic, normally blasts per time. There may be an optional field showing the duration of the blast. Radio Beacons act as short range electronic navaids. The label includes their operating frequency and possibly the Morse Code characteristics assigned to that radio beacon by the Coast Guard. Racon is an acronym for RAdar beaCON. The label identifies the racon station by a series of dashes and dots. When triggered by a radar signal the racon transmits this coded reply which will appear on the radar display. REFERENCE Marine Database Lit and unlit navaids are designated by their primary color. The beginning letter of the primary color will be displayed in the symbol. W = White R = Red G =Green Y = Yellow or Amber O = Orange B = Blue or Black V = Violet 21 REFERENCE Zooming, Panning, and Configuring There are three main functions you can perform from the Map Page-- zooming, panning, and configuring (changing the map and track setup). Each of these functions has its own "field", which may be selected and activated for use. Whenever the Map Page first appears, the zoom field (at the top left) is always highlighted. The map has 12 map scales which are selected through the zoom function field. To select a zoom scale: 1. Use the arrow keypad to highlight the zoom field. 2. Press the E key to begin range selection. 3. Select a range scale and press E. Zooming Panning & Configuring A crosshair will appear when you activate the pan function. The distance and direction of the crosshair from your current position will be shown in the upper corners of the Map Page. The second function field on the Map Page is the pan field, located at the top middle of the screen. The pan function allows you to move the map with the four arrow keys to view areas outside the current map. To activate the pan function: 1. Highlight the pan field. 2. Press the E key to activate the pan function. 3. Use the arrow keys to move the map in any direction. On-Screen Pointing The crosshair will "snap" to displayed waypoints, which allows you to quickly review or go to the selected waypoint right from the Map Page. As you begin to move the map, a crosshair (plus sign) will appear. This crosshair will now serve as a target marker for the moving map. The distance and bearing to your destination will now be replaced by the distance and bearing from your present position to the target crosshair. When you pan around the map, you'll notice the target crosshair will "snap" to on-screen waypoints or navaids and highlight the waypoint name or navaid. Once a waypoint name is highlighted, you can either review its waypoint definition page or waypoint display options, or execute a GOTO function right from the Map Page. To exit the pan function: 1. Press the Q key. To review the waypoint definition page for a highlighted waypoint: 1. Press E while the waypoint is highlighted. 22 Zooming, Panning, and Configuring (cont.) From the waypoint definition page, you can also define how each individual waypoint is displayed on the map. The GPS 48 displays waypoints as a name with a corresponding symbol (e.g., "nearest fuel" and a gas pump symbol), a symbol only (e.g., a fish symbol), or a 16-character comment and corresponding symbol (e.g., "great view" and the camp site symbol). The waypoint name has a six character limit while the "comment" field has a 16-character limit, and there are 16 individual waypoint symbols available. To select a waypoint display option: 1. Highlight the "symbol" field (to the right of the name field), and press E. 2. Move the cursor to the `DISPLAY' field, and press E. 3. Select a display option, and press E to select one of the following display options: `NAME WITH SYMBOL,' `SYMBOL ONLY,' or `COMMENT WITH SYMBOL.' 4. Press E to confirm the `DONE?' prompt. 5. Press E again (on the waypoint definition page) to return to the Map Page. REFERENCE Zooming Panning & Configuring You may custom tailor the Map Page to show waypoints by any of three options. Using the Cursor to Mark and Go to Waypoints During panning, the crosshair represents a target position right on the Map Page, with the range and bearing to the target displayed at the top corners of the screen. You can use the target crosshair to mark a new MAP waypoint, to activate a direct map GOTO, or to GOTO a user waypoint or navaid right from the map. To mark the target crosshair as a new waypoint: 1. Press M. 2. Enter a name and/or route number, and press E. You can also use the target crosshair as an instant GOTO destination. This feature is similar to the MOB mode, and will allow you to mark and instantly set a course for a new waypoint called `MAP'. To go to the target crosshair: 1. Press G, and press E. Marking a Cursor Position To mark a new waypoint with the crosshair, simply pan to the desired position and press the MARK key. To save the MAP waypoint, be sure to rename it because it will be overwritten with the next MAP GOTO. 23 REFERENCE Using the Cursor to Mark and Go to (cont.) You can activate a direct GOTO to any user waypoint or navaid displayed on the map. To GOTO a user waypoint or navaid: 1. Highlight the user waypoint or navaid by panning the map cursor to the point and press E. 2. Press Gthen Eto begin navigation. Setup Windows To stop the panning function: 1. Press Q. Accessing Setup Windows You can access five additional pages--the map setup, track setup, find city, city steup and the navaid steup pages--by highlighting the `OPT' field at the top right of the Map Page, and pressing E. A menu will appear allowing you to select one of the features. The `OPT' field gives access to the map setup pages, right from the Map Page. To select a setup window: 1. Highlight the desired option, and press E. Map Setup Page and Orientation The map setup page lets you select the Map Page and satellite sky view (see pg. 14) orientation, as well as specify what items are displayed. The Map and Satellite Pages may be oriented to `NORTH UP,' `TRACK UP' (the direction of current travel), or `DTK UP' (desired track up, or the direction of travel to stay on course). The default setting is track up. To change the map orientation: 1. Highlight the `map' field, and press E. 2. Select the desired orientation, and press E. The Map Page's default screen orientation is track up. "Track Up" means that your current direction of travel is always up (or towards the top of) the screen. It can also be set for north up or desired track up orientation. Note: Selecting the `DTK UP' option will set the satellite sky view to track up orientation. The rest of the map setup page lets you specify what items are displayed or plotted on the Map Page by selecting `YES' or `NO' in the appropriate field. · 'Rings'-- displays the three present position range rings on the map. · 'Route'-- plots the straight-leg lines between waypoints of an active route and displays all route waypoint names. 24 Map Setup Page and Orientation (cont.) · 'Nearest'-- shows the nine nearest user waypoints to your position (black diamond) on the map. · 'Names'-- displays the waypoint name for the nine nearest waypoints. · 'Track Log'-- displays and plots track points on the map. REFERENCE Map & Track Setup Pages To turn a map item on or off: 1. Highlight `YES' or `NO' for the specific map item, and press E. Track Setup Page The track setup page lets you manage the GPS 48's track log data. You can also select whether to record a track log and define how it is recorded. To turn the track log on or off: 1. Highlight the `RECORD' field, and press E. 2. Select `OFF, FILL, or WRAP', and press E. (Note: Turning the track recording off will prevent using TracBack). Use the track setup page to control the way the GPS 48 manages your track log. Selecting the track method.: The stored track method determines how often positions are stored in the track log. The default setting is automatic, which will store a track based on resolution. This setting gives the most efficient use of track memory and provides the best TracBack route. To change the method to record points based on a specific time interval: 1. Highlight the `METHOD' field, and press E. 2. Select `TIME INTERVAL', and press E twice. 3. Enter hours, minutes, and seconds, and press E. Entering a time interval in to the track recording criteria will plot your position points further apart than they would be in the `Automatic' setting. This will increase the distance you can travel without using up your track log, but will greatly reduce the effectiveness of TracBack. 25 REFERENCE Managing and Clearing the Track Log The rest of the track setup window displays the percentage of available memory currently used to store track log data, and a function fields to clear the track log memory. Note: Clearing the track log will not erase waypoints. To clear the track log: 1. Highlight `CLEAR LOG?', and press E. 2. Highlight `Yes?', and press E. Clearing the Track Log Note: It's a good idea to clear the track log at the beginning of your trip, etc., in order to make the best use of the TracBack feature. Find City Function Clear the track log any time your screen gets cluttered or to make more room to store points to be used for a TracBack. The Find City function lets you search the internal marine database for a city, by spelling the city name. For a detailed description of the find city function see page 55. City Setup Page The city setup page lets you select the zoom range where city locations become visible on the map. The cities are divided into three categories; small, medium and large. To set the visible range: 1. Highlight `CITY SETUP', and press E. 2. Select the city size, and press E. 3. Change to the desired range and press E. Note: Small cities may not be visible on the map at high zoom settings. You can configure when the city locations display on the map in the City Setup Page. Small cities will not display at high zoom scale settings to avoid screen clutter. 26 Navaid Setup Page The navaid setup page lets you select the zoom scale where navaids become visible on the map. The setup page is divided into two columns, range and zoom, with label setup at the bottom of the page. The `RANGE' field represents the visible range of the navaid, the `ZOOM' field is user­selectable and determines when the navaid becomes visible on the map. REFERENCE Navaid Setup Navaids become visible on the map at or below the selected zoom setting. To change the zoom setting: 1. Highlight `NAVAID SETUP', and press E. 2. Select the `ZOOM' field that corresponds with the navaid visible range, and press E. 3. Change to the desired zoom scale and press E. The Nautical Navaids can be configured to display at a user -selected zoom range by selecting `NAVAID SETUP' on the map configuration menu. Below the range and zoom fields is label setup. Labels contain the navaid descriptions and can be set to display on the map at or below a user­selected zoom scale. To set the label zoom scale: 1. Highlight `NAVAID SETUP', and press E 2. Highlight `LABEL SETUP' and press E 3. Change to the desired zoom scale and press E. Labels contain information about the navaid. Labels can be activated by panning the map cursor to the navaid or by reaching the selected map zoom scale 27 REFERENCE Selecting a User Defined Navigation Page Once you have selected a GOTO, Tracback, MOB or route the GPS 48 will provide navigation using one of two user defined navigation pages. User Defined Navigation Page Compass Page Highway Page ·The Compass Page (default) provides a direcTo switch the navigation page to the Compass Page, press ENTER twice. tional pointer to the destination, with a rotating compass display to show your direction of travel. The Compass Page provides better steering guidance when straight line navigation is not possible. ·The Highway Page provides a graphic highway that shows your movement relative to the desired course, with an emphasis on your crosstrack error (the distance and direction you are off course). This page also features a course deviation indicator (CDI) (see pg. 50). The Highway Page is well suited for water or off road recreation where straight­line navigation is possible. Both pages provide a digital display of the bearing and distance to the destination, and your current speed and track over the ground. You can switch to either Navigation Page at anytime. To select either Navigation Page: 1. Press E from the existing Navigation Page, and E again to change the page. To switch the navigation page to the Highway Page, press ENTER twice. 28 Selecting a User Defined Navigation Page (cont) Distance to Waypoint Graphic Compass REFERENCE Navigation Pages Track Over Ground User-Selectable Field The `ETE' field, located in the middle-bottom of both pages, is a user-selectable field that allows you to display a variety of navigation values for your trip. To access the user-selectable field: 1. Highlight `ETE', and press E. 2. Use the keypad to scroll through the possible options. Use the user selectable field to customize the navigation pages. The following data options are available for the Navigation Pages: Estimated Time Enroute (ETE)-- the time left to your destination based on your present speed and track. Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA)-- the time of day of your arrival at a destination, based on current ground speed and track. Course to Steer (CTS)-- the bearing which will give you the most efficient way to stay on course to your destination. Crosstrack Error (XTK)-- the distance you are off the desired course in either direction. This field will give you a digital representation of the CDI scale. Velocity Made Good (VMG)-- the speed you are traveling toward the destination. Turn (TRN)-- the amount of correction in degrees needed to travel directly to the destination. The turn option will show you the number of degrees you need to turn to head directly to your destination. 29 REFERENCE Using the Compass Page Bearing to Waypoint Destination Waypoint Compass Page Pointer to Waypoint Speed Over Ground In this example, the Compass Page indicates that you are traveling in a south westerly (210 degrees) direction and the destination waypoint is north east (69 degrees) of your current direction of travel. In this example, the Compass Page indicates that you are traveling in an easterly (91 degrees) direction and the destination waypoint is south (177 degrees) of your current direction of travel. The Compass Page provides better steering guidance than the Highway Page for travel at slower speeds (ex. walking) and for travel with many directional changes. The bearing (BRG) and distance (DST) to the waypoint are displayed at the top of the page, below the destination waypoint name. The distance displayed is the straight-line distance from your present position to the destination waypoint. The bearing indicates the exact compass heading from you to the destination. The middle of the page features a rotating "compass ring" that shows your course over ground while you are moving (track up orientation), with a pointer arrow to the destination displayed in the center. The arrow shows the direction of your destination from the direction you are moving. For instance, if the arrow points up, you are going directly to the waypoint. If the arrow points any direction (left, right, down, etc.), turn toward the arrow until it points up. Then continue in that direction. The bottom of the page shows your track (TRK), speed (SPD), and a user-selectable field for ETE, ETA, CTS, XTK, VMG, or TRN. When you are one minute away from your destination (based on your current speed and track over ground), the GPS 48 will alert you with a flashing onscreen message box. 30 Using the Highway Page Bearing to Waypoint Track Over Ground Destination Waypoint Graphic Highway Distance to Waypoint Speed Over Ground CDI Scale REFERENCE Highway Page User Selectable Field The GPS 48's Highway Page provides graphic steering guidance to a destination waypoint, with a greater emphasis on the straight-line desired course and the distance and direction you are off course. The bearing and distance to a waypoint - along with your current track and speed - are displayed at the top of the screen. As you head toward your destination, the middle of the screen provides visual guidance to your waypoint on a moving graphic "highway." Your present position is represented by the diamond in the center of the course deviation scale. The line down the middle of the highway represents your desired track. As you navigate toward a waypoint, the highway will actually move--indicating the direction you're off course--relative to the position diamond on the CDI scale. When the highway is pointing straight up the screen, the waypoint is directly ahead. If the destination waypoint is to the left, the top of the highway will lead to the left, and vice versa. To stay on course, simply steer in the direction the highway leads (left or right) until the highway leads straight up the page. If you do get off the desired course by more than 1/5th of the selected CDI range, the exact distance you are off course will be displayed where the CDI scale setting normally appears. If you get too far off course (the highway has disappeared), a message box will appear to indicate what course to steer to get back on course. (For information on how to set this scale, see pg. 44.) As you approach a waypoint, a horizontal "finish line" will move toward the bottom of the highway. When the finish line reaches the CDI scale, you've arrived at your destination. In this example, the Highway Page indicates that you are off course to the right. Steer left to get back on course. Notice the highway always shows the direction to turn. If the highway leads straight up the page, you should continue in your current direction. If you get too far off course, a message box will appear to indicate what course to steer to get back on course most efficiently. 31 REFERENCE Marking a Position The GPS 48 allows you to mark and store up to 500 position as waypoints. A waypoint can be entered by taking an instant electronic fix, by manually entering coordinates (pg. 35), or by using the bearing and distance to a known position (pg. 35). To mark your present position: 1. Press M. The mark position page will appear, showing the captured position and a default threedigit name. 2. To save a default name and symbol, press E to confirm the `SAVE?' prompt. Marking a Position Position Averaging Function The GPS 48 positioning averaging function will help reduce the effects of selective availability upon position error when marking a waypoint. After initiating the position averaging function, a Figure of Merit value will be displayed, and the `SAVE?' field will automatically be highlighted. 1. After you have pressed the M key, highlight the `AVERAGE?' field and press E. The Figure of Merit (FOM) field will display the value reflecting estimated accuracy of the averaged position. Note: As the GPS 48 calculates the FOM, it will rapidly change before it stabilizes on one number. 2. The unit will continue averaging until you have highlighted `SAVE?' and pressed E. To enter a different waypoint name: 1. Highlight the waypoint name field, and press E. 2. Make the appropriate changes, and press E. 3. Highlight `SAVE?', and press E. Note: To enter a different waypoint symbol or comment, see pg. 23. To add this waypoint to a route: The GPS 48 will save new waypoints with a default three-digit name. To add the waypoint to a route, enter the desired route number, highlight `SAVE?' and press ENTER. 1. Highlight the `Add to route number' field, and press E. 2. Enter a route number, press E to confirm the route number, and E again to save the waypoint. 32 Waypoint Pages The GPS 48 has three waypoint pages that let you quickly manage up to 500 waypoints. These pages-- nearest waypoints, waypoint list, and waypoint definition--can be accessed through the Menu Page. To select a waypoint page: 1. Access the Menu Page, and highlight a waypoint page option. 2. Press E. REFERENCE Waypoint Pages Nearest Waypoints Page The nearest waypoints page shows the nine nearest user waypoints that are within 100 miles of your present position, with the bearing and distance noted for each waypoint. This page will also let you retrieve a waypoint definition page or GOTO a selected waypoint right from the list. To review the waypoint definition page of a selected waypoint: 1. Highlight the desired waypoint. 2. Press E. To select a waypoint submenu, highlight the desired option and press ENTER. To return to the nearest waypoint page: 1. Highlight `DONE?'. 2. Press E. To go to a highlighted list waypoint: 1. Highlight the desired waypoint, and press G. 2. Press E. Waypoint List Page The waypoint list page provides a complete list of all waypoints currently stored in the GPS 48 and their respective waypoint symbols. The total number of empty and used waypoints is also indicated. From the waypoint list page, you can retrieve a waypoint definition page, delete all user-defined waypoints, delete waypoints by symbol, or review and perform a GOTO to a selected waypoint. To delete all user-defined waypoints: 1. Highlight `DELETE WPTS?', and press E. Nearest Waypoints Page The compass heading (BRG) and distance (DST) to the nine nearest waypoints are updated continuously. 33 REFERENCE Waypoint List Page (continued) An options page will appear, asking if you want to delete all user-defined waypoints or if you want to delete waypoints by symbol type. 1. Highlight either `ALL' or `SYMBOL', and press E. Proximity Waypoints If you highlight `SYMBOL,' you'll be asked to select a symbol. 1. Select the symbol to be deleted, and press E. 2. Press E to confirm the `DONE' prompt, highlight the `YES?' prompt, and press E. Note: This feature is handy for deleting temporary waypoints created by the TracBack function. Proximity Waypoints Deleting waypoints by symbol enables you to delete a specific group of waypoints without losing all other waypoints. The GPS 48's proximity waypoint function warns you when you are getting too close to hazardous waypoints. This function allows you to create up to nine proximity waypoints and designate an alarm circle for each waypoint. If you enter this circle, a warning message will alert you. To enter a proximity waypoint from the Menu Page: 1. Highlight `PROXIMITY WPTS' and press E. 2. Highlight the first empty waypoint field and press E. 3. Use the U or D key to scroll through stored waypoints until the desired waypoint appears. 4. Press E. The distance (DST) field will be automatically highlighted. Enter the desired distance. 5. Press the E key. Quickly edit proximity waypoints by highlighting the waypoint name and pressing ENTER. To review or remove a proximity waypoint: 1. Use U and D to select a proximity waypoint and press E. 2. Highlight `REVIEW?' or `REMOVE?' and press E. If `REVIEW?' is chosen, the waypoint page will appear, and you may make any changes to the selected waypoint. If `REMOVE?' is chosen, the proximity waypoint page will reappear with the waypoint removed. Press Q or P to return to the Menu Page. 34 Waypoint Definition Page Waypoint Name Position Coordinates REFERENCE Waypoint Definition Page Reference Waypoint Bearing from Reference Waypoint Function Prompts Waypoint Comment Distance from Reference Waypoint The waypoint definition page lets you create new waypoints manually or review and edit an existing waypoint's coordinates, symbols, and comments. It is also used to delete an individual waypoint from memory (see pg. 37). To create a new waypoint manually, you'll need to know its position coordinates or its approximate distance and bearing from an existing waypoint. To create a waypoint by entering coordinates: 1. From the waypoint definition page, highlight `NEW?', and press E. 2. Enter a waypoint name, and press E. 3. Press E to select a waypoint symbol, make your selection, and press E. 4. Highlight the `DONE?' prompt, and press E to return to the waypoint page. 5. Highlight the "position" field, enter your position, and press E. 6. Press E to confirm the `DONE?' prompt. The GPS 48's advanced waypoint planning features allow you to create new waypoints and practice navigation without ever setting foot outside. If you create a new waypoint by entering coordinates from a map, you may want to re-mark the waypoint's exact position once you get there. To re-define an existing waypoint's position coordinates from the waypoint definition page, simply highlight the DST field and press ENTER. Use the LEFT arrow key to set the distance to 0.00, and press ENTER to confirm. The old coordinates will be replaced by the coordinates of your present position (you must have a valid 2D or 3D position fix). Reference Waypoints To create a new waypoint manually without knowing its position coordinates, you'll need to enter its bearing and distance from an existing waypoint or your present position. To create a new waypoint by referencing a stored waypoint: 35 REFERENCE Reference Waypoints (cont.) 1. From the waypoint definition page, highlight `NEW?', and press E. 2. Enter a waypoint name, and press E. 3. Highlight the `REF' field, and press E. 4. Enter a reference waypoint name (or leave the field blank to use your present position), and press E. 5. Enter the bearing and distance of your new waypoint from the reference waypoint. 6. Press E to confirm the `DONE?' prompt. Waypoint Symbols & Comments Waypoint Symbols The GPS 48 allows you to select one of 16 symbols for each waypoint for easy recognition on the map display. From the symbol page, you may also select how the waypoint appears on the map. Waypoint symbols enable you to instantly get more information about a waypoint than just its name. To select a waypoint symbol: 1. Highlight the symbol field, and press E. 2. Use the arrow keypad to select the desired symbol, and press E. 3. The cursor will move to the display field, where you can select which waypoint information is displayed on the map. 4. Press E, and select one of the following display options: `NAME WITH SYMBOL', `SYMBOL ONLY,' or `COMMENT WITH SYMBOL'. 5. Press E to confirm your selection, and E again to confirm the `DONE?' prompt. Waypoint Comments Each waypoint stored in the GPS 48 has a userdefined 16-character comment field. The default comment is the UTC (or Greenwich mean time) date and time of the waypoint's creation. To change or add a comment: 1. Highlight the comment field. 2. Press E. The waypoint comment field will automatically assign the date and time of creation to the waypoint comment field. You may enter a 16-character user comment at any time. Note: You can clear the comment field by pressing the left side of the rocker keypad. 3. Enter the desired comment. 4. Press E.