User manual KOBIAN VQ2220

Table of Content Product Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 5 Front View ........................................................................................................................................... 5 Back View ........................................................................................................................................... 5 Side View ............................................................................................................................................. 5 Bottom View ....................................................................................................................................... 5 Top View .............................................................................................................................................. 5 Monitor ............................................................................................................................................... 6 1. Getting Started ..................................................................................................................................... 8 1-1 Check List ................................................................................................................................... 8 1-2 Installing the Batteries .............................................................................................................. 8 1-3 Installing the memory card ....................................................................................................... 9 1-4 Turning the Camera On and Off ............................................................................................. 10 1-5 Checking the battery level ...................................................................................................... 10 1-6 Automatic power off function .................................................................................................. 11 2. Camera Setting .................................................................................................................................. 12 2-1 Checking Camera Status ......................................................................................................... 13 1 2-2 Display Setting .......................................................................................................................... 13 2-3 Function Setting ........................................................................................................................ 14 2-3-1 Exposure Compensation Setting ................................................................................ 14 2-3-2 White Balance Setting .................................................................................................. 14 2-3-3 Setting ............................................................................................................................. 15 2-3-4 To Format a Memory Card .......................................................................................... 23 3. Taking and Managing the Pictures .................................................................................................. 24 3-1 Taking a Picture ........................................................................................................................ 24 3-2 Recording Macro Pictures ...................................................................................................... 25 3-3 Recording Continuous Pictures ............................................................................................. 26 3-4 Recording a Video clip ............................................................................................................. 27 3-5 Recording a Audio clip ............................................................................................................ 28 3-6 Previewing the Pictures ........................................................................................................... 29 3-7 Using Digital Zoom ................................................................................................................... 30 3-8 Protect Picture(s) Against Deletion ...................................................................................... 31 3-9 Deleting Picture(s) from the Camera .................................................................................... 32 4. Installing the Software onto a Computer ....................................................................................... 33 4-1 Installing the Software ............................................................................................................. 33 2 4-2 Computer system requirements ............................................................................................ 35 5.Viewing & Transferring Pictures ...................................................................................................... 36 5-1 Before you transfer pictures ................................................................................................... 36 5-2 Connecting to your computer ................................................................................................. 36 5-3 Transferring & Viewing the Pictures on a computer .......................................................... 37 6. Using your camera as a Web Cam ................................................................................................... 38 6-1 Specification for Web Cam Mode ........................................................................................... 38 6-2 Setting up ................................................................................................................................... 38 6-3 Making a call ............................................................................................................................. 39 7. Troubleshooting Problems ................................................................................................................ 40 7-1 Troubleshooting on camera: ................................................................................................... 40 7-2 Error Message .......................................................................................................................... 42 8. Appendix .............................................................................................................................................. 43 8-1 Technical Specifications ........................................................................................................... 43 8-2 Operation, Safety and Maintenance ....................................................................................... 45 8-2-1 Operation ....................................................................................................................... 45 8-2-2 Safety ............................................................................................................................... 45 8-2-3 Maintenance .................................................................................................................. 45 3 8-3 Using Your Batteries ................................................................................................................ 46 8-4 Regulatory Information ............................................................................................................ 46 8-4-1 Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Radio Frequency Interference Statement: ........................................................................................................................... 47 8-4-2 Attention ........................................................................................................................ 47 4 109876543210987654321 109876543210987654321 109876543210987654321 109876543210987654321 109876543210987654321 09876543210987654321 09876543210987654321 09876543210987654321 09876543210987654321 09876543210987654321 Product Overview Front View Sutter button Mode Selector Power button Macro Mode Switch USB connector 432109876543210987654321 432109876543210987654321 432109876543210987654321 432109876543210987654321 432109876543210987654321 Lens ViewFinder Flash Bottom View Back View Monitor Battery Cover DISP button MENU button SETUP button Strap Eyelet Multi Selector 5 Tripod Socket 109876543210987654321 109876543210987654321 109876543210987654321 109876543210987654321 109876543210987654321 6 09876543210987654321 09876543210987654321 09876543210987654321 09876543210987654321 09876543210987654321 09876543210987654321 Monitor Photo Mode F la s h M od e A uto F l as h O n F l a s h O ff Con ti nuous shoot ing F oc u s M o de ( M a c r o /N o r m a l ) Exp o su re compen sati on / Exp o su re compen sati on val ue W h i t e Ba la n ce A UT O D AY L IG HT SH AD E TU NG ST EN FLU OR ESCE N T I m a ge S ize I m a ge Qu a li t y Fi n e N orm al La rge Middl e S mal l M e m o r y c a pa c i t y ( R e m a i n in g n u m b e r o f stora ble i mages ) Z oom fact or B a tte r y L e v e l Video Mode Audio Mode Fo cus M od e (Ma cro /No rm al) Me mo ry cap aci ty - Re ma inin g tim e(s eco nd) o f s torable v ide o - Depen d on ca me ra' s stor age mem ory Audio Mode Memory capacity (Remaining time (second) of storable audio). Battery Level 7 Playback Mode 1. Getting Started 1-1 Check List Protect Zoom factor Camera User Manual CD-ROM USB Cable W Strap rist 4x AAA Batteries Soft Case 1-2 Installing the Batteries 4 x AAA Alkaline batteries are supplied with the camera. Please insert the batteries according to the following steps: 8 1. Open the camera battery door by pushing it toward the OPEN direction. 2. Insert the batteries as shown, ensuring you follow the +/- signs correctly. 3.Close the battery door by pushing it backwards. gently insert the memory card into the bottom until it is fully seated. The label on the memory card should face the back side of the camera and make sure the card edge is inside the slot. The 8M onboard memory and estimated capacities (Recordable Images, Audio and Video) shown as below: Use 8M Onboard Memory +-+- Fine 2048 x 1536 9 12 37 Normal 12 16 51 -+ - + 1600 x 1200 800 x 600 1-3 Installing the memory card Turn the camera off, open the battery cover, and Video Audio 63 sec. at 320 x 240 about 29 min. 9 1-4 Turning the Camera On and Off Press the power button for about 3 seconds to turn the camera on. The the Power LED will keep "Red" about for 3 seconds then change to "Green". You can start to take pictues or set up the camera when LED becomes "Green". Press the power button again to turn the camera off. B attery is full B attery pow er is lo w (Please change b atteries) B attery is extrem e low (C hange battery as soon as possible. A nd the cam era w ill show it the under screen) 1-5 Checking the battery level Check the battery power level before taking pictures. Turn the camera on and check the battery power level on the bottom left of the LCD monitor. You can see the battery level sign on the following mode: Manual photo mode, Auto photo mode, Video mode and Audio mode. When the battery power level is low, you will see the camera screen shows as below. 10 1-6 Automatic power off function Your camera is designed to switch to power saving status automatically and save battery life after one minute or two minutes of non use. Press any button to reactivate the camera or power turn off after 60 seconds in power saving status. 11 2. Camera Setting Before we start to introduce how to set up the camera, please see the structure of the setting and you can quickly familier with your camera: EXPOSURE WB -2,-1.7,-1.3,-1.0,-0.7,-0.3,0.0,0.3,0.7,1.0,1.3,1.7,2.0 (Manual Photo Mode Only) AUTO TUNGSTEN DAYLIGHT FLUORESCENT SHADE (Manual Photo Mode Only) Manual Photo mode Auto Photo mode Audio mode Video mode SETTING DATE & TIME DATE STYLE BEEP IMAGE SIZE QUALITY SELF TIMER LANGUAGE POWER SAVING FORMAT NO, YES 1 Min, 2 Min, OFF ON, OFF LARGE, MIDDLE, SMALL NORMAL, FINE 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 2001.01.01.00:00 12 2-1 Checking Camera Status Power the camera on, browse the LCD monitor in the back side of the camera to check which settings are active. If feature icon is not displayed, it means that the particular feature is not activated. LCD Display Features Macro Auto Flash Flash On Flash Off White Balance Auto Daylight Shade Tungsten Fluorescent Image Size Large Middle Small Burst Sanpshot Zoom factor Self-Timer Audio Battery Full Low Extreme Low Image Quality Fine Normal 2-2 Display Setting Press to set up the LCD display On/Off 1.Turn on the camera, you will see the display shows the active features 3.Press one more time to return to the original display 2.Press one time to clean the feature icons 3.Press one more time to change to LCD off 13 2-3 Function Setting 2-3-2 White Balance Setting , , 1.Turn on the camera. Press , and choose the functions ( , ) you want to set up from the LCD monitor 2-3-1 Exposure Compensation Setting 1.Turn on the camera. 4.Press to confirm. 5.Set up completed. 4.Press up or down to choose the setting: AUTO, DAYLIGHT, SHADE, TUNGSTEN, FLUORESCENT. 2.Press ,choose function from the buttom of LCD display 2.Press 5.Press to confirm. 6.Set up completed. 3.Press one time to 3.Press up or down to choose from -2 to +2 EV compensation. 14 2-3-3 Setting There are 8 different settings included in Auto Phot mode/ Manual Photo Mode/Video Mode/Audio Mode. Please choose the items you would like to set up and see the following instruction to complete the settings. Date and Time Setting 1.Turn on the camera. (in Auto Photo Mode) 2.Press 3.Press two times to 7. Press to return main frame 5. Press / to set "Year", and / to move to the next. 6. Repeat the same steps to set "DAY" & "TIME" step by step. 4.Press to "DATE & TIME" 15 Date Style Setting 1.Turn on the camera. (in Auto Photo Mode) 2.Press 3.Press two times to 6. Press to return main frame 5.Press to select and press to confirm 4.Press one time to " DATE STYLE" and press 16 Beep Setting 1.Turn on the camera. (in Auto Photo Mode) 2.Press 3.Press two times to 6. Press to return main frame 5.Press to select and press to confirm 4.Press two times to " BEEP" and press 17 Image Size 1. Turn on the camera (in Auto Photo Mode) 3. Press two times to . 2. Press 6. Prss to reture main frame. 5. Press to select and press to confirm. 4. Press 4 times to "IMAGE SIZE" and press . 18 Quality 1. Turn on the camera (in Auto Photo Mode) 3. Press two times to . 2. Press 6. Prss to reture main frame. 5. Press to select and press to confirm. 4. Press 5 times to "QUALITY" and press . 19 Self Timer 1.Turn on the camera. (in Auto Photo Mode) 2.Press 3.Press two times to 8. Press to return main frame 6.Press to choose from 2 to 10 seconds. 4.Press 6 times to "SELF TIMER" 5.Press 7.Press to confirm. 20 Language Setting 1.Turn on the camera. (in Auto Photo Mode) 2.Press 3.Press two times to 7. Press to return main frame 6.Press to select and press to confirm 4.Press 7 times to "LANGUAGE" 5.Press 21 Power Saving Setting 1.Turn on the camera. 2.Press 3.Press two times to 7. Press to return main frame 6.Press to select and press to confirm 4.Press 8 times to "POWER SAVING" 5.Press 22 2-3-4 To Format a Memory Card 1.Turn on the camera. 5.The camera will return to main frame after the set up is completed. 2.Press 3.Press to 3 times 4.Press to select "YES" or "NO", and press to confirm 23 3. Taking and Managing the Pictures 3-1 Taking a Picture 1. Turn on the camera, and set the mode dial switch to "Photo" mode. 2. Frame photographs by using viewfinder or LCD monitor. 3. Press and hold the shutter button halfway down to lock AE and check the image. To cancel the recording, release the shutter button. 4. Hold the camera steadily and press the shutter button fully down. Press the shutter button shown as below. Shutter Button Before releasing shutter Half press Fully depressed 24 3-2 Recording Macro Pictures When you want to take a picture in a short distance you must set the selector to marcro You can frame close object at the distance of 20cm and take pictures. . 25 3-3 Recording Continuous Pictures 1. Turn on the camera, and press the "RIGHT" button to set burst mode. 2. Repeat "Take a Picture" to take pictures. When taking pictures at burst mode the camera will take five pictures continuously at 800 x 600. Remark: You can use the burst mode at Manual Photo and Auto Photo mode. Presss "RIGHT" button 26 3-4 Recording a Video clip 1. Switch the mode dial to mode and turn on the camera. 2. Fully depress the Shutter release button to start recording your movie. 3. Fully depress the Shutter release button again to stop recording. Remark : The camera records movies up to 15 frames per seconds in CIF size (320 X 240 pixels). The file is recorded in AVI format (DOS file extension ".avi"). Fully depress the Shutter release button to start recording. Rec Fully depress the Shutter release button again to stop recording. 27 3-5 Recording a Audio clip 1. Switch the mode dial to mode and turn on the camera. 2. Fully depress the Shutter release button to start recording your audio. 3. Fully depress the Shutter release button again to stop recording. Remark : The camera records audio at 8KHz, 4 bit. Fully depress the Shutter release button to start recording. Rec Fully depress the Shutter release button again to stop recording. 28 3-6 Previewing the Pictures 1. Switch the mode dial to mode and turn on the camera. 2. You can preview the pictures you took and use the multiselector to change the images. Press the "Left" button and move the picture forward Press the "Right" button and move the picture backward 3. When there is no image in the memory card you will see the screen shown as below. 29 3-7 Using Digital Zoom 1. Switch the mode dial to 2. Press the multi-selector times digital zoom. mode or or mode and turn on the camera. to select the zoom rate up to 4.0x (0.2 step), this camera build in with 4 3 x 2.4 Press 3 x 2.8 Press 3 x 3.0 Press Press 30 3-8 Protect Picture(s) Against Deletion 1. Switch the mode dial to mode and turn on the camera. 2. Press button and then press 2 times to select 3. After setting this image will not be deleted from camera. function. Press 1/3 / 3 1 100V2210 100V2210 1/3 100V2210 Press two times to , and press to confirm. 1/3 100V2210 31 3-9 Deleting Picture(s) from the Camera 1. Swtich the mode dial to 2. Press mode and turn on the camera. to select or to delete one picture or all pictures. button and then use Press 1/3 100V2210 This "Printing Setting" function will be available only for images storaged in SD card. Press to confirm Press to delete all pictures 32 4. Installing the Software onto a Computer 4-1 Installing the Software Before you installing the software, remember to close all other software applications you are using on your computer. Insert the CD supplied into the CD-ROM driver of your computer The user interface screen of the CD will automatically be launched. Please follow the instructions to complete the installation 1.Choose the language you want to use for the installaion, then click "yes" 2.The driver will automatically start to run the setup 3.Make sure your USB port on the computer is enable 4.Make sure your camera is not connected to the computer 5.Prepare the Windows installation CD on hand in case needed while the installation 33 6.The system is ready to start setup, click " next" if you want to complete the installation, click "cancel" if you want to abort 8.Installtion completed. 7.Start to install, please wait 34 4-2 Computer system requirements We recommend the following minimum requirements for transferring and editing the images from camera to personal computer: Co mputer CPU OS RAM Hard Disk Space Monitor CD-ROM Driver Interface Accessories PC/AT co mpatible Pentium III 500M Hz, AMD K7-550 or equivalent processor Windows98/98SE, Windows ME, Windows2000 o r XP 64M B o r more 200M B free d isk space 640 x 480 pixels or greater with 16-bit RGB or mo re, co lor (800 x 600 p ixels or more, fu ll color monitor recommended) Required for installation USB interface Standard mouse, keyboard and stereo speakers 35 5.Viewing & Transferring Pictures 5-1 Before you transfer pictures Make sure you have installed the software from the CD before you start to transfer your pictures to your PC, please refer to chapter 4 for the software installation. 5-2 Connecting to your computer This camera is equipped with a Universal Serial Bus (USB) for Win 98, Win 98SE, Win 2000, Win Me and Win XP that is capable of direct connection to your computer via a USB cable. Alternatively, you can insert the memory card in a PC card slot or card reader, where it will function as an additional disk 1.Open the USB connector/Video output connector cover of the camera 2.Connect the USB cable provided as shown USB Connector 36 5-3 Transferring & Viewing the Pictures on a computer Image files recorded with your camera will generate the different file name by recording mode: Folder name : 100V2210 File name: DSCIOOOO.XXX DSCI stands for default file name for all image recorded OOOO stands for the serial number for the image recorded XXX if XXX shows JPG, it is for still image if XXX shows AVI, it is for moving image if XXX shows WAV, it is for audio file For Win 98 users, the drive recognizing the camera is "E" 37 6. Using your camera as a Web Cam 6-1 Specification for Web Cam Mode Video Resolution Video Format Frame Rate Exposure Range White balance Speaker 160 x 120, 176 x 144, 240 x 180, 320 x 240, 352 x 288, 640 x 480 RGB24, 15 fps (VGA), 30fps (CIF), can be achieved by Pentium III 500 MHz, 64 MB Ram On / Off selectable Auto or Manual (4-mode manual : daylight/shade/tungsten/fluorescent) Build-in 6-2 Setting up 1. Connect your camera to the USB cable. 2. Connect the other end of your USB cable to an available USB port on your PC. 3. Put your camera on the top of your PC monitor or another flat surface. 38 6-3 Making a call 1. . Double click the NetMeeting icon on the desktop or select the NetMeeting icon from the windows start manu. 2. . Type in the IP address, computer name or telephone number for the person you want to call and press the Place Call button. To find your own IP address, go to Start and click Run, Type in "winipcfg" and click OK, IP configuration window will appear and you can see your IP address. 3. . If you need further help on how to use Microsoft NetMeeting, select the help under the manual bar and choose the topic you need. Or you can visit the following website: http://www.microsoft.com/windows/ netmeeting 39 7. Troubleshooting Problems The troubleshooting guide is designed to help you to solve the abnormal problems with your camera. For any problem continues and can not be handled by yourself, please contact your local service center for support. See your registration card for contact details. 7-1 Troubleshooting on camera: Operation Problem Power does not turn on Power turns off immediately Image is not recorded when the shutter button is depressed LCD is blank or images on the LCD are not clear Checking Points Battery level is low or dead Battery is incorrectly installed Battery level is low or dead Auto power-off function activated Mode selector is set to off Memory card is not compatible Memory card is full Flash unit is being charged Bright sunlight or high-intensity light environment LCD or Lens is dirty or covered by fingerprints Macro mode being used for normal shooting Normal mode being used for macro image Solution Replace new battery Install the battery prefer to instruction Replace battery Turn the power on Set the mode selector to on Choose a correct memory card Delete some images Wait till the charging finished Use the view finder to shoot or move to a location with less light Clean the LCD or Lens with light cloth Set the setting to normal for portraits and scenery Set the setting to macro for macro images Power Shooting Subject is not in focus 40 7-1 Troubleshooting on camera (continued): Operation Problem Recorded pictures can not be saved in memory card Checking Points Camera power off before the saving is complete Removing the memory card before the saving is complete The photo was taken under the conditions in which white balance could not be adjusted. The flash is set to flash-off The mode selector is set to Video Bright sunlight or high-intensity light is shining directly into the lens during recording Mode is not set to play The memory card does not contain picture data All image data in the memory card are deleted Memory card has been formatted a memory card with non-DCF pictures recorded with another camera is loaded in the camera The camera is not correctly connected to the computer Solution Replace battery Do not remove the memory card before the saving is complete Try to preset white balance Set the flash to auto or flash on Set it to photo mode Move to a location or place the camera to prevent lens directly from shine Change mode to play Shooting Image color is unnatural The flash does not work Color is different from the LCD screen while recording Playback Pictures are not displayed Change memory card or using another digital camera which support non-DCF pictures Refer to manual chapter 4.1 Others Can not transmit data to computer 41 7-2 Error Message Message No Card Card is not formatted Problem Memory card is not inserted or is not correctly inserted Memory card is not formatted for this device Solution Insert memory card correctly Select Format function ( )and format the memory card Use a correctly formatted memory card Delete or reduce number of images Transfer the images you want to save to a computer Insert a new memory card Check and make sure the card is compatible with this device Check that there is no dirt in the connector or contact with service center for repair, otherwise, insert a new memory card if the damaged can't be recovered. Insert new batteries Insert a memory card with images Do not use a memory card with non-DCF images Memory Full Memory card does not have sufficient memory Wrong card Memory card may be physically damaged Battery is low No images in the memory card Wrong image format This card can not be used Battery Low No image 42 8. Appendix 8-1 Technical Specifications S enso r L e ns Vie w F ind er Im age S ize (p ixel) Vid eo C ap ture R esolutio n M e m o ry C ap acity P icture C ap acity (Q uality settin g : F ine) Vid eo C ap acity A ud io C ap acity E xp o sure R a n ge 2 .1 M C M O S 5 G lens w ith m acro E ffective fo cal len gth : 8 .4 7 m m F N O : F 2 .8 F ield o f Vie w : 8 5 % 2 0 4 8 x 15 3 6 1 6 0 0 x 12 0 0 8 0 0 x 6 00 3 2 0 *2 4 0 w /a ud io reco rd ing, u p to 1 5 fra m es p er seco nd Internal: 8 M B N A N D G ate F lash M e m o ry E xternal: S D m e m ory card P lease refer to P age 9 6 3 sec. vid eo recording at 3 2 0*2 4 0 vo ice reco rd ing (abo ut 2 9 m in .) A uto & M a n ual : A E ran ge, -2 E V to + 2 E V in 1 /3 step s 43 8-1 Technical Specifications (continued) White balance Audio Format Burst Mode Flash Strobe LCD Display Environment Auto or Manual (4-mode manual : daylight/shade/tungsten/fluorescent) IMA-ADPCM, 8KHz, 4 bit 5 pictures per shot, VGA size 3-mode: Auto / On / Off, effective distance: 2.0 meters Color, 1.5" TFT panel, preview frame rate: 30fps Operating Temperature: 0 to 40 oC (30 ­104 oF) Storage Temperature: -20 to 60 oC Operating Humidity: 15 ­90 % RH Storage Humidity: up to 90% RH 4 x batteries (1.5V Alkaline or 1.2V NiCd or Ni-MH rechargeable) 97 x 28 x 63 mm (W x D x H) Approx. 110g (without battery) User manual / CD ROM ( English, Spanish, German, French, Italian, Dutch), Wrist strap, 4 x AAA batteries, Soft case, USB cable Power requirements Dimension Weight Supplied Accessories 44 8-2 Operation, Safety and Maintenance 8-2-1 Operation Operating your camera within the following environmental conditions, otherwise, the battery life or image quality may be affected: 0-40 oC ( 32-104 oF) 15-90% relative humidity 8-2-2 Safety Do not look at the sun through the viewfinder, this could cause permanent visual impairment. Do not walk while looking through the viewfinder, this could result in a fall or other injury. Do not use in the presence of flammable gas to prevent explosion or fire. Turn off immediately in the even of malfunction, such as smoke or unusual smell from the camera or adaptor. Turn off and remove the batteries and ask service center for inspection. Do not disassemble by yourself to prevent any injury by the internal parts. Turn off and remove the batteries and ask service center for inspection if you have problem. Do not place camera strap around neck Keep out of reach of children 8-2-3 Maintenance Keep dry, never immerse any part of the camera or its accessories into any fluid or liquid. 45 Keep clean, wipe off any sand, salt, dust or stains with a a soft dampened cloth. Do not drop and prevent strong shocks or vibration. Keep away from strong magnetic fields, such as TV or radios. Always disconnect the camera from your PC or TV before cleaning it. Do not unplug the device or remove the battery while camera is on. 8-3 Using Your Batteries Batteries should be replaced by an adult or under adult supervision, Rechargeable batteries are only to be charged under adult supervision. Non-rechargeable batteries are not to be recharged. Insert the batteries with the right instruction or polarity. Do not mix up the different types of batteries or new and used batteries Do not dispose the batteries in fire Remove the batteries from the camera if they are exhausted or not in use. These instructions should be retained for future reference 8-4 Regulatory Information This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: This device may not cause harmful interference 46 This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation. 8-4-1 Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Radio Frequency Interference Statement: This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to part 15 of the FCC rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures: Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna. Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver. Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected. Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/television technician for help. 8-4-2 Attention Any change or modification made to this unit that are not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user's authority to operate the equipment. 47