User manual LOWRANCE AIRMAP 100

AirMap 100 INSTALLATION AND OPERATION INSTRUCTIONS ® ® Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998 Lowrance Electronics, Inc. All rights reserved. AirMapTM 100 is a trademark of Lowrance Avionics. Lowrance® is a registered trademark of Lowrance Electronics, Inc. Jeppesen® is a registered trademark of Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc. WARNING! USE THIS UNIT ONLY AS AN AID TO NAVIGATION. A CAREFUL NAVIGATOR NEVER RELIES ON ONLY ONE METHOD TO OBTAIN POSITION INFORMATION. Never use this product while operating a vehicle. The background map built into this unit is not intended for navigation and its accuracy has not been verified. This map is derived from U.S. government sources which rely on ground and aerial surveys and satellite data. Since there can be inaccuracies in the data used to create the maps and in the map's resolution, plus position inaccuracies in the navigation system, use caution when using this product. CAUTION When showing navigation data to a position (waypoint), this unit will show the shortest, most direct path to the waypoint. It provides navigation data to the waypoint regardless of obstructions. Therefore, the prudent navigator will not only take advantage of all available navigation tools when travelling to a waypoint, but will also visually check to make certain a clear, safe path to the waypoint is always available. The operating and storage temperature for your unit is from -4 degrees to +167 degrees Fahrenheit (-20 to +75 degrees Celsius). Extended storage temperatures higher or lower than specified will cause the liquid crystal display to fail. Neither this type of failure nor its consequences are covered by the warranty. For more information, consult the factory customer service department. All features and specifications subject to change without notice. Lowrance Avionics may find it necessary to change or end our policies, regulations, and special offers at any time. We reserve the right to do so without notice. All screens in this manual are simulated. This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) this device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation. Note: This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures: · Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna. · Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver. · Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected. · Consult the factory customer service department for help. Specifications Dimensions ................................................. 6.75" L x 2.25" W x 1.625" D Display .................................................................. 160 H x 104 W pixels Power ....................................................................................... 5-35 vdc Waypoints ......................................................................................... 750 Routes ................................................................................................ 99 Waypoints per Route (maximum) ........................................................ 99 Total Waypoints used in Routes ...................................................... 1500 Icons ............................................................................................... 1000 Savable Plot Trails................................................................................. 3 Maximum Plot Trail Points .................................................. 3000 per trail DEFINITION OF TERMS/ABBREVIATIONS Due to space considerations, the digital displays use abbreviations for some names. They are as follows: ALT ............... Altitude BRG ............. Bearing - The direction from your present position to a waypoint. CDI ............... Course Deviation Indicator - Shows your distance to the side of the desired course line. CLOCK ......... Your local time. TRK .............. Track - The direction you're travelling. DIS ............... Distance - Distance remaining between your present position and a waypoint. DNT/UPT ...... Countdown timer (DNT) and Count up timer (UPT) ETA ............... Estimated Time of Arrival ETE .............. Estimated Time En route ICON ............ A symbol you can place on the map, representing a landmark. POSITION .... Your present position. GS ................ Ground Speed - Your actual speed. UTC .............. Coordinated Universal Time - Time at the prime meridian at Greenwich, England. Formerly known as GMT. VOLTS .......... Electrical system voltage. VMG ............. Velocity Made Good - Your ground speed towards a recalled waypoint, airport, etc. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1 SA - What is it? ........................................................................................................ 2 Don't Get Lost .......................................................................................................... 2 GETTING STARTED ...................................................................................................... 3 Power ................................................................................................................. 3 BATTERIES .............................................................................................................. 3 Battery Installation ............................................................................................. 3 NiMH Battery ..................................................................................................... 3 External Antenna ..................................................................................................... 4 Yoke Mount .............................................................................................................. 5 OPERATION ................................................................................................................. 6 Turning Power On .................................................................................................... 6 Satellite Status Screen ............................................................................................ 6 Finding Your Position ................................................................................................ 8 Auto Search ....................................................................................................... 8 Manual Initialization ........................................................................................... 8 Position Acquisition ........................................................................................... 9 POSITION/NAVIGATION SCREENS ...................................................................... 9 Navigation Screens ........................................................................................... 10 Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) ................................................................ 11 Map ................................................................................................................. 12 Cursor ......................................................................................................... 14 Map Symbols .............................................................................................. 14 Obstructions ................................................................................................ 15 Airspace ...................................................................................................... 16 Map Setup ................................................................................................... 18 Map Options ...................................................................................................... 18 Map Orientation .......................................................................................... 18 Autozoom .................................................................................................... 20 View Destination ......................................................................................... 21 Range Rings/Grid Lines .............................................................................. 21 Earth Map Options ............................................................................................ 22 Earth Map On/Off ....................................................................................... 22 Text Labels .................................................................................................. 22 Locations ..................................................................................................... 22 Map Detail ................................................................................................... 22 Gray Fill ....................................................................................................... 23 Map Boundaries .......................................................................................... 24 Air Map Options ................................................................................................. 24 Runway Extensions .................................................................................... 25 Plot Trail Options ............................................................................................... 26 Clear Trail .................................................................................................... 26 Flash Trail .................................................................................................... 26 Update Options ........................................................................................... 26 Save Trail ................................................................................................. 26 Show Trail ................................................................................................. 27 ICONS ............................................................................................................... 27 MAP DOWNLOADING ...................................................................................... 29 WINDOWS ......................................................................................................... 31 Reprogram Window Groups ....................................................................... 36 Reprogram Boxes ....................................................................................... 37 RESET GROUPS .............................................................................................. 38 DATABASES ...................................................................................................... 38 Aviation Database ....................................................................................... 38 User Database - Waypoints ........................................................................ 42 WAYPOINTS ...................................................................................................... 42 Waypoint Menu ........................................................................................... 42 Saving Your Present Position as a Waypoint (Quick Save Method) ........... 42 Saving The Cursor Position as a Waypoint ................................................ 43 Saving Your Present Position as a Waypoint (Select Number Method) ..... 43 Saving a New Position ................................................................................ 44 Waypoint Averaging .................................................................................... 44 Project a Waypoint ...................................................................................... 45 Selecting a Waypoint .................................................................................. 46 Editing a Waypoint ...................................................................................... 46 NAVIGATION ............................................................................................................ 47 Navigating to a cursor location .......................................................................... 47 Navigating to a Waypoint using the Map ........................................................... 48 OTHER WAYPOINT OPTIONS ......................................................................... 49 Move a Waypoint ......................................................................................... 49 Delete a Waypoint ....................................................................................... 49 Delete All Waypoints ................................................................................... 49 "Nearest" Feature ........................................................................................ 50 ROUTES ................................................................................................................. 51 Create a Route .................................................................................................. 51 Delete a Waypoint from Route .......................................................................... 53 Waypoint Statistics ............................................................................................ 53 Following a Route .............................................................................................. 53 Waypoint Information .................................................................................. 54 Delete a Route ................................................................................................... 55 CANCEL NAVIGATION ............................................................................................ 55 Navigation Notes ...................................................................................................... 55 SYSTEM SETUP ..................................................................................................... 56 Sound ................................................................................................................ 56 Contrast ............................................................................................................. 56 Set Local Time ................................................................................................... 57 Units of Measure ............................................................................................... 57 NMEA / DGPS ................................................................................................... 57 NMEA Output .................................................................................................... 58 DGPS ................................................................................................................. 58 Serial Communication Setup ............................................................................. 59 Reset Options .................................................................................................... 60 Reset Groups .................................................................................................... 61 System Info ........................................................................................................ 61 GPS SETUP ............................................................................................................ 61 Power Save ........................................................................................................ 60 Position Format ................................................................................................. 60 DATUM ............................................................................................................... 62 PCF (Position Correction Factor) ...................................................................... 63 POSITION PINNING ......................................................................................... 64 ALARMS ................................................................................................................. 65 SUNRISE/SET MOONRISE/SET CALCULATOR ................................................... 67 SIMULATOR ............................................................................................................. 67 E6B COMPUTER ..................................................................................................... 68 AVIATION DATA DOWNLOAD ................................................................................. 71 JEPPESEN® DATABASE UPGRADE ..................................................................... 73 DATUM LIST ............................................................................................................ 74 UPS RETURN SERVICE ......................................................................................... 79 WARRANTY ............................................................................................................. 81 DATABASE LICENSE AGREEMENT ...................................................................... 82 DATABASE WARRANTY ......................................................................................... 83 INTRODUCTION Thank you for purchasing a Lowrance Avionics AirMap 100. With its large LCD screen, easy to use menus, and outstanding performance, we think you'll be happy with your AirMap 100 for many years. No other handheld GPS receiver on the market today has the AirMap's combination of 12 channel receiver, Jeppesen® database with obstacles (U.S. only), ground and hydrographic mapping capability, and programmable screens in a handheld unit. The Global Positioning System (GPS) was developed by the United States Department of Defense as a 24-hour a day, 365 days a year global navigation system for the military. Civilian availability was added (but with less accuracy) using the same satellites. Twenty-four satellites orbit the Earth. Three of these satellites are spares, unused until needed. The rest virtually guarantee that at least four satellites are in view of anyplace on Earth at all times. The system requires three satellites in order to determine a position. This is called a 2D fix. It takes four satellites to determine both position and elevation, (your height above sea level - also called altitude.) called a 3D fix. Remember, the unit must have a clear view of the satellites in order to receiver their signals. Unlike radio or television, GPS works at very high frequencies. The signals can be blocked easily by trees, buildings, even your body. Fortunately, they do travel through glass and plastic, so your receiver will work in the aircraft, if it has a clear view of the satellites through the windshield or side windows. Let someone else drive if you use it in a car or other vehicle. Never use this GPS receiver while operating a vehicle! The first time you use this unit, walk outside and turn it on in your backyard, an open field or park. Once it locks onto the satellites, you can experiment with it around buildings and trees. This will give you some idea of its sensitivity to blockage. Like most GPS receivers, this unit doesn't have a compass or any other navigation aid built inside. It relies solely on the signals from the satellites to calculate a position. Speed, direction of travel, and distance are all calculated from position information. Therefore, in order for it to determine direction of travel, you must be moving and the faster, the better. This is not to say that it won't work at walking speeds - it will. There will simply be more "wandering" of the data shown on the display. 1 SA - What is it? Another factor that greatly influences the receiver's ability to determine position is SA. The United States government intentionally degrades the satellites signal for civilian users. They introduce small errors into the satellite's signals that makes the GPS receiver less accurate. These errors are called selective availability, or SA. How bad is it? They guarantee that the position reported by a GPS receiver that meets their specifications is within 100 meters horizontally and 150 meters vertically 95% of the time. (The position can be better than that or worse than that the other 5% of the time.) In other words, the position shown on your receiver is within 100 meters of your actual position, 95% of the time. That's over 300 feet! Not exactly pinpoint accuracy, but then few people need positioning accuracy greater than this. However, if you do want better performance, (and who doesn't?) many manufacturers (including Lowrance) sell a DGPS receiver that attaches to your GPS receiver. The DGPS system transmits correction signals that nullify the effects of SA. The DGPS receiver takes signals from these land-based transmitters and gives them to the GPS receiver which then uses them to show a more accurate position. The ironic part is the federal government implemented SA and is also operating many DGPS transmitters. (You can use the signals from all of the Coast Guard DGPS stations for free, by the way.) The downside to this is it requires another piece of electronic gear (the DGPS receiver) which usually isn't small enough to carry with you, but will work nicely on a vehicle. And you have to be close enough to a station to receive the DGPS signals. Don't Get Lost Generally, you find that using your GPS receiver without DGPS is both easy and amazingly accurate. It's easily the most accurate method of electronic navigation available to the general public today. Remember, however that this receiver is only a tool. Always have another method of navigation available, such as a chart or map and a compass. It's a good idea to carry spare batteries with you, especially if you're venturing into unknown territory. Also remember that this unit will always show navigation information in the shortest line from your present position to a waypoint, regardless of terrain! It only calculates position, it can't know what's between you and your camp, for example. It's up to you to safely navigate around obstacles, no matter how you're using this product. 2 GETTING STARTED Power The AirMap 100 operates from AA batteries, a DURACELL® NiMH rechargeable battery, or from 5 to 35 volts DC using the external power cable. If the power cable is used, the AirMap 100 automatically switches to it if the external power is greater than the battery voltage. If for any reason the external power fails, the unit automatically switches to the batteries. BATTERIES The unit requires four AA batteries. We recommend you use alkaline batteries for the best trade-off between battery life and cost. However, you can use nickel-cadmium (ni-cad), or lithium batteries. You can also use rechargeable alkaline batteries such as RayOVac® Renewals®. With the exception of lithium, none of the above batteries will last as long as standard alkaline batteries. We recommend DURACELL® brand, but others will work. Do not use "heavy-duty" batteries or any type other than the ones listed above. Do not mix different types of batteries. (For example, don't use both alkaline and ni-cad batteries at the same time.) Battery Installation First turn the unit so that its back is facing you. Push the two tabs to the left and remove the battery cover as shown at right. Install the batteries according to this diagram. (There's a decal in the battery compartment showing the correct polarity, also.) Replace the battery compartment cover and the unit is ready for use. NiMH Battery The DURACELL® DR-121 nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) battery replaces the four standard batteries. It is sold as an accessory, model BR-1 which includes a charger custom designed for the DR-121. The battery never needs to be removed from the unit, since the charger connects to the GPS receiver and charges the DR-121. You can even use the receiver while the battery is charging! To install the NiMH battery, remove the battery cover and place the battery into the compartment as shown on the next page. It will only fit one way, so if it's difficult to install, simply turn it over and drop it into place. Replace the compartment cover and follow the charging instructions included with the BR-1. 3 (Note: The DR-121 is the only battery that can be recharged in this unit! Using the external power cable alone does not charge the battery! You must use a charger supplied by Lowrance in order to charge the battery. Also, this charger will only charge a DR-121. It will not charge any other type of battery installed in the unit, including ni-cads or rechargeable alkallines.) External Antenna Although this GPS receiver is extremely sensitive, it can be used in locations where the built-in antenna simply cannot receive signals from enough satellites. An external antenna is supplied with your unit to use when conditions warrant. Usually, it's best to use the external antenna when the unit is attached to the yoke mount. A second connector on the back of the unit is for an external antenna. The external antenna included with your unit plugs directly into this connector. To use the antenna, first assemble the bracket, antenna, and suction cups as at right. Two screws are provided to attach the bracket to the antenna. 4 WINDSHIELD DASH Moisten the suction cups and press them firmly against the inside of the windshield, away from your line of sight. Route the antenna's cable to the GPS receiver and it's ready for use. YOKE MOUNTING Included with your AirMap is a yoke mounting bracket. It secures to the yoke's shaft with a clamp. Fasten the cradle packed with your unit to the yoke mount with four 2 mm screws. Follow the instructions included with the yoke mount to assemble and attach it to your aircraft. The AirMap simply snaps into the cradle. The AirMap can operate from batteries or the external power cord when it's attached to the yoke mounting bracket. To use the external power cord, simply plug one end into the power connector on the AirMap and the other end into the aircraft's cigarette lighter. Some pilots like to keep fresh batteries in their units, even when using the external power. If the power fails, the unit will automatically switch to the batteries, thus keeping the unit on without interruption. 5 OPERATION Keyboard There are 12 keys on the keyboard. You navigate through the menus, adjust the chart's cursor, and enter data using the arrow keys. The five major modes of operation are accessed using the PAGES key. Press the MENU key PAGES WPT to select or adjust a feature from a list. The Z-IN and Z-OUT keys zoom-in or zoom-out the view on the plotter screen. The ENT and EXIT keys are used to enter or clear data or MENU EXIT screens. Save and edit waypoints using the WPT key. The PWR key turns the unit on ZIN ENT ZOUT PWR and off. Pressing it once while the unit is operating turns on the screen's backlight. To prevent an accidental shutdown, you must hold the PWR key down for a few seconds in order to turn the unit off. Menus Most of the unit's features are found on "menus'. You can view the menus by pressing the MENU key. This product has "Intelligent Menus". There are many menus that pertain to only the map, for example. When you press the MENU key and the plotter is showing, menu items for the plotter show in addition to the normal menus. For example, if the navigation screen is showing, and you press the MENU key, plotter menu items won't show on the list. This helps you find the needed item without scrolling through unnecessary menus. Turning Power On To turn the unit on, simply press the PWR key. A GPS logo screen appears, then the screen similar to the one at right appears. Read the message on the screen, then press the EXIT key to erase it or wait a few seconds and it automatically clears. The satellite status screen shown at the top of the next page appears next. Satellite Status Screen This screen shows a graphical view of the satellites that are in view. Each satellite is shown on the circular chart relative to your position. The point in the center of the chart is directly overhead. The small inner ring represents 45° above the horizon and the large ring represents the horizon. North is at the top of the screen. You can use this to see which satellites are obstructed by obstacles in your immediate area if you hold the unit facing north. 6 The GPS receiver is tracking satellites that are surrounded by a black box. If the satellite number is not surrounded by a box, then the receiver hasn't locked onto that satellite and it isn't being used to solve the position. Beneath the circular graph are the bar graphs, one for each satellite in view. Although the unit has twelve channels, it dedicates one channel per visible satellite. Therefore, if only six satellites are visible, only six bar charts show at the bottom of the screen. The higher the bar on the graph, the better the unit is receiving the signals from the satellite. The number in the upper left corner is the "expected horizontal position error" or expected error from a benchmark location. In other words, if the expected error shows 50 feet, then the position shown by the unit is estimated to be within 50 feet of the actual location. However, this number is only valid if you're using DGPS or if S/A is turned off. Due to S/A, the accuracy can only be less than 100 meters, 95% of the time, per U.S. government specifications. Although the expected error is not accurate unless you have a DGPS receiver, it does give you an indicator of the fix quality the unit currently has. The smaller the expected error number, the better (and more accurate) the fix is. If the expected error is flashing, then the unit has not locked onto the satellites, and the number shown is not valid. The fix indicator on the left center shows either 2D or 3D. A 2D fix means the unit has locked onto three satellites and has calculated its position. A 3D fix means the unit has locked onto at least four satellites and has calculated both the position and altitude. (Remember, it takes three satellites to determine the position - four to determine position and altitude.) If neither 2D nor 3D are showing, then the unit doesn't have the position or altitude. A battery level indicator on the lower right side of the screen shows the approximately how much life is in the batteries. This runs from "F" (fully charged) to "E" (expired). A light bulb indicator at the top right corner of the screen appears when the backlights are on. 7 Finding Your Position Auto Search To lock onto the satellites, the GPS receiver needs to know it's current position, local time, and date. (Elevation (altitude) is also used in the equation, but it's rarely required to determine a position.) It needs this data so that it can calculate which satellites should be in view. It then searches for only those satellites. When your GPS receiver is turned on for the first time, it doesn't know what your position or elevation (altitude) is. It does know the current UTC time and date since these were programmed into it at the factory and an internal clock keeps the time while the unit is turned off. It begins searching for the satellites using the above data that it acquired the last time it was turned on. This probably was at the Lowrance factory. Since it's almost certain that you're not at the Lowrance factory, it's probably looking for the wrong satellites. If it doesn't find the satellites it's looking for after five minutes, it switches to Auto Search. The receiver looks for any satellite in the sky. Due to advanced technology, the auto search time has shrunk to about five minutes, so the longest time you should ever have to wait is ten minutes from the time you turn the unit on until it locks onto the satellites and shows a position. Once the unit locks onto the satellites, it should take less than a minute to find your position the next time it's turned on, provided you haven't moved more than approximately 100 miles from the last location it was used. Manual Initialization If you don't want to wait for the Auto Search, then you may be able to speed up the initialization process by using the manual initialization feature. Using this feature tells the unit it's approximate position. Once it knows it's location, it determines exactly which satellites should be in view and starts looking only for those satellites. To manually initialize the unit, press the MENU key. Now press the down arrow key until the "GPS SETUP" label is highlighted. Press the right arrow key. The "INIT GPS" (Initialize GPS) label is highlighted. Press the right arrow key again. The screen at right appears. Use the arrow keys to move the crosshairs to your approximate location on the map. You may use the ZOUT key to zoom the map out. This will make it easier and faster to find your location on the map. Once you have the crosshairs on your location, press the ENT key. The unit returns to the satellite status screen. Using the manual initialization method loads a position that's close to yours into the GPS receiver. It should now have position, time, and date, 8 thereby giving it the data it needs to determine which satellites are in view. Once the satellites are known, the receiver searches for only those satellites, making a lock faster than an auto search method. Position Acquisition When the receiver locks onto the satellites and calculates a position, it shows the message "Position Acquired" on the screen. All position and navigation data flashes until the unit acquires a position. Do not rely on any data that is flashing! When the numbers are flashing, they represent the last known values when the unit lost it's lock on the satellites. (Note: The altitude data may still flash even if the unit shows a "Position Acquired" message and all other data is not flashing. The unit must be locked onto at least four satellites to determine altitude. It only takes three satellites to determine position. You can navigate with this unit if the altitude is flashing, simply ignore the altitude display until it quits flashing.) REMEMBER, DO NOT NAVIGATE WITH THIS UNIT UNTIL THE NUMBERS STOP FLASHING! Once the unit has acquired the satellites and is showing a fix on the status screen, or the position acquired message appears, it's ready for use. POSITION/NAVIGATION SCREENS This unit has four modes: status, map, navigation, and window groups. Use the PAGES and arrow keys to switch between the different screens. The four default screens are shown below. STATUS NAVIGATION MAP WINDOWS (GROUP "A") 9 To change modes, simply press the PAGES key. A screen similar to the one at right appears. Use the up or down arrow keys to change modes. (The windows mode is shown as "groups". Group "A" is the first windows group.) Press the right arrow key while the above menu is showing to switch between different versions of each mode. When the desired screen appears, press the EXIT key to erase the menu. Navigation Screens There are two different navigation screens. Nav screen number one shows a graphical view of your trip, Nav screen number 2 shows all navigation details in large digital numbers. You can also customize both navigation screens to show data other than the default. See the "Programming Boxes" section for more information. Nav Screen #1 This screen has a compass rose that shows not only your direction of travel, but also the direction to a recalled waypoint. The navigation screen looks like the one at right when you're not navigating to a waypoint. Your position is shown by the airplane in the center of the screen. Your trail history, or path you've taken is depicted by the line extending from the arrow. The arrow pointing down at the top of the compass rose indicates the current track (direction of travel) you are taking. This is also shown in the "TRK" (track) box in the upper right corner of the screen. On the example shown at right, the track is 24°. The current ground speed (GS) shows in the box in the lower center of this screen. When navigating to a waypoint, Nav screen number one looks like the one at right. Bearing to the destination waypoint is in the box in the upper left corner. Bearing is also shown by the large arrow pointing up towards the compass, above the present position arrow. Distance from the present position to the waypoint (DIS) shows beneath the compass on the lower left side of the screen. 10 Lines on either side of the present position show the current cross track error range. Cross track error is the distance you are off-course to the side of the desired course line. The course line is an imaginary line drawn from your position when you started navigating to the destination waypoint. It's shown on the screen as a vertical dotted line. The default for the cross track error range is 0.25 mile. For example, if the present position symbol touches the right cross track error line, then you are .25 mile to the right of the desired course. You need to steer left to return to the desired course. The cross track error is also shown in the "XTK" box. In the upper right corner is the course (CRS) box showing the direction from your starting position to the waypoint. Remember, a course is a proposed path from the starting position to the destination. Track is your actual direction of travel. A circle depicting your destination appears on the screen as you approach the waypoint as shown on the screen at right. Nav Screen #2 This navigation screen shows all navigation information in large digital numbers. To view this screen, press the PAGES key, then press an arrow key until the "NAV1" label is highlighted. While it's highlighted, press the right arrow key. The screen shown at right appears. Press the EXIT key to erase the menu. This screen is composed of eight digital boxes. Track (TRK) and ground speed (GS) data are all that show if you're not navigating to a waypoint. If you are navigating to a waypoint, then bearing (BRG), distance to waypoint (DIS), estimated time en route (ETE), cross track error (XTK), destination arrow, and the CDI also operate. See below for more information on the CDI. The destination arrow shows the direction to the destination when the top of the screen is pointing in your direction of travel. Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) Once navigation to a destination is established, the CDI shows your distance to the left or right of the desired course. The vertical line in the box shows both the direction you must steer to get back on course and the distance to the course line. For example, if you're travelling straight to11 wards the destination, from the start, then the line stays in the center. If you drift off course to the right, the line moves to the left. This signifies that you need to steer to the left to get back on course. This is called "chasing the needle". If you steer towards the line (needle), you'll always be heading in the correct direction to get back on course. The CDI's range shows beneath the CDI label. On the screen at right, the CDI range is .20 mile, which is the default. You can adjust the range by selecting the "ALARMS/CDI" label on the main menu. This is also shown by the dotted lines at the far left and right side of the CDI. If the solid line is on either of the dotted lines, then you are 0.20 mile off course. Remember, if the line moves to the left, then you are too far to the right of the desired course line and vice-versa. Using the CDI with a mapping screen helps you visualize your position in relation to the course. The map screen on the right shows that we are off course to the right. The vertical bar on the CDI shown above has moved to the left side, showing the direction to the desired course line. The CDI gives you a quick, easy to read visual indicator of your relationship between your direction of travel and the desired direction. Map The AirMap 100 has a ground map of the world built inside. This map has the majority of its detail in far southern Canada, the continental United States and Hawaiian islands, northern Mexico, the Bahamas, and Bermuda. The map screens show your course and track from a "birds-eye" view. If you're navigating to a waypoint, the map shows your starting location, present position, course line, and destination. You don't have to navigate to a waypoint, however, to use the map. A complete aviation database is included using Jeppesen® data . Airports, NDBs, VORs, and other airspace information (including obstructions such as radio and TV towers) are overlaid onto the ground map. Using the map is as simple as pressing the PAGES key, then highlighting "MAP 1". A screen similar to the one at right appears. The airplane symbol in the center of the screen is your present position. It points in the direction you're travelling. The solid line extending from 12 the airplane symbol is your plot trail, or path you've taken. The map's range shows in the lower left corner of the screen. In this example, the map's range is ten miles from the left edge of the screen to the right. MAP-1 MAP-2 MAP-3 There are three different mapping screens. To view the other map screens, press the PAGES key, highlight the MAP label, and press the right arrow key until the desired map screen appears. Press the EXIT key to erase the menu. Map-2 (shown below) has navigation data added at the bottom of the screen, beneath the map. The data includes bearing to waypoint (BRG), track (TRK), and distance to waypoint (DIS). Map-3 is similar to Map-2. It shows ground speed (GS), track (TRK), and the CDI at the bottom of the screen. As you travel, the map slides past your present position, which always remains at the center of the screen. The line extending from your position shows the path you've taken. The Z-IN and Z-OUT keys zoom-in and out all maps to enlarge or reduce their coverage area. The available ranges are: 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1500, and 2000 miles. JeppesenTM data shows at all zoom ranges, however, Lowrance has a unique method of displaying this data. If you were to turn on all airports, VORs, NDBs, and controlled airspaces at the same time without filtering the data, the map screen would become so cluttered that it would be useless. The AirMap 100 turns off virtually all aviation data at large ranges, selectively turning on more data as you zoom in closer to your present position or cursor location. The background land data also shows more as you zoom in. 13 Cursor Pressing an arrow key turns on two dotted lines that intersect at the present position symbol. These lines are called a "cursor" and have many uses. To turn the cursor on, simply press the arrow key in the direction you want the cursor to move. This lets you view areas on the map that are away from your present position. The zoom-in and zoom-out keys work from the cursor's position when it's active - not the present position. You can zoom in on any detail, anywhere. You can also place icons and waypoints. The cursor has an extremely useful feature that lets you identify airports, VOR's, NDB's, intersections, and user-defined waypoints. In this example, an airport is identified. First, move the cursor to the airport. When the label on the airport is highlighted, press the WPT key. The waypoint screen appears with the highlighted airport's data showing. You can navigate to this airport by pressing the right arrow key, view other information by highlighting the "COMM FREQ", "RUNWAYS", or "SERVICES" labels. Press the EXIT key to erase this screen. You can select another feature in the same manner or press the EXIT key to erase the cursor. The unit centers your present position on the screen after erasing the cursor. MAP SYMBOLS Airports, VORs, NDBs, and Intersections All airports are shown as a square with its identifier beneath it. Larger airports are shown the same way until you zoom in closer, then their runways become visible. Zoom in farther, and the runway numbers also appear. VOR's are shown as a circle with a dot inside, while NDB's have a triangle. Intersections are depicted as an "X". AIRPORT WITH AIRPORT WITH SMALL RUNWAY(S) LARGE RUNWAY(S) 14 VOR NDB INTERSECTION Obstructions Your Airmap has obstruction capability. The database installed in your unit lets you see ground obstructions on the map display such as radio and television towers. The obstruction portion of the database covers all of the continental United States, Alaska, and parts of Canada, Mexico, and Bahamas. On the screen shown at right, three obstructions are shown. Three different symbols are used to show them, depending on their height. They are: SMALL - 205 to 499 feet MEDIUM - 500 to 999 feet LARGE - 1000 feet and above The elevation shows beneath the symbol. If a line is beneath the elevation, then the height is AGL, or above ground level. If no line shows beneath the height, then it is MSL or above mean sea level. For example, this obstruction is 315 feet AGL: This obstructions is 315 feet MSL: Typically, you'll need to zoom in to a range of 40 miles or less to see the large obstruction symbols, and smaller ranges to see the larger obstruction's height and smaller obstructions. To view smaller obstruction's height, you may need to zoom in to the 5 mile range. Obstructions are off by default. To turn them on, press the MENU key, while a map is showing, then select the "MAP-1 SETUP" label and press the right arrow key. Now select "AIR MAP OPTIONS" and press the right 15 arrow key. Finally, select "OBSTRUCT OPTIONS" and press the right arrow key. The screen at right appears. The defaults are: obstructions from 205 to 499 feet (shown as 200-500 on the menu) off. Obstructions 500 feet and above off. MSL defaults on. You can change any of these by highlighting the desired menu, then pressing the left or right arrow keys. Airspace This unit can show the following airspaces: Class B and C airspace, control zones, control areas (CTA), Terminal Control Areas (TMA), prohibited, restricted, MOA's (including training, danger, and caution areas), and alert areas. In this example, the Class C airspace surrounding Tulsa International airport (TUL) is clearly visible as two dark circles. The control zone airspace around Richard Jones (Riverside) airport (RVS) is shown in gray. This screen shows the Eureka MOA east of Wichita, Kansas on the 80 nautical mile range. All airspace defaults are on for this unit except warning and alerts. An airspace alarm can be set that will warn you if any of the above airspaces are within a preset radius of your position. Another airspace alarm will "lookahead" and show how soon you will cross into an airspace. See the alarms section for more information. Airspace Status You can view information about the airspace you're in using the airspace status feature. To do this, press the MENU key, then highlight "AIRSPACE STATUS" shown at the top of the next page. 16 With "AIRSPACE STATUS" highlighted, press the right arrow key. The center screen above shows next. In this example, we're in Tulsa class "C" airspace. The time and distance remaining until we leave the inner ring of the airspace (assuming we keep the present track and speed) shows on this screen above the ceiling and floor of the airspace. Since we're near the center of the class "C" airspace, (see the map at the bottom of the previous page) page one shows information about the inner ring, page two shows outer ring information. To view page two, simply press a right or left arrow key. Press the EXIT key to erase the status screens. Airspace Information You can identify an airspace without physically entering it by using the cursor. To do this, press any arrow key while a map is showing. In this example, we're using Map 1. The cursor appears. Now move the cursor to the desired airspace as shown below left. (Note: You may have to zoom-in and/or zoom-out to view the airspace.) With the cursor moved to the airspace, press the MENU key. A screen similar to the one in the center appears. Now highlight the "AIRSPACE INFO" label and press the right arrow key. A message screen appears as shown above right. 17 This is the information for the airspace that the cursor is resting on. If there are more pages of information about the airspace, press the left or right arrow keys to view them. To erase this screen, simply press the EXIT key. To see information about another airspace, simply move the cursor to that airspace and repeat these steps. MAP SETUP The map has many customization options. To change them, first press the MENU key while a map is showing on the screen. The "MAP SETUP" screen is highlighted. Press the right arrow key. A screen similar to the one at right appears. Change Maps Changes made to the map using the options in the Map Setup is normally limited to only to the current map screen. The change can be all map screens, however, by switching the "THIS MAP" to "ALL MAPS" in the "CHANGE" menu. To do this, simply highlight the "CHANGE" label, then press the right arrow key. To switch back, repeat the above. MAP OPTIONS The following map options are listed under the "Map Options" menu: Map Orientation, Auto Zoom, View Destination, Range Rings, and Grids. Map Orientation By default, this receiver shows the map with north always at the top of the screen. This is the way most maps and charts are printed on paper. This is fine if you're always travelling due north. What you see to your left corresponds to the left side of the map, to your right is shown on the right side of the map, and so on. However, if you travel any other direction, the map doesn't line up with your view of the world. To correct this problem, a track-up mode rotates the map as you turn. Thus, what you see on the left side of the screen should always be to your left, and so on. A course-up mode keeps the map at the same orientation as the initial bearing to the waypoint. 18 In the north-up view shown at right, we're travelling southeast towards camp, saved as waypoint number 14. In this view, the present position indicator appears to move towards the lower right corner of the screen. NORTH-UP In the track-up view, the present position moves straight towards the top of the display. A "N" shows to help you see which direction is north when the track-up mode is on. Remember, in the track-up mode, the screen rotates as you change direction. It always keeps your direction of travel (track) heading towards the top of the screen. TRACK-UP In the course-up mode, the screen is locked into your original bearing to the recalled waypoint, regardless of your track. COURSE-UP To select the desired mode, first press the MENU key, select "MAP 1 SETUP", then select "MAP OPTIONS". Finally, select "ROTATE" and press the right or left arrow key until the desired mode appears. Press the EXIT key to erase this menu. 19 AUTOZOOM This receiver has an autozoom feature that eliminates much of the button pushing that competitive units force you to make. It works in conjunction with the navigation features. First, recall a waypoint. (See the waypoint section for more information on navigating to a waypoint.) Then, with the autozoom mode on, the unit zooms out until the entire course shows, from the present position to the destination waypoint (recalled waypoint). As you travel towards the destination, the unit automatically begins zooming in, one zoom range at a time, keeping the destination on the screen. The screens below show a slice of the progression of a trip to Mangham Regional airport in Nacogdoches, Texas. Screen number one is the start and is on the 200 mile range. Intermediate stages progressively zoom in as it gets closer to the destination. 1 2 3 4 5 20 6 To use the autozoom feature, first press the MENU key, select "Map 1 Setup", then "Map Options". Highlight "Auto Zoom", then press the right arrow key to turn it on. Press the EXIT key repeatedly to erase the menus. VIEW DESTINATION The GPS receiver normally centers the present position on the screen and moves the map past it. If a waypoint is recalled, the unit can center the waypoint on the screen, instead of the present position. To do this, press the MENU key, select "Map 1 Setup", then "Map Options". Highlight "View Dest", then press the right arrow key to turn it on. Press the EXIT key repeatedly to erase the menus. VIEW DESTINATION OFF VIEW DESTINATION ON Range Rings/Grid Lines The map screen can be customized with rings that are 1/4 of the range and/or grids that divide the map into equal segments of latitude and longitude. To do this, press the MENU key, select "Map 1 Setup", then "Map Options". Highlight the desired option, then press the right arrow key to turn it on. Press the EXIT key repeatedly to erase the menus. A sample screen of each type shows below. RANGE RINGS GRID 21 BOTH RINGS & GRID EARTH MAP OPTIONS The earth map consists of the built-in background map of the world. To change the Earth map options, first press the MENU key, then select the Earth Map label. Press the right arrow key. The screen shown at right appears. Earth Map On/Off The background map can be turned on or off using the "Earth Map" menu. The earth map is the background map that shows on the map screens. Simply highlight the menu, then press the left arrow key to turn it off. EARTH MAP ON EARTH MAP OFF Text Labels Select "Map Text" to turn all names on the map (such as Lake Tahoe or Mississippi River) off or on. The default is "on". Press the left arrow key to turn them off. Locations Normally, text disappears as you zoom out. This declutters the screen, making it easier to see significant map detail. Turning "Locations" on from the earth map menu places a dot on the screen where a text label should be when the screen is zoomed out. The arrows on the screen at right show two locations where, if zoomed in, text will show. (Note: this doesn't affect air data, just the earth map.) Map Detail The detail shown on the background map diminishes as the screen is zoomed out. This prevents cluttering of the display, or overlapping of text 22 and graphics which can make it unreadable. There are two detail levels: normal and high. The difference between the two shows below. The screen on the left is normal detail, on the right is high detail. Both screens are on the 60 mile range. Normally, you'll only see a difference in detail when the unit is zoomed out to the 30 mile range or higher. NORMAL DETAIL HIGH DETAIL To change the map's detail setting, select "Map Detail" from the earth map menu, then press the right arrow key. Gray Fill When this unit is first turned on, all water (lakes, oceans, rivers) is filled with gray to distinguish it from land, which is clear. (See below) To make the land fill with gray and water remain clear, select the "Gray Fill" label from the Earth Map menu, then press the left arrow key. Press the EXIT key repeatedly to return to the mapping screen. WATER FILLED WITH GRAY LAND FILLED WITH GRAY Normally, you'll want to fill water with gray when you're using the GPS receiver over land and fill land with gray when you're using it over water. 23 Map Boundaries The Map Boundary feature shows the area that's covered by the detailed background map. The solid line on the screen at right shows the coverage area of the detail in the built-in background map. If you download SmartMap, WorldMap, or other more detailed maps, the map boundary feature will show their coverage areas, also. The default for this feature is on. To turn it off, select "MAP BOUNDS" from the "EARTH MAP" menu and press the left arrow key. Symbols, Locations, and Contours These features on the Earth Map menu are used when special map data is downloaded to this unit. You can turn each of the above on or off independently. They only work with the special data. See the MapSelect section for more information on downloading map data to this unit. AIR MAP OPTIONS You can select the aviation symbols and airspaces that you want displayed on the screen. To do this, first press the MENU key, then select "MAP-1 SETUP". From this menu, select "AIR MAP OPTIONS". A screen similar to the one at right appears. You can turn all air data off by selecting "AIRMAP", then pressing the left arrow key. Use the up and down arrow keys to select the desired symbol, then press the right arrow key to turn it on or the left arrow key to turn it off. To turn the identifying text off on all airports, VOR's, NDB's, and intersections, select "ID'S" and press the left arrow key. You can also turn off all airports, VOR's, NDB's, and intersections from the air map options menu. To change the airspace selections, select "AIRSPACES SHOWN". The screen shown at right appears. Again, use the up and down arrow keys to move the box to the desired airspace that you wish to change, then press the right arrow key to turn it on or the left arrow key to turn it off. 24 Runway Extensions This unit can draw a line on the screen that extends the runway which makes it easier to line up on the runway during final approach. To use the extension, you must first navigate to an airport. (See the Navigation section for more details.) In this example, (shown at right) we're navigating to Mangham Regional airport in Nacogdoches, Texas. Next, select "Runways/ Extensions" from the "AIRMAP OPTIONS" menu shown on the previous page. The screen shown below appears. Now select "RUNWAY EXTENSION" on this menu. The screen below left appears. Use the left or right arrow keys to select the desired runway. In this example, we're using runway 36. When the extension appears on the desired runway, press the EXIT key to return to the map. A line on the screen extends from the airport in line with the selected runway. To turn the extension off, repeat the above steps, but select "NONE" on the above menu. 25 TRAIL OPTIONS The line extending from the present position symbol is called a plot trail. You can customize the plot trail and save trails using the trail options menu. To use it, press the MENU key, select "MAP SETUP", then "TRAIL OPTIONS". The screen at right appears. Clear Trail To erase the current plot trail from the screen, select Clear Trail from the Trail Options menu. A message appears, asking if you really want to erase the plot trail. Follow the instructions on the screen. When the trail is erased, the unit returns to the map screen. Flash Trail By default, the plot trail flashes once per second. This typically makes it easier to see the plot trail against the background map. To turn the flashing off, select "FLASH TRL" from the trail options menu. Press the left arrow key to turn it off. Update Options By default, the plotter places a dot on the screen every 3 seconds to create the plot trail. You can change this time from once per second to once every thirty minutes. The plot trail can also be updated by distance instead of by time. The distance update rate can be set from 0.01 to once every 10 miles. From the trail options menu, choose "UPDATE BY" to change the update rate or type. To change the rate or distance, simply select either the "UPDATE RATE" or `UPDATE DIS" menus as appropriate, use the left or right arrow keys to adjust it, then press the EXIT key to erase the menu. PLOT TRAILS - Save Trail This unit automatically saves the current plot trail in memory when you turn it off. You can save two other trails in memory. To save your current plot trail in a specific memory location, choose "SAVE TRAIL" from the "TRAIL OPTIONS" menu. The screen shown at right appears. Highlight the desired number that you wish to save the current trail under, (i.e. "Trail 1 or Trail 2) and press the right arrow key. Your current trail is saved. Press the EXIT key to erase this menu. 26 PLOT TRAILS - Trails Shown The current plot trail shows on the plotter by default. To place a previously saved trail onto the plotter, choose "TRAILS SHOWN" from the Trail Options menu. The screen shown at right appears. Highlight the desired trail on this screen, then press the right arrow key to select it. Press the EXIT key to erase this menu. The selected plot trail shows on the plotter. ICONS The plotter has 28 symbols or "icons" available that can be placed anywhere on the screen. They can be used to mark airports that aren't in the database, ramps, or virtually any point of interest. An icon can be placed at your present position or at the cursor's location. However, you can't use icons for navigation. Place Icon - Present Position To place an icon at your present position, simply press the ENT key while the mapping screen is on. The screen shown at right appears. Use the arrow keys to highlight the desired icon. Now press the ENT key again. The mapping screen reappears with the icon showing at the position you were at when the ENT key was pressed. MAP-1 SCREEN PRESS ENT KEY SELECT ICON PRESS ENT KEY ICON PLACED AT POSITION. 27 Place Icon - Cursor Position To place an icon at the cursor's position, first use the arrow keys to move the cursor to the location that you wish to place the icon. Next, press the ENT key. Now select the icon using the arrow keys. While it's selected, press the ENT key. The map reappears with the icon placed at the cursor crosshairs. Press the EXIT key to erase the cursor. On the screens shown below, the house icon was placed at the cursor's location. MOVE CURSOR PRESS ENT KEY SELECT ICON PRESS ENT KEY ICON PLACED AT CURSOR POS. Icon Options Icons can be erased from the plotter individually, all of a specific type, or all at once. They can also simply be turned off without erasing them. To make changes to the icons, press the MENU key, then select "MAP SETUP", and finally select "ICON OPTIONS". The screen shown at right appears. The first menu (ICONS OFF/ON) simply turns all icon symbols off or on. This doesn't erase the icons, it simply "hides" the icons from the map. You can use this feature to temporarily de-clutter the display. The DEL ALL ICONS selection does erase all of the icons from memory, Use this only if you want to erase all icons that have been placed on all map screens. To erase only a certain type of icon, select the DEL ICON TYPE menu. The icon menu appears. Highlight the icon style that you want to erase from memory, then press the ENT key. The unit returns to the map screen with only the selected icons erased. 28 You can delete individual icons by selecting the DEL FROM MAP menu from the Icon Options menu. Once this menu is selected, the unit returns to the plotter screen with the cursor activated as shown at right. Use the arrow keys to move the cursor to the icon that you want to erase. Once the crosshairs are on top of the icon, press the ENT key. The icon is immediately erased. Press the EXIT key to erase the cursor. Map Downloading The AirMap 100 has a background map of the world permanently installed inside. You can send an enhanced map from an optional IMS MapSelect CD-ROM to the unit using a personal computer. BACKGROUND MAP ONLY BACKGROUND MAP WITH IMS MAP Important! Downloading enhanced maps will erase the Jeppesen database. You can't have both an enhanced map and aviation data in the unit simultaneously. Currently, the IMS MapSelect CD has the following databases: IMS SmartMapTM data covers the 48 contiguous states and are broken down into 64 different mapping regions. Contained in this database are the names and locations of over 140,000 cities; 30,000 national, state and county parks; 120,000 inland bodies of water plus coastal waters out to 25 miles; as well as nearly all state and federal highways, interstates and routes. IMS WorldMapTM data covers 35 specific regions around the globe including Canada, Europe, Indonesia and Australia. Contained in this database are the names and locations of cities, towns, provinces and states, 29 plus major roadways including two- and four-lane highways, inland waterways and coastal hydrography. Coastal Navaid data covers coastal regions of the 49 U.S. States (excluding Hawaii), the District of Columbia, the Great Lakes and many large coastal rivers and other large inland lakes. Contained are approximately 60,000 marine navigation aids. Each navigation aid is displayed as a small symbol, with information useful to the navigator (including light type (flashing or continuous), light color, and other aid markings) below the symbol. To use one of these, install the software from the CD-ROM onto your PC compatible computer according to the instructions supplied with the CD. Next, connect the cable supplied with this unit from a serial port on the computer to the GPS receiver. Now turn the unit on and adjust the communication port baud rate to its highest level (Press MENU - SYSTEM SETUP - COM PORT SETUP). Set the parity to "none" and 8 data bits. Start the GDM-16 program on the computer. Click on the "GPS" label, then click on "Options". Select the com port that the GPS cable is connected to and click "OK". Now click on the "GPS" label, then "Initialize". This starts the communication between the GPS unit and the computer. If the communications fail, try switching the baud rate on the AirMap 100 to a lower setting. Once the communications are established, click on the "Map Select" tab. Choose a memory partition to download a map into, then choose a map. If you have problems, click on "Help". There is extensive help available on the GDM-16 program. TRANSFERRING MAP DATA Using the GDM Software, you may transfer up to two maps of your choice to your GPS Unit. 1. Click on the MapSelect Tab. 2. Select a map by clicking on the desired database button (IMS SmartMap, IMS WorldMap, or Coastal Navaids). A map appears on the screen . Click the desired area that you want to download to the GPS unit. 3. Select a memory partition by clicking on Memory Partition 1 or 2. (Note: Any data already present in a selected memory partition will be overwritten. When transferring map data larger than 1 megabyte, both memory partitions are automatically selected.) 4. Click the Transfer Map Data Button. A status bar appears on both the PC and the GPS unit's screen. When the bar disappears, the transfer is complete. You'll be able to see the difference when the unit is zoomed in to ranges of ten miles or less. 30 WINDOWS The windows feature provides ten different data screens chosen for their broad range of navigation information and ease of use. To use the windows feature, press the PAGES key, then highlight the "GROUP A" label at the bottom of the screen. Group A is visible in the background when you switch to the windows group. Press the left or right arrow key to switch between all off the groups. When the desired group appears, press the EXIT key to erase the Pages menu. A summary of the groups follows. Note that many of the groups have navigation data that require navigation to a waypoint in order to show data. See the waypoint section for information on waypoint navigation. All of these groups can be rearranged. See the reprogramming section for more information. Group A This screen has two maps, one above the other. Each map works separately from the other. For example, the top map has autozoom turned on, while the bottom map doesn't. To zoom in or out on the bottom map, simply press the ZIN or ZOUT keys. The main menu also has selections for the upper map and lower map setups. GROUP A MAIN MENU 31 Group B This screen has a map in the track-up mode on the top half with bearing (BRG), distance to go (DIS), track (TRK) and the CDI on the lower half. (See page 10 for an explanation of the CDI.) Group C A half screen map in the track-up mode again appears at the top. The CDI shows in the middle of the screen. Your present course (CRS) shows at the top of the CDI. Track (TRK) and distance to go (DIS) show at the bottom of the screen. Group D This screen is the same as group C except ground speed (GS) replaces distance to go (DIS) in the lower right corner. Group E A CDI combined with a digital boxes makes up this screen. Beneath the CDI are bearing (BRG), distance to go (DIS), track (TRK), ground speed (GS), and altitude (ALT). 32 Group F This screen shows two position windows. Each can show the position in different formats. (See Position Format in the GPS Setup section for more details.) Group G The group G screen shows DGPS information. There must be a DGPS receiver connected to the unit in order to use this screen. The DGPS corrections at the top of the screen shows a list of the satellites in view. The satellite's number is followed by an identifier showing its status. They are as follows: OK DGPS corrections are in use by GPS receiver and corrections are available. Unit hasn't received corrections in last 60 seconds. No correction available. OLD NA The DGPS station's ID number, frequency, bit rate, signal strength, signal to noise ratio (SNR), and time since the GPS receiver received the satellite corrections (AGE) all show at the bottom of this screen. Group H This is a time screen. An analog clock shows at the top, followed by a digital clock showing your local time. The clock's alarm setting shows in this window, also. UTC time shows at the bottom of this screen. (UTC is the time at the prime meridian. It used to be called GMT.) To set the clock alarm, first press the MENU key, then select "CLOCK ALM SETUP" and press the right ar33 row key. The screen shown below left appears. Now press the right arrow key. The screen below center appears. Using the arrow keys, enter the alarm's time. Press the ENT key. The unit returns to the clock alarm menu. CLOCK ALARM MENU CLOCK ALARM ADJUST MENU CLOCK ALARM SET Highlight the "CLOCK ALM OFF ON" menu and press the right arrow key to turn it on. Press the EXIT key to erase the menus. The unit returns to the group with the alarm's time showing in the clock's window. Group I This group has estimated time enroute (ETE) at the top of the screen, a trip timer, estimated time of arrival (ETA), and the digital clock. The trip timer measures the total time you have been travelling. It starts counting when you exceed a preset speed. The default is 5 miles per hour. You can adjust this time from zero to 200 m.p.h.. To do this, press the MENU key, then select "TRIP TIMER SETUP" menu. The screen at right appears. Highlight the "START GS" label, then press the left or right arrow keys until the desired speed appears. Press the EXIT key to erase this screen. TRIP TIMER MENU 34 Group J There are three timers on this screen and an odometer (TRIP METER). The trip timer is described in group I. The trip meter measures the distance you've travelled since it was last reset. To reset the trip meter, press the MENU key, then select "TRIP METER RESET" and press the right arrow key. The unit returns to Group J with the trip meter reset to zero. The up timer starts at zero and counts up. The up timer also has an alarm. The down timer starts from a user setting and counts down to zero. MAIN MENU UP TIMER MENU UP TIMER SET To start a timer, first press the MENU key, then highlight the desired timer setup menu. In this example, we're using the count up timer, so the UP TIMER SETUP was selected. Now press the right arrow key. A screen similar to the one above center appears. To start the timer, simply highlight the "UP TIMER" menu, then press the right arrow key. To reset the timer to zero, select the "UP TIMER RESET" menu. The up timer has an alarm that can be set to sound at a preset time. (For example, one hour from now, three hours, etc.) To set the alarm, highlight the "UP TIMER ALM SET" and press the right arrow key. The screen at the upper right appears. Using the arrow keys, highlight the first number in the time that you want to set. (The time is in hours, minutes, and seconds) Now press the up or down arrow keys until the desired number shows. Continue until the time shown in the display is correct, then press the ENT key. The unit returns to the timer menu screen. To turn the alarm on, highlight the "UP ALARM" label. Press the right arrow key. Press the EXIT key to erase the menu. The time you set shows in the "UP TIMER" box . The timer continues 35 counting until you stop it. When it reaches the alarm's time setting, a tone sounds. Press the EXIT key to shut the alarm off. The countdown timer starts from a time that you enter and counts down to zero. (Note: When the countdown timer reaches zero, it begins counting up until you press the EXIT key. This tells you how long it's been since the alarm sounded.) Use the "DOWN TIMER SETUP" menu to adjust the countdown timer and reset it to zero. Reprogram Window Groups All of the windows groups can be customized. The changes you make to the groups will remain in memory, even if all power is removed from the unit. You can, however, return the groups to the factory settings using "Reset Groups" on the system setup menu. To customize a group, first switch to the group that you wish to change. For this example, group "B" is used as shown at right. Next, press the MENU key, then select "REPROGRAM GROUP". The screen shown at the bottom left corner of this page appears. The first window appears at the top of this screen. To select a different window, press the right or left arrow keys until the desired window appears. To add it to the group, simply press the down arrow key. Continue adding windows to the group in this manner until the group is filled with windows. As you add windows to the group, their relative position on the screen is represented by boxes in the lower right side of this screen. When the screen is filled with windows, the unit automatically saves your reprogrammed group and returns to the group, as shown at the top of the next page. 36 If you finish selecting windows before filling the group with windows, press the ENT key. To leave the reprogramming menu without saving the changes, simply press the EXIT key. In this example, the finished group "B" looks like the one at right. Reprogram Boxes The digital boxes on MAP 2 and 3 and both NAV screens can be reprogrammed, changing the informations shown by the boxes. To customize a screen, first switch to the screen that you want to customize. Map-2 (shown at right) is used in this example. Next, press the MENU key, then select the "Reprogram Boxes" menu. The screen shown below left appears. This is the MAP-2 edit screen. The "BRG" box near the left corner flashes, which means it's ready for change. If you don't want to change this box, simply press the left or right arrow key to move to the box that you do want to change. In this example, we will change the bearing (BRG) box to ground speed (GS). To do this, simply press the up or down arrow key while the box is flashing. The box changes each time the arrow key is pressed. When the desired box appears, then you can change another box or save your changes by pressing the ENT key. If you want to leave this screen without saving the changes, simply press the EXIT key. In this 37 example, we simply changed the BRG to GS, then pressed the ENT key. The screen on the far right on the previous page is the final version. Use this same method to change the NAV screens. RESET GROUPS To restore all window groups and boxes on the navigation and plotter screens to their factory settings, first press the MENU key, then highlight the "SYSTEM SETUP" label and press the right arrow key. Now highlight the "RESET GROUPS" label on this menu. Press the right arrow key. A message appears, asking if you really want to do this. Press the right arrow key for yes, or the left arrow key to exit without resetting the groups. DATABASES Thanks to the Jeppesen database and the GPS receiver's ability to save locations in memory, (waypoints) you can navigate to virtually any location. The AirMap 100 can also store up to 750 user waypoints. You can store your present position, the cursor's location, or enter latitude/longitude positions as waypoint locations. The Jeppesen database contains airport, VOR, NDB, and intersection locations, plus pertinent airport data such as com frequencies, runway information, and services (fuel availability, repairs, oxygen, etc.) You can also create routes composed of any airport, VOR, NDB, intersection or your own waypoints in any combination. Aviation Database To use the database, first press the WPT key. The screen shown at right appears. This is the User Waypoint screen. You'll use this screen to store and recall your own locations. Now press the up arrow key. This moves the black box to the "USER WPT" label at the top of the screen. Pressing the right arrow key repeatedly switches to each of the database screens in the order shown at the top of the next page. 38 USER AIRPORT VOR NDB INT To find a particular airport, VOR, NDB, or intersection, first switch to the appropriate database. In this example, we'll use the airport database. Suppose we're planning a trip to Fort Smith Regional airport in Fort Smith, Arkansas. There are three ways to find this airport in the AirMap's database. You can find it by searching through the airport identifiers (ID), airport name, or city. In this example, we know the airport identifier is FSM, so we'll highlight the "ID" label by pressing the down arrow key once. Now press the right arrow key. The screen at the top of the next page appears next. 39 Select the first letter in the identifier by pressing the up or down arrow keys until the letter "F" appears in the "ID" field. When it does, press the right arrow key once. This moves the selector to the second number in the identifier field. Again, press the up or down arrow keys until the letter "S" appears. Finally, press the right arrow key one more time, moving the selector to the last number in the "ID" field, then press up or down arrow keys until the letter "M" appears. The screen should look like the one at right. You can find an airport by using the airport name (name) or city fields the same as the ID field. Simply move the black box to the desired label, then use the arrow keys to select the name. After you've found the airport, press the EXIT key. The screen shown at right appears. At the bottom of the screen is the airport's elevation, which in this case is 469 feet. Beneath this is the airport's position, and at the very bottom of this screen in the distance and bearing from your present position to the airport. Communication Frequencies To view the communication frequencies used at the selected airport, press the down arrow key and move the black box to the "COMM FREQ" label, as shown at right. Now press the right arrow key. The screen shown at the top of the next page appears. 40 This is the communication frequencies screen. In this example, all applicable com frequencies for Fort Smith Regional airport are shown. Also, this airport has more frequencies that can be shown on one page. Press the left or right arrow keys to view the rest of the radio information. When you're finished with this screen, press the EXIT key. The unit returns to the previous database screen. Runways To view the runway information, press the down arrow key on the airport database screen shown at the bottom of the previous page until the black box is on the "RUNWAYS" label, then press the right arrow key. A screen similar to the one at right appears. The active runways available at the time of your database are shown in the center of the screen. Data for each runway is shown at the top and bottom of the screen. In the example screen shown above, runway 7 - 25 has a hard surface, is 8000 feet long and 150 feet wide. It also has lights which are activated on 118.30 mHz. To view the data for the other runway, press either the right or left arrow key. The screen shown at right appears. Now information for runway 1 - 19 is shown. If the airport has more than two runways, simply keep pressing the right or left arrow keys until the desired runway appears. When you're finished with this screen, press the EXIT key to return to the airport database screen. Services To view the services available at the airport, highlight the "SERVICES" label on the AIRPORT main menu shown at the bottom of the previous page, then press the right arrow key. The screen at right shows. After viewing the information, press the EXIT key. 41 OTHER AVIATION DATABASES The VOR, NDB, and intersection databases work the same as the airport. Simply switch to the desired database, highlight the ID, name, or city (where applicable) and select the location you wish to view. When you're finished with these screens, press the EXIT key to erase them. USER DATABASE - WAYPOINTS This GPS receiver gives you the ability to create your own database of locations, called "waypoints'. You can save your present position, cursor position, or enter a coordinate and save it as a waypoint. For example, you may wish to store the location of your parked car as a waypoint before starting on a hike. When you want to return to the car, all you have to do is recall the waypoint and the unit will show distance and bearing from your present position to the car. This unit stores up to 750 waypoints. Waypoint Menu With few exceptions, in order to save, modify, or recall a waypoint, you'll use the waypoint menu, shown at right. The current waypoint number shows at the top of the screen. Its name appears beneath the "GO TO WPT" label. The waypoint's position, distance and bearing from your present position to the waypoint, and the date and time the waypoint was saved show at the bottom of the screen. It's icon shows just to the right of the distance and bearing. In short, all of the detail about the waypoint shows on this screen. Saving Your Present Position as a Waypoint (Quick Save Method) To save your present position, simply press the WPT key twice. Your current position is placed into the first available waypoint number on the list. A message appears on the display telling you the waypoint number it just used. This also momentarily places you in the waypoint menu. Anytime this menu is showing, simply press the WPT key once and the unit will store your present position on the waypoint list. In this case, waypoint number one was assigned when the WPT key was pressed. 42 Saving The Cursor Position as a Waypoint When the cursor is showing on the map and you press the WPT key twice, the cursor's position is placed into the first available waypoint number. In the example screen shown below, the cursor is placed at the desired location. Pressing the WPT twice causes waypoint number two to be placed at the cursor's crosshairs. (Waypoint 2 was the next available waypoint number.) A message appears on the display telling you the waypoint number it just used. Wait a few seconds and the menu will clear automatically. Press the EXIT key to erase the cursor. MOVE CURSOR TO DESIRED LOCATION PRESS WPT KEY TWICE Saving Your Present Position as a Waypoint (Select Number Method) The method shown previously doesn't let you choose the waypoint number. You can pick the waypoint number, then save your present or cursor position. To save your present position, press the WPT key once. (If you're saving the cursor position, first move the cursor to the desired location, then press the WPT key.) A screen similar to the one at right appears. Highlight the "WPT" label near the top of the screen. Press the right or left arrow keys until the desired waypoint number appears that you wish to save your present (or cursor) location under. Waypoint number 4 is used in this example. Now select "CREATE WPT" . A screen similar to the one at right appears. Finally, highlight "CURRENT POS" and press the right arrow key. The unit returns to the waypoint screen with the position saved under the selected waypoint number. . 43 Saving a New Position To save a position other than the cursor's or the present position as a waypoint, first select the waypoint number as described on the previous page. Next, select "CREATE WPT". The screen shown at the bottom of the previous page appears. Select "ENTER POS". The screen shown at right appears. Using the arrow keys, enter the latitude and longitude of the position that you want to save. (Note: latitude and longitude is the default, however if UTM or other position format is in use, this screen will let you enter the position in the format that's currently in use.) Waypoint Averaging Although electronic position finding devices such as this one show the position in precise digital numbers, there is some ambiguity in the displayed position. With position pinning turned off, you can see this by watching the position displayed on the unit move while you're standing still. This is due to many factors; SA, atmospheric conditions, the number of satellites being tracked and their location relative to your position, and so on. However, even with SA turned on, this GPS receiver can show surprisingly accurate position information. If you wish to increase the accuracy of a saved position, use the waypoint averaging method. This method requires the unit to remain untouched at the location that you want to save, preferably for at least one hour. Longer times will result in a better position. The unit averages all of the positions reported by its GPS receiver, resulting in typically higher position accuracy. To use this feature, first press the WPT key and select a waypoint number, then select "CREATE WPT". The screen at the bottom of the previous page appears. Now select "AVERAGE POS". The screen shown at right appears. Your present position shows at the top of the screen. A box with a plotter graphically shows the movement of your average position. The number of positions or points taken appears beneath the plotter. The position is updated once per second. Now place the unit where it has an unobstructed view of the sky. At the end of the position gathering time, press the ENT key to save the averaged position. 44