User manual HP 17BLL-

hp 17bII+ financial calculator user's guide Edition 2 HP part number F2234-90001 Notice REGISTER YOUR PRODUCT AT: www.register.hp.com THIS MANUAL AND ANY EXAMPLES CONTAINED HEREIN ARE PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. HEWLETT-PACKARD COMPANY MAKES NO WARRANTY OF ANY KIND WITH REGARD TO THIS MANUAL, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, NON-INFRINGEMENT AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. HEWLETT-PACKARD CO. SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY ERRORS OR FOR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES IN CONNECTION WITH THE FURNISHING, PERFORMANCE, OR USE OF THIS MANUAL OR THE EXAMPLES CONTAINED HEREIN. © Copyright 1987-1989, 2003 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Reproduction, adaptation, or translation of this manual is prohibited without prior written permission of Hewlett-Packard Company, except as allowed under the copyright laws. Hewlett-Packard Company 4995 Murphy Canyon Rd, Suite 301 San Diego, CA 92123 Printing History Edition 2 January 2004 Welcome to the hp 17bII+ The hp 17bII+ is part of Hewlett-Packard's new generation of calculators: The two-line display has space for messages, prompts, and labels. Menus and messages show you options and guide you through problems. Built-in applications solve these business and financial tasks: Time Value of Money. For loans, savings, leasing, and amortization. Interest Conversions. Between nominal and effective rates. Cash Flows. Discounted cash flows for calculating net present value and internal rate of return. Bonds. Price or yield on any date. Annual or semi-annual coupons; 30/360 or actual/actual calendar. Depreciation. Using methods of straight line, declining balance, sum-of-the-years' digits, and accelerated cost recovery system. Business Percentages. Percent change, percent total, markup. Currency Exchange. Exchange calculations between two currencies. Statistics. Mean, correlation coefficient, linear estimates, and other statistical calculations. Clock. Time, date, and appointments. Use the Solver for problems that aren't built in: type an equation and then solve for any unknown value. It's easier than programming! There are 28K bytes of memory to store data, lists, and equations. You can print information using the hp 82240 Infrared Printer. You can choose either ALG (Algebraic) or RPN (Reverse Polish Notation) entry logic for your calculations. Welcome to the hp17bII+ 3 Contents 13 16 List of Examples Important Information 1 17 17 17 18 18 19 19 21 22 22 23 25 27 28 28 29 30 31 32 34 34 34 34 35 35 Getting Started Power On and Off; Continuous Memory Adjusting the Display Contrast Setting the Language What You See in the Display The Shift Key (@) Backspacing and Clearing Doing Arithmetic Keying in Negative Numbers (&) Using the Menu Keys The MAIN Menu Choosing Menus and Reading Menu Maps Calculations Using Menus Exiting Menus (e) Clearing Values in Menus Solving Your Own Equations (SOLVE) Typing Words and Characters: the ALPHAbetic Menu Editing ALPHAbetic Text Calculating the Answer (CALC) Controlling the Display Format Decimal Places Internal Precision Temporarily SHOWing ALL Rounding a Number Exchanging Periods and Commas in Numbers 4 Contents 36 36 37 Error Messages Modes Calculator Memory (@M) 2 38 38 38 39 40 40 41 42 43 43 44 45 46 47 48 Arithmetic The Calculator Line Doing Calculations Using Parentheses in Calculations The Percent Key The Mathematical Functions The Power Function (Exponentiation) The MATH Menu Saving and Reusing Numbers The History Stack of Numbers Reusing the Last Result (@L) Storing and Recalling Numbers Doing Arithmetic Inside Registers and Variables Scientific Notation Range of Numbers 3 49 50 50 50 51 52 52 53 Percentage Calculations in Business Using the BUS Menus Examples Using the BUS Menus Percent Change (%CHG) Percent of Total (%TOTL) Markup as a Percent of Cost (MU%C) Markup as a Percent of Price (MU%P) Sharing Variables Between Menus 4 54 54 55 57 Currency Exchange Calculation The CURRX Menu Selecting a Set of Currencies Entering a Rate Contents 5 59 59 60 Converting between Two Currencies Storing and Recalling Sets of Currencies Clearing the Currency Variables 5 61 61 64 66 67 71 74 77 78 82 Time Value of Money The TVM Menu Cash Flow Diagrams and Signs of Numbers Using the TVM Menu Loan Calculations Savings Calculations Leasing Calculations Amortization (AMRT) Displaying an Amortization Schedule Printing an Amortization Table 6 84 85 85 87 Interest Rate Conversions The ICNV Menu Converting Interest Rates Compounding Periods Different from Payment Periods 7 91 91 92 94 95 97 98 98 99 99 100 107 Cash Flow Calculations The CFLO Menu Cash Flow Diagrams and Signs of Numbers Creating a Cash-Flow List Entering Cash Flows Viewing and Correcting the List Copying a Number from a List to the Calculator Line Naming and Renaming a Cash-Flow List Starting or GETting Another List Clearing a Cash-Flow List and Its Name Cash-Flow Calculations: IRR, NPV, NUS, NFV Doing Other Calculations with CFLO Data 6 Contents 8 108 108 110 Bonds The BOND Menu Doing Bond Calculations 9 114 114 116 116 118 119 Depreciation The DEPRC Menu Doing Depreciation Calculations DB, SOYD, and SL Methods The ACRS Method Partial-Year Depreciation 10 121 122 123 123 124 126 126 127 127 127 128 130 133 138 139 140 Running Total and Statistics The SUM Menu Creating a SUM List Entering Numbers and Viewing the TOTAL Viewing and Correcting the List Copying a Number from a List to the Calculator Line Naming and Renaming a SUM List Starting or GETting Another List Clearing a SUM List and Its Name Doing Statistical Calculations (CALC) Calculations with One Variable Calculations with Two Variables (FRCST) Curve Fitting and Forecasting Weighted Mean and Grouped Standard Deviation Summation Statistics Doing Other Calculations with SUM Data 11 141 141 Time, Appointments, and Date Arithmetic Viewing the Time and Date Contents 7 142 143 144 144 145 145 147 148 148 149 150 150 151 The Time Menu Setting the Time and Date (SET) Changing the Time and Date Formats (SET) Adjusting the Clock Setting (ADJST) Appointments (APPT) Viewing or Setting an Appointment (APT1-APT10) Acknowledging an Appointment Unacknowledged Appointments Clearing Appointments Date Arithmetic (CALC) Determining the Day of the Week for Any Date Calculating the Number of Days between Dates Calculating Past or Future Dates 12 153 153 156 157 158 161 161 162 162 162 163 164 164 164 166 168 174 176 177 178 The Equation Solver Solver Example : Sales Forecasts The SOLVE Menu Entering Equations Calculating Using Solver Menus (CALC) Editing an Equation (EDIT) Naming an Equation Finding an Equation in the Solver List Shared Variables Clearing Variables Deleting Variables and Equations Deleting One Equation or Its Variables (DELET) Deleting All Equations or All Variables in the Solver (@c) Writing Equations What Can Appear in an Equation Solver Functions Conditional Expressions with IF The Summation Function () Accessing CFLO and SUM Lists from the Solver Creating Menus for Multiple Equations (S Function) 8 Contents 179 180 181 How the Solver Works Halting and Restarting the Numerical Search Entering Guesses 13 184 185 185 185 186 186 188 188 189 Printing The Printer's Power Source Double-Space Printing Printing the Display(P) Printing Other Information (@p) Printing Variables, Lists, and Appointments (LIST) Printing Descriptive Messages (MSG) Trace Printing (TRACE) How to Interrupt the Printer 14 190 190 190 191 193 195 197 199 200 200 202 206 208 209 213 215 216 217 217 219 Additional Examples Loans Simple Annual Interest Yield of a Discounted (or Premium) Mortgage Annual Percentage Rate for a Loan with Fees Loan with an Odd (Partial) First Period Canadian Mortgages Advance Payments (Leasing) Savings Value of a Fund with Regular Withdrawals Deposits Needed for a Child's College Account Value of a Tax-Free Account Value of a Taxable Retirement Account Modified Internal Rate of Return Price of an Insurance Policy Bonds Discounted Notes Statistics Moving Average Chi-Squared (2) Statistics Contents 9 200 202 205 207 208 211 213 215 216 216 218 Valeur d'un fonds avec retraits réguliers Dépôts nécessaires pour une épargne d'étude Valeur d'un compte exonéré d'impôt Valeur d'un compte non exonéré Taux de rendement interne modifié Prix d'un contrat d'assurance Obligations Rachat d'effet Statistiques Moyenne mobile Chi-carré (2) Statistiques A 221 221 221 223 224 224 226 227 228 229 229 229 230 231 234 236 237 Assistance, piles, mémoire et maintenance Demande d'aide pendant l'utilisation du calculateur Réponses aux questions fréquemment posées Alimentation et piles Témoin de faible charge Installation des piles Gestion de la mémoire du calculateur Réinstallation du calculateur Effacement de la mémoire permanente Précision d'horloge Environnement Votre calculateur doit-il être envoyé au service aprèsvente Vérification du fonctionnement du calculateur : Test automatique Garantie Informations Information sur la réglementation Déclaration du bruit B 238 238 Détails sur les calculs Calculs TRI% 10 Table des matières 248 215 250 251 251 252 252 253 253 253 Cash-Flow Calculations Bond Calculations Depreciation Calculations Sum and Statistics Forecasting Equations Used in (Chapter 14) Canadian Mortgages Odd-Period Calculations Advance Payments Modified Internal Rate of Return C D 254 Menu Maps 261 261 261 262 263 264 264 264 266 266 RPN: Summary About RPN About RPN on the hp 17bII+ Setting RPN Mode Where the RPN Functions Are Doing Calculations in RPN Arithmetic Topics Affected by RPN Mode Simple Arithmetic Calculations with STO and RCL Chain CalculationsNo Parentheses! E 268 268 269 269 270 271 272 273 273 RPN: The Stack What the Stack Is Reviewing the Stack (Roll Down) Exchanging the X- and Y-Registers in the Stack ArithmeticHow the Stack Does It How ENTER Works Clearing Numbers The LAST X Register Retrieving Numbers from LAST X Contents 11 273 274 275 Reusing Numbers Chain Calculations Exercises F 276 283 RPN: Selected Examples Error Messages 289 Index 12 Contents List of Examples The following list groups the examples by category. Getting Started Using Menus Using the Solver Arithmetic Calculating Simple Interest Unit Conversions Simple Interest at an Annual Rate (RPN example on page 276) General Business Calculations Percent Change Percent of Total Markup as a Percent of Cost Markup as a Percent of Price Using Shared Variables Return on Equity Currency Exchange Calculations Calculating an Exchange Rate Storing an Exchange Rate Converting between Hong Kong and U.S Dollars Time Value of Money A Car Loan A Home Mortgage A Mortgage with a Balloon Payment A Savings Account 25 29 40 178 190 50 51 52 52 53 159 57 58 59 67 68 69 71 List of Examples 13 72 74 75 80 82 172 191 193 194 196 197 198 200 200 202 207 208 214 An Individual Retirement Account Calculating a Lease Payment Present Value of a Lease with Advanced Payments and Option to Buy Displaying an Amortization Schedule for a Home Mortgage Printing an Amortization Schedule Calculations for a Loan with an Odd First Period Discounted Mortgage APR for a Loan with Fees (RPN example on page 276) Loan from the Lender's Point of View (RPN example on page 277) Loan with an Odd First Period Loan with an Odd First Period Plus Balloon Canadian Mortgage Leasing with Advance Payments A Fund with Regular Withdrawals Savings for College (RPN example on page 278) Tax-Free Account (RPN example on page 280) Taxable Retirement Account (RPN example on page 282) Insurance Policy Interest Rate Conversions Converting from a Nominal to an Effective Interest Rate Balance of a Savings Account Cash Flow Calculations Entering Cash Flows Calculating IRR and NPV of an Investment An Investment with Grouped Cash Flows An Investment with Quarterly Returns Modified IRR 86 89 97 102 104 105 210 14 List of Examples 111 112 113 215 217 Bonds and Notes Price and Yield of a Bond A Bond with a Call Feature A Zero-Coupon Bond Yield to Maturity and Yield to Call Price and Yield of a Discounted Note Depreciation Declining-Balance Depreciation ACRS Deductions Partial-Year Depreciation Running Total and Statistical Calculations Updating a Checkbook Mean, Median, and Standard Deviation Curve Fitting Weighted Mean A Moving Average in Manufacturing 2 Expected Throws of a Die ( ) Time, Alarms, and Date Arithmetic Setting the Date and Time Clearing and Setting an Appointment Calculating the Number of Days between Two Dates Determining a Future Date How to Use the Equation Solver Return on Equity Sales Forecasts Using a Solver Function (USPV) Nested IF Functions Using Guesses to Find a Solution Iteratively Printing Trace-Printing an Arithmetic Calculation 117 118 120 125 128 134 138 218 220 144 148 151 152 159 166 172 175 181 189 List of Examples 15 Important Information Take the time to read chapter 1. It gives you an overview of how the calculator works, and introduces terms and concepts that are used throughout the manual. After reading chapter 1, you'll be ready to start using all of the calculator's features. You can choose either ALG (Algebraic) or RPN (Reverse Polish Notation) mode for your calculations. Throughout the manual, the "v "in the margin indicates that the examples or keystrokes must be performed differently in RPN. Appendixes D, E, and F explain how to use your calculator in RPN mode. Match the problem you need to solve with the calculator's capabilities and read the related topic. You can locate information about the calculator's features using the table of contents, the subject index, the list of examples, and the menu maps in appendix C (the gold-edged pages). Before doing any time-value-of-money or cash-flow problems, refer to pages 64 and 92 to learn how the calculator uses positive and negative numbers in financial calculations. For a deeper treatment of specific types of calculations, refer to chapter 14, "Additional Examples." If you especially like learning by example, this is a good reference spot for you. 16 Important Information 1 Getting Started v Watch for this symbol in the margin. It identifies examples or keystrokes that are shown in ALG mode and must be performed differently in RPN mode. Appendixes D, E, and F explain how to use your calculator in RPN mode. The mode affects only arithmetic calculations--all other operations, including the Solver, work the same in RPN and ALG modes. Power On and Off; Continuous Memory To turn on the calculator, press C (clear) (note ON printed below the key). To turn it off, press @ and then C. This shifted function is called o (note OFF printed above the key). Since the calculator has Continuous Memory, turning it off does not affect the information you've stored there. To conserve energy, the calculator turns itself off after 10 minutes of no use. ) at the top of the display, you If you see the low battery symbol ( should replace the batteries as soon as possible. Follow the instructions on page 224. Adjusting the Display Contrast The display's brightness depends on lighting, your viewing angle, and the display contrast setting. To change the display contrast, hold down the C key and press + or -. 1: Getting Started 17 Setting the Language The calculator can display information in six different languages. The language initially used by the calculator was preset at the factory. To change the language: 1. Press the @ >. 2. Press to display the INTL menu, which stands for "international". 3. Press the appropriate menu key to change the language. Table 1-1. Keys for language Key Description German English Spanish French Italian Portuguese What You See in the Display Menu Labels. The bottom line of the display shows the menu labels for each of the six major menus (work areas) in the calculator. More about these later in this chapter. The Calculator Line. The calculator line is where you see numbers (or letters) that you enter, and the results of calculations. Annunciators. The symbols shown here are called annunciators. Each one has a special significance. 18 1: Getting Started Shift (@ ) is active. (page 19) Sending information Alarm going off (or past due). to the printer. (page 147) (page 184) Batteries low. (page 224) Annunciators Calculator line Cursor Menu labels for the MAIN menu. To display the MAIN menu, press @A (that is, first @ , then e). The Shift Key (@) Some keys have a second, shifted function printed in color above the key. The colored shift key accesses these operations. For example, pressing and releasing @ , then pressing C turns the calculator off. This is written @o. ). This symbol stays on Pressing @ turns on the shift annunciator ( until you press the next key. If you ever press @ by mistake, just press @ . again to turn off the Backspacing and Clearing The following keys erase typing mistakes, entire numbers, or even lists or sets of data. 1: Getting Started 19 Table 1-2. Keys for Clearing Key Description Backspace; erases the character before the cursor. Clear; clears the calculator line. (When the calculator is off, this key turns the calculator on, but without clearing anything.) This clears all information in the current work area (menu). For example, it will erase all the numbers in a list if you are currently viewing a list (SUM or CFLO). In other menus (like TVM), @c clears all of the values that have been stored. In SOLVE, it can delete all equations. < C @c The cursor ( ) is visible while you are keying in a number or doing a calculation. When the cursor is visible, pressing < deletes the last character you keyed in. When the cursor is not visible, pressing < erases the last number. Keys: 12345 .66 Display: Description: Backspacing removes the 4 and 5. Calculates 1/123.66. Clears the calculator line. << @t < In addition, there are more drastic clearing operations that erase more information at once. Refer to "Resetting the Calculator" on page 228 in appendix A. 20 1: Getting Started Doing Arithmetic The " " in the margin is a reminder that the example keystrokes are for ALG mode. This is a brief introduction to doing arithmetic. More information on arithmetic is in chapter 2. Remember that you can erase errors by pressing < or C. To calculate 21.1 23.8: v Keys: 21.1 23.8 Display: Description: + = = completes calculation. Once a calculation has been completed, pressing another digit key starts a new calculation. On the other hand, pressing an operator key continues the calculation: 90.89 = 65 @v* 12 = / 3.5 = 77.35 Calculates 77.35 ­ 90.89 New calculation: 65 x 12. Calculates 96.75 ÷ 3.5. You can also do long calculations without pressing = after each intermediate calculation--just press it at the end. The operators perform from left to right, in the order you enter them. Compare: 65 + 12 3.5 and 65 + 12 3.5 + 12 / 3.5 = 65 Operations occur in the order you see them. 1: Getting Started 21 +( 12 / 3.5 )= 65 Use parentheses to impose an order of calculation. Keying in Negative Numbers (&) The & key changes the sign of a number. To key in a negative number, type that number, then press &. To change the sign of an already displayed number (it must be the rightmost number), press &. Keys: 75 Display: Description: Changes the sign of 75. Multiplies 75 by 7.1. & v * 7.1 = Using the Menu Keys The calculator usually displays a set of labels across the bottom of the display. The set is called a menu because it presents you with choices. The MAIN menu is the starting point for all other menus. 22 1: Getting Started (( )) Menu Labels Menu Keys The top row of keys is related to the labels along the bottom of the display. The labels tell you what the keys do. The six keys are called menu keys; the labels are called menu labels. The MAIN Menu The MAIN menu is a set of primary choices leading to other menu options. No matter which menu you currently see, pressing @A redisplays the MAIN menu. The menu structure is hierarchical. 1: Getting Started 23 Table 1-3. The MAIN Menu Menu Label Operations Done in This Category loans, savings, leasing, amortization. ICNV: Interest conversions. CFLO: Lists of cash flows for internal rate of return and net present value. BOND: Yields and prices for bonds. DEPRC: Depreciation using SL, DB, and SOYD methods, or ACRS. Percent of total, percent (Business Percentages) change, markup on cost, markup on price. Lists of numbers, running (Statistics) total, mean, weighted statistics, forecasting, summation statistics, and more. Clock, calendar, (Time Manager) appointments, date arithmetic. Creates customized menus (Equation Solver) from your own equations for calculations you do often. Converting any currency to (Currency Exchange) its equivalent in another currency Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Covered in: Chapter 5 TVM: Time value of money: (Finance) Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 3 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 4 24 1: Getting Started Choosing Menus and Reading Menu Maps Below is a menu map illustrating one possible path through three levels of menus: from the MAIN menu to the BUS menu to the MU%C (markup as a percent of cost) menu. There are no menus that branch from the MU%C menu because the MU%C menu is a final destination--you use it to do calculations, rather than to choose another menu. MAIN menu FIN BUS SUM TIME SOLVE CURRX BUS menu %CHG %TOTL MU%C MU%P EXIT MU%C menu COST PRICE M%C EXIT MAIN Press to choose the BUS menu. Then press to choose the MU%C menu. Press e to return to the previous menu. Pressing times returns you to the MAIN menu. Press e enough @A to return to the MAIN menu directly. When a menu has more than six labels, the label appears at the far right. Use it to switch between sets of menu labels on the same "level". Example: Using Menus. Refer to the menu map for MU%C (above) along with this example. The example calculates the percent markup on cost of a crate of oranges that a grocer buys for $4.10 and sells for $4.60. Step 1. Decide which menu you want to use. The MU%C (markup as a percent of cost) menu is our destination. If it's not obvious to you which menu you need, look up the topic in the subject 1: Getting Started 25 index and examine the menu maps in appendix C. Displaying the MU%C menu: Step 2. Step 3. Step 4. To display the MAIN menu, press @A. This step lets you start from a known location on the menu map. Press to display the BUS menu. Press to display the MU%C menu. Using the MU%C menu: Step 5. Key in the cost and press to store 4.10 as the COST. Step 6. Step 7. Key in the price and press to store 4.60 as the PRICE. Press to calculate the markup as a percent of cost. The answer: . Step 8. To leave the MU%C menu, press e twice (once to get back to the BUS menu, and again to get to the MAIN menu) or @A (to go directly to the MAIN menu). 26 1: Getting Started Calculations Using Menus Using menus to do calculations is easy. You don't have to remember in what order to enter numbers and in what order results come back. Instead, the menus guide you, as in the previous example. All the keys you need are together in the top row. The menu keys both store numbers for the calculations and start the calculations. The MU%C menu can calculate M%C, the percent markup on cost, given COST and PRICE. Keys: Display: Keys: Display: 4.60 Store 4.60 4.10 Store 4.10 COST Keys: Display: PRICE M%C Calculator Memory Calculate 12.20 Then the same menu can calculate PRICE given COST and M%C. Keys: Display: Keys: Display: 20 Store 20.0 0 4.10 Store 4.1 0 COST Keys: Display: PRICE M%C Calculator Memory Calculate 4.92 Notice that the two calculations use the same three variables; each variable can be used both to store and calculate values. These are called built-in variables, because they are permanently built into the calculator. 1: Getting Started 27 Many menus in this calculator work like the example above. The rules for using variables are: To store a value, key in the number and press the menu key. Arithmetic calculations, as well as single values, can be stored. To calculate a value, press the menu key without first keying in a number. The calculator displays when a value is being calculated. To verify a stored value, press R (recall) followed by the menu key. For example, R displays the value stored in COST. To transfer a value to another menu, do nothing if it is displayed (that is, it is in the calculator line). A number in the calculator line remains there when you switch menus. To transfer more than one value from a menu, use storage registers. See page 45, "Storing and Recalling Numbers." Exiting Menus (e) The e key is used to leave the current menu and go back to the previously displayed menu (as shown in the previous example). This is true for menus you might pick by accident, too: e gets you out. Clearing Values in Menus The @c key is a powerful feature to clear all the data in the currently displayed menu, giving you a clean slate for new calculations. If the current menu has variables (that is, if the display shows menu labels for variables, such as COST, PRICE, and M%C in the MU%C menu), pressing @c clears the values of those variables to zero. * If you have just switched menus and want to store the result already in the calculator line, then you should press s before the menu key To store the same number into two different variables, use s for the second variable, e.g. 25 s 28 1: Getting Started If the current menu has a list (SUM, CFLO, or Solver), pressing @c clears the values in the list. To see what value is currently stored in a variable, press label. R menu Solving Your Own Equations (SOLVE) This chapter has introduced some of the built-in menus the calculator offers. But if the solution to a problem is not built into hp 17bII+ , you can turn to the most versatile feature of all: the Equation Solver. Here you define your own solution in terms of an equation. The Solver then creates a menu to go with your equation, which you can use over and over again, just like the other menus in the calculator. The Solver is covered in chapter 12, but here is an introductory example. Because equations usually use letters of the alphabet, this section also explains how to type and edit letters and other characters that aren't on the keyboard. Example:Using the Solver. Suppose you frequently buy carpet and must calculate how much it will cost. The price is quoted to you per square yard. Regardless of how you do the calculation (even if you do it longhand), you are using an equation. Price per square yard Length (feet) Width (feet) P/YD × L × W = COST 9 Converts square feet to square yards To type this equation into the Solver, use the ALPHA menu. 1: Getting Started 29 Typing Words and Characters: the ALPHAbetic Menu The ALPHAbetic menu is automatically displayed when you need it to type letters and characters. The ALPHA menu also includes characters not found on the keyboard: Uppercase letters. Space. Punctuation and special characters. Non-English letters. ABCDE FGHI JKLM NOPQ RSTUV WXYZ Alpha menu Letters, space OTHER characters F :< G > & H # I space OTHER R / S T U V OTHER $ , !@ . * To type a letter you need to press two keys; for example, is produced by the keystrokes . Each letter menu has an key for accessing punctuation and non-English characters. The letter menus with just four letters (for example, FGHI) include a space character ( ). To familiarize yourself with the ALPHA menu, type in the equation for the cost of carpeting. The necessary keystrokes are shown below. (Note the access to the special character, "/".) Use <, if necessary, to make corrections. If you need to do further editing, refer to the next section, "Editing ALPHAbetic Text." When you're satisfied that the equation is correct, press I to enter the equation into memory. 30 1: Getting Started Keys Characters @A ** /9= I Note that the is just a character, part of the variable's name. It is not an operator, which ÷ is. Editing ALPHAbetic Text The companion to the ALPHA menu is the ALPHA-Edit menu. To display the ALPHA-Edit menu, press in the SOLVE menu (or press e in the ALPHA menu). DEL ALPHA EXIT ABCDE FGHI JKLM NOPQ RSTUV WXYZ EXIT 1: Getting Started 31 Table 1-4. Alphabetic Editing Operation ALPHA-Edit Menu Inserts character before the cursor. Deletes character at the cursor. Moves the cursor far left, one display-width. Moves the cursor left. Moves the cursor right. Moves the cursor far right, one display-width. Displays the ALPHA menu again. Any character. Label or Key to Press Keyboard Backspaces and erases the character before the cursor. Clears the calculator line. < C Calculating the Answer (CALC) After an equation is input, pressing verifies it and creates a new, customized menu to go with the equation. Menu labels for your variables Each of the variables you typed into the equation now appears as a menu label. You can store and calculate values in this menu the same way you do in other menus. 32 1: Getting Started Calculate the cost of carpet needed to cover a 9' by 12' room. The carpet costs $22.50 per square yard. Starting from the MAIN menu (press @A): Description: Displays the SOLVE menu and the current equation.* Keys: Display: 22.5 Displays the customized menu for carpeting. Stores the price per square yard in P/YD. Stores the length in L. Stores the width in W. Calculates the cost to cover a 9' x 12' room. 12 9 Now determine the most expensive carpet you can buy if the maximum amount you can pay is $300. Notice that all you need to do is enter the one value you are changing--there is no need to re-enter the other values. 300 Stores $300 in COST. Calculates the maximum price per square yard you can pay. ee Exits Solver. * If you entered this equation but don't see it now, press [ or ] until you do. 1: Getting Started 33 Controlling the Display Format The DSP menu (press D) gives you options for formatting numbers. You can pick the number of decimal places to be displayed, and whether to use a comma or a period to "punctuate" your numbers. Decimal Places To change the number of displayed decimal places, first press the key. Then either: D Press , type the number of decimal places you want (from 0 to 11), and press I; or Press to see a number as precisely as possible at any time (12 digits maximum). Internal Precision Changing the number of displayed decimal places affects what you see, but does not affect the internal representation of numbers. The internal precision varies from calculation to calculation and can be between 12 and 31 digits depending on what is done. The number stored inside the calculator always has 12 digits. You see only these digits in 2... ...but these digits are also present internally. Temporarily SHOWing ALL To temporarily see a number with full precision, press @S.This shows you the ALL format for as long as you hold down S. 34 1: Getting Started Rounding a Number The @r function rounds the number in the calculator line to the number of displayed decimal places. Subsequent calculations use the rounded value. Starting with two displayed decimal places: Keys: 5.787 Display: Description: D 4I D D 2I @S (hold) Four decimal places are displayed. All significant digits; trailing zeros dropped. Two decimal places are displayed. precision. Rounds the number to two decimal places. Temporarily shows full @r @S (hold) Exchanging Periods and Commas in Numbers To exchange the periods and commas used for the decimal point and digit separators in a number: 1. Press D to access the DSP (display) menu. 2. Specify the decimal point by pressing or . sets a period as the decimal point and comma as separator (U.S. mode). (For example, 1,000,000.00.) sets a comma as the decimal point and period as separator (non-U.S. mode). (For example, 1.000.000,00.) Pressing the digit Pressing the digit 1: Getting Started 35 Error Messages