User manual ORCAD PSPICE

OrCAD PSpice® User's Guide Copyright © 1998 OrCAD, Inc. All rights reserved. Trademarks OrCAD, OrCAD Layout, OrCAD Express, OrCAD Capture, OrCAD PSpice, and OrCAD PSpice A/D are registered trademarks of OrCAD, Inc. OrCAD Capture CIS, and OrCAD Express CIS are trademarks of OrCAD, Inc. Microsoft, Visual Basic, Windows, Windows NT, and other names of Microsoft products referenced herein are trademarks or registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. All other brand and product names mentioned herein are used for identification purposes only, and are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders. Part Number 60-30-636 First edition 30 November 1998 Technical Support Corporate offices OrCAD Japan K.K. OrCAD UK Ltd. Fax General email Technical Support email World Wide Web OrCAD Design Network (ODN) (503) 671-9400 (503) 671-9500 81-45-621-1911 44-1256-381-400 (503) 671-9501 info@orcad.com techsupport@orcad.com http://www.orcad.com http://www.orcad.com/odn 9300 SW Nimbus Ave. Beaverton, OR 97008 USA Contents Before you begin xxiii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii xxiv . xxv . xxv xxvi xxvii xxviii xxviii . xxix Welcome to OrCAD . . . . . . . . . OrCAD PSpice overview . . . . . . How to use this guide . . . . . . . . Typographical conventions . . Related documentation . . . . . . . Online Help . . . . . . . . . . . If you have the demo CD-ROM OrCAD demo CD-ROM . . What's New . . . . . . . . . . . . . Part one Chapter 1 Simulation primer Things you need to know 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 3 3 3 4 5 6 6 7 8 8 9 9 9 10 Chapter overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . What is PSpice? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analyses you can run with PSpice . . . . . . . . Basic analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DC sweep & other DC calculations . . . AC sweep and noise . . . . . . . . . . . Transient and Fourier . . . . . . . . . . . Advanced multi-run analyses . . . . . . . . Parametric and temperature . . . . . . . Monte Carlo and sensitivity/worst-case Analyzing waveforms with PSpice . . . . . . . What is waveform analysis? . . . . . . . . . Using PSpice with other OrCAD programs . . . Using Capture to prepare for simulation . What is the Stimulus Editor? . . . . . . . . What is the Model Editor? . . . . . . . . . . Contents Files needed for simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Files that Capture generates . . . . . . . . . . . . Netlist file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Circuit file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other files that you can configure for simulation Model library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stimulus file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Include file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Configuring model library, stimulus, and include files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Files that PSpice generates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Waveform data file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PSpice output file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 10 11 11 11 12 13 13 13 14 14 14 Chapter 2 Simulation examples 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 16 21 22 22 24 25 26 26 28 31 32 36 37 37 39 41 42 43 45 48 49 51 Chapter overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example circuit creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finding out more about setting up your design . . . . Running PSpice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Performing a bias point analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . Using the simulation output file . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finding out more about bias point calculations . . . . DC sweep analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Setting up and running a DC sweep analysis . . . . . . Displaying DC analysis results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finding out more about DC sweep analysis . . . . . . Transient analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finding out more about transient analysis . . . . . . . AC sweep analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Setting up and running an AC sweep analysis . . . . . AC sweep analysis results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finding out more about AC sweep and noise analysis Parametric analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Setting up and running the parametric analysis . . . . Analyzing waveform families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finding out more about parametric analysis . . . . . . Performance analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finding out more about performance analysis . . . . . iv Contents Part two Chapter 3 Design entry Preparing a design for simulation 55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 . 56 . 56 . 57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 58 59 60 61 61 62 64 65 66 67 67 67 69 69 74 74 75 75 76 77 79 79 79 81 81 82 82 83 83 83 84 84 v Chapter overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Checklist for simulation setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Typical simulation setup steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Advanced design entry and simulation setup steps . . . . . . . When netlisting fails or the simulation does not start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Things to check in your design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Things to check in your system configuration . . . . . . . . Using parts that you can simulate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vendor-supplied parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Part naming conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Finding the part that you want . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Passive parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Breakout parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Behavioral parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Using global parameters and expressions for values . . . . . . . . Global parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Declaring and using a global parameter . . . . . . . . . . . Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Specifying expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Defining power supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . For the analog portion of your circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Defining stimuli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analog stimuli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Using VSTIM and ISTIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . If you want to specify multiple stimulus types . . . . . . . Things to watch for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unmodeled parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Do this if the part in question is from the OrCAD libraries Check for this if the part in question is custom-built . . . . Unconfigured model, stimulus, or include files . . . . . . . . . Check for this . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unmodeled pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Check for this . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Missing ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Check for this . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Missing DC path to ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Check for this . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contents Chapter 4 Creating and editing models 85 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 87 87 87 88 88 89 89 90 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 96 97 97 99 99 100 100 101 101 102 102 103 104 104 105 105 107 108 109 110 110 111 Chapter overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . What are models? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Models defined as model parameter sets . . . . . . . . Models defined as subcircuit netlists . . . . . . . . . . How are models organized? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Model libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Model library configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Global vs. design models and libraries . . . . . . . . . . . Nested model libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OrCAD-provided models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tools to create and edit models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ways to create and edit models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Using the Model Editor to edit models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ways to use the Model Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Model Editor-supported device types . . . . . . . . . . . . Ways To Characterize Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Creating models from data sheet information . . . . . Analyzing the effect of model parameters on device characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . How to fit models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Running the Model Editor alone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Starting the Model Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enabling and disabling automatic part creation . . . . Saving global models (and parts) . . . . . . . . . . . . Running the Model Editor from the schematic page editor What is an instance model? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Starting the Model Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saving design models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . What happens if you don't save the instance model . . The Model Editor tutorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Creating the half-wave rectifier design . . . . . . . . . Using the Model Editor to edit the D1 diode model . . Entering data sheet information . . . . . . . . . . . . . Extracting model parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adding curves for more than one temperature . . . . Completing the model definition . . . . . . . . . . . . Editing model text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Editing .MODEL definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Editing .SUBCKT definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi Contents Changing the model name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Starting the Model Editor from the schematic page editor in Capture . . . . . What is an instance model? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Starting the Model Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saving design models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example: editing a Q2N2222 instance model . . . . . . . . . Starting the Model Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Editing the Q2N2222-X model instance . . . . . . . . . Saving the edits and updating the schematic . . . . . . Using the Create Subcircuit command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Changing the model reference to an existing model definition . Reusing instance models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reusing instance models in the same schematic . . . . . . . Making instance models available to all designs . . . . . . Configuring model libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Libraries and Include Files tabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . How PSpice uses model libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Search order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Handling duplicate model names . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adding model libraries to the configuration . . . . . . . . . Changing design and global scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Changing model library search order . . . . . . . . . . . . . Changing the library search path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 112 112 113 114 114 114 115 115 117 118 118 119 120 120 121 121 122 122 123 124 125 Chapter 5 Creating parts for models 127 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 130 131 131 132 133 135 135 136 136 136 138 vii Chapter overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . What's different about parts used for simulation? Ways to create parts for models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preparing your models for part creation . . . . . Using the Model Editor to create parts . . . . . . Starting the Model Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . Setting up automatic part creation . . . . . . Basing new parts on a custom set of parts . . . . Editing part graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . How Capture places parts . . . . . . . . . . . Defining grid spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grid spacing for graphics . . . . . . . . . Grid spacing for pins . . . . . . . . . . . . Attaching models to parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contents MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Defining part properties needed for simulation PSPICETEMPLATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PSPICETEMPLATE syntax . . . . . . . . PSPICETEMPLATE examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 139 140 140 143 Chapter 6 Analog behavioral modeling 147 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 148 149 150 150 151 152 153 155 156 157 160 160 164 167 168 171 174 175 176 176 178 179 181 181 183 186 186 187 187 188 190 190 191 Chapter overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overview of analog behavioral modeling . . . . . . . . . . . The ABM.OLB part library file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Placing and specifying ABM parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Net names and device names in ABM expressions . . . Forcing the use of a global definition . . . . . . . . . . . ABM part templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Control system parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Limiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chebyshev filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Integrator and differentiator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table look-up parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Laplace transform part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Math functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ABM expression parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . An instantaneous device example: modeling a triode . . PSpice-equivalent parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Implementation of PSpice -equivalent parts . . . . . . . Modeling mathematical or instantaneous relationships . EVALUE and GVALUE parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMULT, GMULT, ESUM, and GSUM . . . . . . . . . Lookup tables (ETABLE and GTABLE) . . . . . . . . . . Frequency-domain device models . . . . . . . . . . . . . Laplace transforms (LAPLACE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frequency response tables (EFREQ and GFREQ) . . . . Cautions and recommendations for simulation and analysis Instantaneous device modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frequency-domain parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Laplace transforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-causality and Laplace transforms . . . . . . . . Chebyshev filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frequency tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trading off computer resources for accuracy . . . . . . . viii Contents Basic controlled sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Creating custom ABM parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Part three Setting Up and Running Analyses Chapter 7 Setting up analyses and starting simulation 195 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 196 197 198 199 200 206 206 207 207 207 208 208 Chapter overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analysis types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Setting up analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Execution order for standard analyses . . . . . . . . . Output variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Starting a simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Starting a simulation from Capture . . . . . . . . . . . Starting a simulation outside of Capture . . . . . . . . Setting up batch simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Multiple simulation setups within one circuit file . Running simulations with multiple circuit files . . The PSpice simulation window . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 8 DC analyses 213 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 214 214 216 218 219 221 223 223 223 225 225 226 228 228 229 Chapter overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DC Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minimum requirements to run a DC sweep analysis . . . . . . . . Overview of DC sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Setting up a DC stimulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nested DC sweeps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Curve families for DC sweeps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bias point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minimum requirements to run a bias point analysis . . . . . . . . Overview of bias point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Small-signal DC transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minimum requirements to run a small-signal DC transfer analysis Overview of small-signal DC transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DC sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minimum requirements to run a DC sensitivity analysis . . . . . . Overview of DC sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 9 AC analyses 231 ix Chapter overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Contents AC sweep analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Setting up and running an AC sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . What is AC sweep? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Setting up an AC stimulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Setting up an AC analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AC sweep setup in example.opj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . How PSpice treats nonlinear devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . What's required to transform a device into a linear circuit What PSpice does . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example: nonlinear behavioral modeling block . . . . . . Noise analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Setting up and running a noise analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . What is noise analysis? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . How PSpice calculates total output and input noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Setting up a noise analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analyzing Noise in the Probe window . . . . . . . . . . . . . About noise units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 232 232 233 235 237 239 239 239 239 241 241 242 242 243 245 246 246 Chapter 10 Transient analysis 249 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 250 250 250 250 252 252 253 253 254 254 256 256 257 259 260 260 260 260 261 Chapter overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overview of transient analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minimum requirements to run a transient analysis . . . . Minimum circuit design requirements . . . . . . . . . Minimum program setup requirements . . . . . . . . Defining a time-based stimulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overview of stimulus generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Stimulus Editor utility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stimulus files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Configuring stimulus files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Starting the Stimulus Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Defining stimuli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example: piecewise linear stimulus . . . . . . . . . . . Example: sine wave sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Creating new stimulus symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Editing a stimulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . To edit an existing stimulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . To edit a PWL stimulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . To select a time and value scale factor for PWL stimuli Deleting and removing traces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x Contents Manual stimulus configuration . . . . To manually configure a stimulus Transient (time) response . . . . . . . . . . Internal time steps in transient analyses . Switching circuits in transient analyses . . Plotting hysteresis curves . . . . . . . . . . Fourier components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 261 263 265 266 266 268 Chapter 11 Parametric and temperature analysis 271 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 272 272 273 274 274 275 275 278 278 281 281 282 Chapter overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parametric analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minimum requirements to run a parametric analysis . . . . . . . Overview of parametric analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RLC filter example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Entering the design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Running the simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Using performance analysis to plot overshoot and rise time . Example: frequency response vs. arbitrary parameter . . . . . . Setting up the circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Temperature analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minimum requirements to run a temperature analysis . . . . . . Overview of temperature analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 12 Monte Carlo and sensitivity/worst-case analyses 283 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 284 284 285 285 286 287 288 289 291 293 293 294 295 296 297 297 xi Chapter overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Statistical analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overview of statistical analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . Output control for statistical analyses . . . . . . . . . Model parameter values reports . . . . . . . . . . . . Waveform reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Collating functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Temperature considerations in statistical analyses . Monte Carlo analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reading the summary report . . . . . . . . . . . Example: Monte Carlo analysis of a pressure sensor Drawing the schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Defining part values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Setting up the parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . Using resistors with models . . . . . . . . . . . . Saving the design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Defining tolerances for the resistor models . . . Contents Setting up the analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . Running the analysis and viewing the results Monte Carlo Histograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chebyshev filter example . . . . . . . . . . . . Creating models for Monte Carlo analysis . . Setting up the analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . Creating histograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Worst-case analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overview of worst-case analysis . . . . . . . . . . Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Caution: An important condition for correct worst-case analysis . . . . . . . Worst-case analysis example . . . . . . . . . . . . Tips and other useful information . . . . . . . . . VARY BOTH, VARY DEV, and VARY LOT . Gaussian distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . YMAX collating function . . . . . . . . . . . . RELTOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sensitivity analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manual optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Monte Carlo analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 300 301 301 302 302 303 306 306 307 307 308 308 309 313 313 314 314 314 314 314 315 Part four Chapter 13 Viewing results Analyzing waveforms 319 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 320 321 322 323 323 324 324 324 326 327 327 328 329 Chapter overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overview of waveform analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elements of a plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elements of a Probe window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Managing multiple Probe windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . Printing multiple windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Setting up waveform analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Setting up colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Editing display and print colors in the PSPICE.INI file Configuring trace color schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . Viewing waveforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Setting up waveform display from Capture . . . . . . . . Viewing waveforms while simulating . . . . . . . . . . . . Configuring update intervals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii Contents Interacting with waveform analysis during simulation Pausing a simulation and viewing waveforms . . . . . Using schematic page markers to add traces . . . . . . . . . Limiting waveform data file size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Limiting file size using markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Limiting file size by excluding internal subcircuit data . Limiting file size by suppressing the first part of simulation output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Using simulation data from multiple files . . . . . . . . . . Appending waveform data files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adding traces from specific loaded waveform data files Saving simulation results in ASCII format . . . . . . . . . . Analog example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Running the simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Displaying voltages on nets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . User interface features for waveform analysis . . . . . . . . . . Zoom regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scrolling traces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Modifying trace expressions and labels . . . . . . . . . . . . Moving and copying trace names and expressions . . . . . Copying and moving labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tabulating trace data values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Using cursors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Displaying cursors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Moving cursors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example: using cursors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tracking simulation messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Message tracking from the message summary . . . . . . . . The Simulation Message Summary dialog box . . . . . Persistent hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Message tracking from the waveform . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trace expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic output variable form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Output variable form for device terminals . . . . . . . . . . Analog trace expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trace expression aliases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arithmetic functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rules for numeric values suffixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 330 331 334 334 336 336 337 337 338 339 341 341 343 344 344 346 346 347 348 349 350 350 351 352 354 354 354 355 356 356 357 358 364 364 364 365 Chapter 14 Other output options 367 Chapter overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 xiii Contents Viewing analog results in the PSpice window . . . Writing additional results to the PSpice output file Generating plots of voltage and current values Generating tables of voltage and current values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 369 369 370 Appendix A Setting initial state 373 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 374 374 375 376 378 Appendix overview . . Save and load bias point Save bias point . . . Load bias point . . . Setpoints . . . . . . . . . Setting initial conditions Appendix B Convergence and "time step too small errors" Appendix overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Newton-Raphson requirements . . . . . . Is there a solution? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Are the Equations Continuous? . . . . . . Are the derivatives correct? . . . . . . Is the initial approximation close enough? Bias point and DC sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . Semiconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Behavioral modeling expressions . . . . . Transient analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Skipping the bias point . . . . . . . . . . . The dynamic range of TIME . . . . . . . . Failure at the first time step . . . . . . . . . Parasitic capacitances . . . . . . . . . . . . Inductors and transformers . . . . . . . . . Bipolar transistors substrate junction . . . Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 380 380 381 382 382 383 385 385 386 387 388 389 389 390 391 391 392 393 Index 395 xiv Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 Figure 21 Figure 22 Figure 23 Figure 24 Figure 25 Figure 26 Figure 27 Figure 28 Figure 29 Figure 30 Figure 31 Figure 32 Figure 33 User-configurable data files that PSpice reads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diode clipper circuit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Connection points. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PSpice simulation output window. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Simulation output file. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DC sweep analysis settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Probe window. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clipper circuit with voltage marker on net Out. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Voltage at In, Mid, and Out. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trace legend with cursors activated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trace legend with V(Mid) symbol outlined. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Voltage difference at V(In) = 4 volts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diode clipper circuit with a voltage stimulus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stimulus Editor window. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transient analysis simulation settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sinusoidal input and clipped output waveforms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clipper circuit with AC stimulus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AC sweep and noise analysis simulation settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . dB magnitude curves for "gain" at Mid and Out. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bode plot of clipper's frequency response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clipper circuit with global parameter Rval. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parametric simulation settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Small signal response as R1 is varied from 100 to 10 k . . . . . . . . . . Small signal frequency response at 100 and 10 k input resistance. . . Performance analysis plots of bandwidth and gain vs. Rval. . . . . . . . Relationship of the Model Editor to Capture and PSpice . . . . . . . . . Process and data flow for the Model Editor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Model Editor workspace with data for a bipolar transistor. . . . . . . . Design for a half-wave rectifier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Model characteristics and parameter values for DbreakX. . . . . . . . . Assorted device characteristic curves for a diode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forward Current device curve at two temperatures. . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . 16 . 19 . 22 . 24 . 27 . 28 . 29 . 29 . 30 . 30 . 31 . 32 . 34 . 34 . 35 . 37 . 38 . 40 . 41 . 42 . 44 . 45 . 47 . 50 . 93 . 96 . 97 104 105 108 109 Figures Figure 34 Figure 35 Figure 36 Figure 37 Figure 38 Figure 39 Figure 40 Figure 41 Figure 42 Figure 43 Figure 44 Figure 45 Figure 46 Figure 47 Figure 48 Figure 49 Figure 50 Figure 51 Figure 52 Figure 53 Figure 54 Figure 55 Figure 56 Figure 57 Figure 58 Figure 59 Figure 60 Figure 61 Figure 62 Figure 63 Figure 64 Figure 65 Figure 66 Figure 67 Figure 68 Figure 69 Figure 70 Figure 71 Figure 72 Figure 73 Figure 74 Figure 75 xvi Rules for pin callout in subcircuit templates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LOPASS filter example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HIPASS filter part example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BANDPASS filter part example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BANDREJ filter part example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FTABLE part example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LAPLACE part example one. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Viewing gain and phase characteristics of a lossy integrator. . . . . . LAPLACE part example two. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ABM expression part example one. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ABM expression part example two. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ABM expression part example three. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ABM expression part example four. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Triode circuit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Triode subcircuit producing a family of I-V curves. . . . . . . . . . . EVALUE part example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GVALUE part example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMULT part example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GMULT part example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EFREQ part example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Voltage multiplier circuit (mixer). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PSpice simulation window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example schematic EXAMPLE.OPJ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Curve family example schematic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Device curve family. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating point determination for each member of the curve family. Circuit diagram for EXAMPLE.OPJ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AC analysis setup for EXAMPLE.OPJ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Device and total noise traces for EXAMPLE.DSN. . . . . . . . . . . . Transient analysis setup for EXAMPLE.OPJ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example schematic EXAMPLE.OPJ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ECL-compatible Schmitt trigger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Netlist for Schmitt trigger circuit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hysteresis curve example: Schmitt trigger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Passive filter schematic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current of L1 when R1 is 1.5 ohms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rise time and overshoot vs. damping resistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . RLC filter example circuit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plot of capacitance versus bias voltage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example schematic EXAMPLE.OPJ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example schematic EXAMPLE.DSN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Monte Carlo analysis setup for EXAMPLE.DSN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 157 158 159 159 162 165 165 165 169 169 170 170 171 173 177 177 178 179 185 186 210 217 221 222 222 237 238 247 263 264 266 267 268 274 276 277 278 280 282 288 290 Figures Figure 76 Figure 77 Figure 78 Figure 79 Figure 80 Figure 81 Figure 82 Figure 83 Figure 84 Figure 85 Figure 86 Figure 87 Figure 88 Figure 89 Figure 90 Figure 91 Figure 92 Figure 93 Figure 94 Figure 95 Figure 96 Figure 97 Figure 98 Figure A-1 Summary of Monte Carlo runs for EXAMPLE.OPJ. . . . . . . . . . . . Parameter values for Monte Carlo pass three. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pressure sensor circuit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Model definition for RMonte1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pressure sensor circuit with RMonte1 and RTherm model definitions. Chebyshev filter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 dB bandwidth histogram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Center frequency histogram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Simple biased BJT amplifier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amplifier netlist and circuit file. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . YatX Goal Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Correct worst-case results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Incorrect worst-case results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Schematic using VARY BOTH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Circuit file using VARY BOTH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analog and digital areas of a plot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Two Probe windows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trace legend symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section information message box. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example schematic EXAMPLE.OPJ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Waveform display for EXAMPLE.DAT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cursors positioned on a trough and peak of V(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . Waveform display for a persistent hazard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Setpoints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 292 293 298 299 302 305 306 309 310 311 312 312 313 313 321 322 338 339 341 342 352 355 376 xvii Figures xviii Tables Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Table 2-1 Table 10 Table 2-1 Table 2-1 Table 2-2 Table 2-3 Table 2-4 Table 5 Table 6 Table 7 Table 8 Table 9 Table 10 Table 11 Table 12 Table 13 Table 14 Table 15 Table 16 Table 17 Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Table 6 Table 7 DC analysis types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AC analysis types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Time-based analysis types . . . . . . . . . . Parametric and temperature analysis types . Statistical analysis types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Association of cursors with mouse buttons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Passive parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . Breakout parts . . . . . . . . . . . . Operators in expressions . . . . . . Functions in arithmetic expressions System variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Models supported in the Model Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sample diode data sheet values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Part names for custom part generation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Control system parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 5 6 7 25 . 30 31 36 41 48 51 58 59 . 64 . 65 . 70 . 71 . 73 74 75 77 78 80 . 95 106 133 139 141 142 145 153 . . . . . Tables Table 1 Table 2 Table 1 Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Table 6 Table 7 Table 8 Table 9 Table 10 Table 11 Table 12 Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Table 6 Table 7 Table 8 Table 9 Table 10 Table 1 Table 1 Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Table 6 Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Table 6 xx ABM math function parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ABM expression parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PSpice -equivalent parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basic controlled sources in ANALOG.OLB . . . . . . Classes of PSpice analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Execution order for standard analyses . . . . . . . . . PSpice output variable formats . . . . . . . . . . . . Element definitions for 2-terminal devices . . . . . . Element definitions for 3- or 4-terminal devices . . . Element definitions for transmission line devices . . Element definitions for AC analysis specific elements DC sweep circuit design requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Curve family example setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stimulus symbols for time-based input signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parametric analysis circuit design requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Collating functions used in statistical analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Default waveform viewing colors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mouse actions for cursor control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Key combinations for cursor control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Output variable formats ........................... 167 168 174 192 196 198 201 202 203 204 205 214 218 218 219 221 233 233 234 234 236 242 244 246 252 272 287 294 295 300 325 326 328 330 332 333 346 351 351 357 358 358