User manual PORSCHE 911 CARRERA 4 - BROCHURE

The 911 The 911 | Contents The 911 The 911 Model range Engine Transmission Chassis Safety Comfort Motorsport Environment Personalisation Factory collection Service Summary Technical data Index 6 20 38 52 66 80 96 122 130 136 162 164 166 168 178 Porsche, Weissach Image 000001 911 ·6· The 911 | The 911 With the 911, these characteristics Not only is this inner strength built on technological achievements, it also comes from the harmonious relationship between design and practicality, and between everyday road use and sports driving. The 911 Coupé models, the 911 Cabriolet models and the 911 Targa 4 models ­ the result of our engineers' confidence that they can excel themselves. Over forty-five years in the making. The 911. We don't believe in fairy tales like the perfect sportscar. Otherwise, we would have given up work over 45 years ago. The 911 range. Other manufacturers can are born out of progressive engineering above all else. For example, the engines with direct fuel injection (DFI), the optional Porsche Doppelkupplung (PDK), the Porsche Traction Management 911 Carrera build a sportscar. But what makes a sportscar a 911? It may have the classic exterior design to which you are accustomed, but we have furnished it with advanced engineering technology. An efficient engine and the optional Porsche Doppelkupplung (PDK) transmission ­ for reduced fuel consumption and emissions, and outstanding dynamics. And the Porsche Communication Management information system ­ for direct, intuitive control. In short: a car with inner strength. The 911. The 911 stirs emotions in many. Timeless emotions that have been experienced by generations since 1963. Emotions that can also be verified. Indeed, with impressive regularity, the 911 is voted, `best sportscar' in readers' polls held by leading motoring magazines. These emotions are evoked by two characteristics: distinctive design and inner strength. (PTM) active all-wheel drive, or the intuitive Porsche Communication Management (PCM). · 11 · · 12 · · 13 · The 911 | The 911 Design icons. Engineering icons. Yes, it sends shivers down our spine, too. The engineering of the 911. Two engines with direct fuel injection and power outputs of 345 hp and 385 hp. The optional Porsche Doppelkupplung (PDK). Porsche Communication Management with touchscreen and, on request, a voice control system. All progressive technologies. It would be so easy just to sum up the meaning of inner strength. We, however, prefer to get to the root of it. All of the 911 Carrera and 911 Targa 4 models have direct fuel injection (DFI, p. 40). So how does this compare with standard fuel injection? The fuel/air mixture is prepared entirely in the combustion chamber after having been metered and injected directly, with millisecond precision. From a technical perspective, this means an accurate fuel/air mixture and therefore optimum combustion. For the driver, it means a distinct rise in power and torque, and a distinct fall in fuel consumption and emissions. It has been possible to reduce CO2 emissions by up to 17 % compared with the previous model. Porsche Doppelkupplung (PDK, p. 55), available as an option, is based on a development that helped Porsche racing cars in the 1980s to cause a sensation on racetracks around the world. PDK, with both a manual gearshift and an automatic mode, has seven gears at its disposal. It is like having two gearboxes in one and, as the name suggests, two clutches. Whenever a particular gear is engaged, the next gear is always preselected. Gearshifts therefore take place within hundredths of a second, without any interruption in the flow of power. In comparison with conventional manual transmission, PDK achieves a considerably faster rate of acceleration for the same rate of fuel consumption. When compared with the previous automatic transmission, it provides significantly more driving pleasure thanks to improved responsiveness and thus greater agility ­ with the same degree of comfort at a reduced rate of fuel consumption. In combination with the Sport Chrono Package Plus (p. 74), PDK has a choice of two additional functions: `Launch Control' for optimum acceleration from a standing start, and a `motorsportderived gearshift strategy' bringing gearshift characteristics straight from the racetrack. 911 Carrera 911 Carrera · 14 · · 15 · The 911 | The 911 The 911 Carrera 4 models and the 911 Targa 4 models have Porsche Traction Management (PTM, p. 62) where an electronically controlled multi-plate clutch regulates the distribution of drive force to the front axle according to the driving conditions. The new standard steering wheels with sporty three-spoke design feel comfortable and provide excellent grip, even through high-speed turns. The standard Porsche Communication Management (PCM, p. 100) with touchscreen and MP3compatible CD/DVD drive is also extremely ergonomic. Featuring an optional universal audio interface enabling you to connect and easily control an iPod ®, for example, it is intuitive to operate. An enhanced voice control system with word-by-word input is also available as an option. For all its advanced technologies, one thing cannot be denied: The inner strength of the 911 is what makes this 911 the best 911 of all time. · 16 · · 17 · 911 Carrera The 911 | The 911 911 Carrera 4 911 Carrera 4 As with the modified exterior 18-inch wheels and S models with the 3.8-litre engine have 19-inch wheels. Specific to the all-wheel drive variants is the 44 mm wider stance at the rear and the taillight strip, which, as a striking design feature, lends even more impact to the rear end. In every respect, the design is unmistakably 911 ­ because its form follows function. And all the while it maintains its unique appeal. Character traits cannot be changed. But they can be reinforced. The design of the 911. mirrors which provide an even better rearward view. The rear end follows the design cues of the front. The imposing LED taillights are drawn right Every element fulfils a function. From this principle, the 911 draws its inner strength. The logical consequence of this is the 911 Carrera's very low drag coefficient of 0.29. The large air intakes on the front end provide highly effective cooling power and give the 911 a sporty and dynamic appearance. Bi-Xenon headlights are fitted as standard on all 911 models. The indicators and LED daytime running lights, and position lights are harmoniously integrated into the separate front light units above the outer air intakes for an imposing look. The optional dynamic cornering lights have a swivelling module for the dipped beams ­ visible engineering for improved visibility. into the wing and taper off to the outside. Unmistakable ­ especially at night. The stainless steel tailpipes, designed as twin tailpipes on the S model range, are integrated seamlessly. Another important aesthetic contribution is the wheel design. Models with the 3.6-litre engine are fitted as standard with · 18 · · 19 · Model range What's the effect of inner Porsche, Weissach 911 Carrera 4S Cabriolet, 911 Carrera, 911 Targa 4S strength? It makes it possible to constantly seek innovations without having to change the car's unique character. This inner strength has distinguished the 911 concept since it began. The evidence? A history of success spanning more than 45 years, and the 10 models in the current range. Each one has its own character, its own personality. But they all share the same heritage. Image 000002 Model range · 20 · · 21 · The 911 | Model range Inner strength defines character itself. And for a driver's individual requirements of a sportscar. For one driver, it's about purity These are all very different requirements, and, as we said before, highly individual. It is our pledge to meet them. And has been for over 45 years. The 911 has always had character. Which one is up to you. The 911 models. and manifests itself in various ways. Just like the 911 model range. The models all exemplify our ideal of a sportscar ­ the marriage of of design and lightweight construction ­ traditional sportscar characteristics. For another, performance is paramount. Others like nothing better than open-top driving ­ in classic sportscar style with a 911 Cabriolet, or in a supremely individual way in a 911 Targa 4. The 911 Carrera. The 911 Carrera S. The 911 Carrera 4. The 911 Carrera 4S. The 911 Carrera Cabriolet. The 911 Carrera S Cabriolet. The 911 Carrera 4 Cabriolet. The 911 Carrera 4S Cabriolet. The 911 Targa 4. The 911 Targa 4S. contrasts: sportiness and comfort; functionality and design; tradition and innovation. These are the foundation pillars of the 911. Each model stands for · 22 · · 23 · The 911 | Model range 911 Carrera 911 Carrera The six-speed manual sport closed-type design. The front and rear brake discs have a diameter of 330 mm for impressive braking performance. Other safety features include How often in life have you wanted to change something about yourself intrinsically and yet also stay the same? The 911 Carrera. transmission with self-adjusting clutch, fitted as standard, ensures that the correct ratio is always at hand. Sporty and imposing describes enhanced Porsche Stability Management (PSM, p. 70) and Bi-Xenon headlights. Efficiency, power, sportiness. Three virtues that distinguish the 911 Carrera. Intrinsically. Efficiency, power and sportiness. These virtues are the basis of the traditional sportscar, and are the essence of the 911 Carrera. In terms of efficiency, its engine has direct fuel injection (DFI, p. 40). The power is provided by a 3.6-litre 6-cylinder boxer engine, positioned low down in the rear of the chassis. As usual. With this power unit, the 911 Carrera is now able to deliver 254 kW (345 hp) at 6,500 rpm and a maximum torque of 390 Nm at 4,400 rpm. All this with a 15 % reduction in CO2 emissions and a 13 % reduction in fuel consumption in conjunction with the manual gearbox. Compelling figures. Just like these: 0 to 100 km/h (62 mph) in 4.9 seconds and a top speed of 289 km/h (180 mph). the two single tailpipes. Just like the typical Porsche sound. 18-inch Carrera IV wheels are fitted as standard. The black, four-piston aluminium monobloc calipers of the brake system are extremely rigid thanks to their · 24 · · 25 · The 911 | Model range 911 Carrera S 911 Carrera S Additionally, the sound produced Perfect road holding is assured by the Porsche Active Suspension Management (PASM, p. 72) and the 10-mm lowered suspension. For those who appreciate more uncompromising qualities, the PASM sports suspension with a 20-mm reduction in ride height and a mechanically locking rear differential is available as an option whichever gearbox you choose. However, along with all these sporting features, this remains a practical everyday sportscar. As evidenced by the Porsche Communication Management (PCM, p. 100) and the optional dynamic cornering lights. To sum it up, the inner strength of the 911 Carrera S does not only manifest itself in pure performance values. Not only, indeed, but also. It's not only heritage that defines character. Values do, too. The 911 Carrera S. by the two stainless steel twin tailpipes is characteristic. Characteristically Porsche. The four-piston aluminium monobloc calipers have a striking red As far as the 911 Carrera S is concerned, the driver can take this quite literally. This is where performance is paramount. The car's performance values are a testament to its inner strength: a 3.8-litre engine with direct fuel injection (DFI, p. 40). Power output: 283 kW (385 hp) at 6,500 rpm. Maximum torque: 420 Nm at 4,400 rpm. Values that are impressive in themselves: 0 to 100 km/h (62 mph) in 4.7 seconds. Top speed isn't reached until 302 km/h (187 mph). Also available as an option is the Porsche Doppelkupplung (PDK, · 26 · p. 55), which improves acceleration values further still: 0 to 100 km/h (62 mph) in 4.5 seconds. And if you combine PDK with the optional Sport Chrono Package Plus (p. 74), the sprint from 0 to 100 km/h (62 mph) takes just 4.3 seconds. painted finish and the generously dimensioned brake discs make for outstanding deceleration. These complement the 19-inch Carrera S II wheels with their sporty design. The Porsche Ceramic Composite Brake (PCCB, p. 88) is also offered as an option. · 27 · The 911 | Model range 911 Carrera 4 911 Carrera 4S In terms of measurable values: On to the internal values: Both models are equipped with Porsche Traction Management (PTM, p. 62) active all-wheel drive. PTM has been optimised for outstanding driving dynamics, which are also underpinned by the mechanically locking rear differential. In addition, the traction offered by PTM represents a significant safety feature ­ especially in wet and snowy conditions. The 911 Carrera 4 models therefore deliver improvements in both safety and dynamics. However, this is no surprise to their drivers, who see them as an indication of their inner strength. How do you combine safety and dynamics? With inner strength, for instance. The 911 Carrera 4 models. The performance of the 911 Carrera 4 with the 3.6-litre engine is 0 to 100 km/h (62 mph) in 5.0 seconds with a top speed of 284 km/h (177 mph). Outstanding driving dynamics and traction are what the all-wheel drive variants of the 911 have to offer above all else. And they're instantly recognisable. By their wider body ­ an extra 44 mm at the rear wings. By the wider rear track ­ 32 mm more in 911 Carrera 4S models ­ and the wider rear tyres. Also, by their titanium-coloured front air intake grilles and slats, and seamless taillight strip. Painted in black for contrast, the trims on the lower rear panel and the side skirts provide improved protection against stone impact. The 911 Carrera 4S completes the 0 to 100 km/h (62 mph) sprint in just 4.7 seconds and reaches a maximum speed of 297 km/h (185 mph). · 28 · · 29 · The 911 | Model range 911 Carrera Cabriolet 911 Carrera S Cabriolet The same applies where safety is The optional seat ventilation provides added comfort for open-top driving on those particularly hot days. Incidentally, the 911 Cabriolet models are Cabriolets in the traditional sense: they have a fabric hood. This saves on weight in just the right place ­ for that low centre of gravity typical of a sportscar, and for reduced fuel consumption. Further refinements to provide that irresistible appeal, even in bad weather. It's what we give every 911 Cabriolet: openness to enthusiasm. The 911 Carrera Cabriolet models. concerned (p. 80). All 911 models are equipped as standard with full-size driver's and passenger's airbags and the Porsche Side Impact Protection System (POSIP, p. 93). On Cabriolet models, these Irresistible appeal. This has always been a driving force in the development of the 911. There is nowhere better to experience it than during an involving Sunday drive in an open-top 911. This is why every 911 Carrera model is also offered in Cabriolet form. Technically, these models emulate the performance of their closedtop counterparts. With a 3.6-litre or 3.8-litre power unit and two or four-wheel drive, including Porsche Traction Management (PTM, p. 62). Offering uncompromising sports performance to 911 standards, no less. are complemented by an effective roll-over protection system (p. 93). · 30 · · 31 · The 911 | Model range Hood. Here's one consolation for anyone forced to close their hood on a rainy day: you're still driving a 911. The hood system of the 911 Cabriolet models is both lightweight and robust. The roof frame also has a lightweight structure. The glass rear window is scratch resistant and electrically heated ­ for excellent rearward visibility. An integral rain channel along the edge of the hood removes standing water to prevent dripping when the doors are opened. Operation of the hood is fully electric, using a button on the centre console or via the key remote. The hood has a concertina folding action, ensuring optimum protection for the interior surface of the lining. It opens and closes in approximately 20 seconds from start to finish and can be operated when the vehicle is travelling at speeds of up to 50 km/h (30 mph). The interior hoodlining is made from a heat-insulating and soundproofing fabric. Noise levels are therefore almost as low as in the Coupé models, even at high speeds. So, you hardly hear anything at all ­ apart from the distinctive Porsche sound, of course. Wind deflector. The detachable wind deflector is fitted as standard. It was specially developed in the wind tunnel for practically draught-free driving and minimal wind noise. When folded, it can be stowed in the luggage compartment with room to spare. Wind deflector Hardtop. Optional equipment includes a tough and lightweight aluminium hardtop, which is also easy to fit. The inside is lined with a soundproofing fabric which is matched to the interior of the vehicle. Hardtop · 32 · · 33 · The 911 | Model range 911 Targa 4 911 Targa 4S The electrically operated glass For an unmistakable silhouette. The rear section is accentuated by the striking taillight strip. So the 911 Targa 4 models combine design and comfort with unsurpassed performance. For a unique driving experience ­ as they have since 1965. Remember what your mother told you. You should see something of the world. And keep out of draughts. The 911 Targa 4 models. roof is fully integrated into the body and gives a sensation of infinite width ­ open or closed. Despite the large glass areas, body rigidity is extremely high and loading comfort is increased Coupé or Cabriolet? We answered this question back in 1965: both. The result: the 911 Targa. Since then we've refined it continuously. And it's become even more comfortable and even more dynamic. For example, take the drive: the 3.6-litre engine of the 911 Targa 4 delivers 254 kW (345 hp) at 6,500 rpm and a maximum torque of 390 Nm at 4,400 rpm. The engine of the 911 Targa 4S, with 3.8 litres, delivers 283 kW (385 hp) at 6,500 rpm. The maximum torque of 420 Nm is available even at 4,400 rpm. More traction and more fun ­ in any weather ­ from the Porsche · 34 · Traction Management (PTM, p. 62) four-wheel drive system fitted as standard. Like the 911 Carrera 4 models, the body is 44 mm wider at the back. For an even more sporting appearance and better driving dynamics. The wider rear track and wider tyres allow even better transverse acceleration in corners. thanks to the opening glass rear screen. A complete decor strip of anodized and polished aluminium emphasises the elegant lines of the roof. It describes a tight arc from the A-pillar back to the rear quarter windows with their characteristic pointed style. · 35 · The 911 | Model range Glass roof open 911 Targa 4 Tailgate open Roof concept. Even with the roof closed: the view upwards is unlimited. Just like the possibilities offered by the glass roof on the 911 Targa 4 models. Because you decide how open you want to drive. At any speed. Simply press the switch in the centre console. The glass roof lowers. Now it can be moved back into any position you want. The automatically extending wind deflector reduces air turbulence and wind noise. So you can enjoy open-top driving even in damp or cold weather and on long journeys. The glass roof is made of tinted laminated safety glass. Combined with the electrically extending extra sunblind, it offers good protection against strong sunlight or heat loss at low external temperatures. The glass rear screen can be opened for easier loading of luggage into the rear. It is opened either from the inside or by remote control from the vehicle key. An electric closing aid ensures comfortable closing. In brief: the 911 Targa 4 models have a special place thanks to the combination of a unique roof concept and active all-wheel drive. Almost no other vehicle combines driving dynamics with function and design so superbly. · 36 · · 37 · Engine First, the good news: the Porsche, Weissach 911 Carrera engine is at the rear. It has six cylinders, and, naturally, it's a boxer engine available with a 3.6-litre or 3.8-litre capacity and VarioCam Plus. Now for the even better news: the 911 features direct fuel injection (DFI). For increased output, increased torque and increased fuel economy. Inner strength means that even the best have scope for a little improvement. Image 000003 Engine · 38 · · 39 · The 911 | Engine 3.8-litre boxer engine The spray and cone angles have At up to 3,200 rpm, the engine operates with dual injection; at up to 2,500 rpm, it even works with triple injection. The required volume of fuel is distributed between two or three sequential injections, respectively ­ for faster heating of the catalytic converters after a cold start and for greater torque in the upper load range. DFI improves the internal cooling of the combustion chamber by having the mixture prepared directly in the cylinder. This allows for a higher compression ratio (12.5:1) which helps to deliver · 41 · more output along with enhanced engine efficiency. It has been possible to reduce CO2 emissions by up to 17 % compared with the previous model. Injection is regulated by the electronic engine management system. The exhaust gas cleaning system ensures that emissions remain well below even the strict limits of the Euro 5 emission standard, thus helping to protect the environment. Why it always pays to take the direct route. The engine of the 911. been optimised for torque, power output, fuel consumption and emissions by enabling a homogeneous distribution of the air/fuel mixture, and, therefore, effective combustion. With direct injection, All 911 models feature direct fuel injection (DFI). The 3.6-litre horizontally-opposed engine generates 254 kW (345 hp), and the 3.8-litre version has an output of 283 kW (385 hp). The results are outstanding performance and surprisingly low fuel consumption and emission values. All made possible thanks to DFI, VarioCam Plus, a lightweight construction, low friction and a number of detailed technical solutions. Direct fuel injection (DFI). With millisecond precision, DFI injects fuel at up to 120 bar directly into the combustion chamber by means of electromagnetically actuated injection valves. the EMS SDI 3.1 engine control regulates injection timing individually for each cylinder as well as the injection rate for each cylinder bank. This optimises the combustion process and fuel economy. A hot-film air mass meter takes care of the airflow, so that the combustion chambers contain exactly the right mixture at all times. · 40 · The 911 | Engine 22 23 20 21 29 2 10 11 13 15 7 9 5 6 3 4 30 19 17 18 27 Power (kW) 340 320 300 280 260 240 500 460 254 kW (345 hp) 390 Nm 420 Power (kW) 200 180 160 140 120 300 340 31 24 28 25 100 80 60 40 20 0 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 260 220 180 Engine speed (rpm) 911 Carrera/911 Targa 4: 390 Nm at 4,400 rpm, 254 kW (345 hp) at 6,500 rpm 340 320 300 280 260 240 500 8 12 16 283 kW (385 hp) 420 Nm 460 420 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 260 300 340 14 26 1 Engine cross-section: 3.8-litre boxer engine 60 40 20 0 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 220 180 Engine speed (rpm) 911 Carrera S/911 Targa 4S: 420 Nm at 4,400 rpm, 283 kW (385 hp) at 6,500 rpm 1. High-pressure pump 2. High-pressure injector 3. Ignition rod module 4. Camshaft controller 5. Valve lift adjustment switch valve 6. Switch tappet with integrated valve clearance compensation 7. Intake camshaft 8. Intake valves 9. Valve spring 10. Combustion chamber with Alusil cylinder liner surface 11. Forged aluminium piston 12. Forged connecting rod 13. Crankshaft 14. Water pump 15. Air-conditioning compressor 16. Power steering pump 17. Vibration damper 18. Alternator pulley 19. Hydraulic belt tensioner 20. Resonance valve 21. Distribution pipe 22. Selective resonator 23. Intake manifold with integrated sound chamber 24. Electronically controlled throttle valve 25. Oil filter 26. Thermostat 27. Evacuating pump · 43 · 28. Coolant jacket 29. Crankcase breather 30. Timing chain 31. Starter · 42 · Torque (Nm) 220 380 Torque (Nm) 220 380 The 911 | Engine 911 Carrera 4S Cabriolet VarioCam Plus System. VarioCam Plus combines variable valve timing with two-stage lift on the inlet side. This results in smoother running, better fuel economy and lower exhaust emissions. As well as greater topend power and low-end torque. This two-in-one engine concept seamlessly adapts in response to driver input. The result: instant acceleration and extremely smooth running. The variation in intake timing is steplessly controlled by means of an electro-hydraulic rotary vane adjuster at the head of the corresponding camshaft. To improve throttle response during the warm-up phase, VarioCam Plus selects high valve lifts with retarded valve timing. In the middle and low load ranges, low valve lifts with advanced timing reduce fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. High valve lifts generate high torques and maximum output. Lightweight construction. The advantages of an alloy engine are its low weight and reduced fuel consumption. The intelligent engine design saves even more weight, for example, by fully integrating the camshaft bearings into the cylinder heads. Fuel economy has been further improved by the effectively designed oil supply system and the low mechanical friction of the engine. · 44 · · 45 · The 911 | Engine lubricating points inside the engine as and when required. This means that the oil pump does not work so hard when there is less demand for lubrication. The main benefit of an on-demand oil supply system is optimum efficiency, which ensures low fuel consumption and reduced exhaust emissions. Single-jet spray nozzles cool the piston crowns with oil from the main lubrication circuit ­ another detailed solution that helps to reduce the thermal load on the engine. For the engine, all of these detailed solutions mean a consistent supply of oil regardless of gravitational loads, even in the most 911 Carrera 4 efficient cross-flow cooling system, as used in motorsport, where each engine cylinder is uniformly supplied with coolant. In the 3.8-litre engine, the higher output demands a corresponding increase in cooling. The solution is a more powerful coolant pump and a more efficient oil/coolant heat exchanger expanded by two additional fins. Ignition. The ignition system is designed for static high-voltage distribution. Individual ignition coils on each of the spark plugs ensure perfect ignition every time. demanding track conditions. Integrated dry-sump lubrication. The purpose of integrated drysump lubrication is to guarantee a reliable oil supply while reducing engine temperatures, even in sportily driven cars. The oil reservoir is located inside the engine, making an external tank unnecessary. Four oil pumps remove the oil from the cylinder heads directly into the oil sump. A fifth pump in the oil sump directly supplies the lubricating points in the engine. To prevent foaming, the oil is channelled through cylinders known as swirlpots. In this way, optimum lubrication is guaranteed at all times and the oil pressure is always maintained at the necessary level in order to ensure, for example, that hydraulic valve clearance compensation remains fully functional ­ a condition that is crucial to the power and emission characteristics of the engine. To reduce power losses and increase efficiency, an electronically controlled oil pump supplies the DFI and VarioCam Plus enable a tremendous amount of power to be produced with reduced emissions, fuel consumption and noise. The same applies to our Engine cooling system. · 46 · · 47 · The 911 | Engine 911 Carrera S with sports exhaust 911 Carrera S exhaust system Air intake system. All models have a two-stage resonance intake system, which uses the vibration of the air as it passes through the intake manifold to increase the intake volume. The system can adjust to engine speed. Benefits of this include higher torque at low engine speeds and a flatter torque curve. The entire intake system is made from lightweight plastic. The air-filter housing of the 3.8-litre engine has a variable geometry that brings added character to the engine sound which becomes much more aggressive at higher rpm. Exhaust system. The stainless steel exhaust system comprises two independent and separate exhaust tracts. Its catalytic converters are highly temperature-resistant and heat up rapidly for effective emissions reduction. Thanks to advances in emissions technology, they are able to meet strict emission standards, such as Euro 5 in Europe and LEV II in the USA. Using stereo lambda control, two sensors continuously monitor the exhaust gas composition for each exhaust tract. A further sensor monitors the efficiency of the catalytic converters. In addition, a sports exhaust system is available as an option (p. 48, 150). This can be activated as desired using a button on the centre console. · 48 · · 49 · The 911 | Engine Input data Engine speed (from crankshaft) Inlet camshaft phase angle Regulation/control of Ignition Direct fuel injection Electronic Engine Management EMS SDI 3.1 Engine load Throttle-valve angle Lambda sensor signals Knock sensor signals Temperatures ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ Pressures Coolant Intake air Engine oil Air in engine compartment Ambient air Idling via throttle valve and ignition Heating of lambda sensors Fuel pumps controlled on-demand Fuel-tank venting Camshaft position Valve lift switchover (VarioCam Plus) Engine fan Starter Oil pressure, fully variable oil pump Fuel pressure Throttle valve 911 Targa 4S ­ Engine oil ­ Fuel ­ Ambient air Vehicle speed Air-conditioning settings Accelerator pedal high engine speeds and loads. CAN interface with driving dynamics control, transmission control, immobiliser, instrument cluster, climate control, Sport button, Sport Plus button, sports exhaust system button, diagnostics, etc. Servicing. Every Porsche is designed with longevity in mind and the 911 is no different. The alternator, power-steering pump and the air-conditioning compressor are all driven by a single self-adjusting belt. Hydraulic valve clearance compensation makes valve clearance adjustment unnecessary. The drive chains on the camshafts do not require servicing. With the sole exception of the spark plugs, the ignition system is also maintenance-free. This all adds up to long maintenance intervals which are guaranteed by warranty: two years, unlimited mileage. The on-board diagnostics, which are compliant with European standards, ensure timely detection of any faults and defects that may occur in the exhaust and fuel systems and notify the driver immediately. This also prevents increased pollutant emissions and unnecessary fuel consumption. Engine management system. The EMS SDI 3.1 engine management system ensures optimum engine performance at all times. In particular, it controls the position of the electronic throttle valve (ETV) ­ a prerequisite for compatibility with the Porsche Stability Management (PSM), which comes as standard. Moreover, it regulates all enginerelated functions and assemblies (see diagram). The results: optimum fuel economy, emissions, and performance in all driving situations. Another important function of the system is cylinder-specific knock control. Since the six cylinders never all work under exactly the same conditions, they are monitored individually by the knock control. The ignition point is shifted individually, as and when necessary to prevent damage to the cylinders and pistons at · 50 · · 51 · Transmission Cause and effect. And Porsche, Weissach 911 Carrera what happens in between? Lots. Not that you would notice. At least not in the 911. For instance, when you shift gear with Porsche Doppelkupplung (PDK). The gear is changed. In milliseconds. Without any interruption in the flow of power. The same goes for Porsche Traction Management (PTM). It reacts to the driving situation at lightning speed. The cause: advanced engineering. The effect: unsurpassed. Image 000004 Transmission · 52 · · 53 · The 911 | Transmission As if one clutch didn't deliver enough performance already. Porsche Doppelkupplung (PDK). The optional Porsche Doppelkupplung (PDK), with both manual gearshift and an automatic mode, enables smooth gear changes with no interruption in the flow of power. This results in significantly faster acceleration and lower fuel consumption, without having to sacrifice the ease of automatic transmission. In total, PDK has seven gears at its disposal. Gears 1 to 6 have a sports ratio and top speed is reached in 6th gear. The 7th gear has a long ratio and reduces fuel consumption even further. PDK is like having two gearboxes in one and thus requires two clutches ­ designed as a double wet clutch transmission. This double clutch provides an alternating, non-positive connection between the gearbox and the engine by means of two separate input shafts (input shaft 1 is nested inside the hollowed-out input shaft 2). The flow of power from the engine is only ever transmitted through one clutch at a time, while the next gear is preselected by the second clutch. During a gear change, a conventional shift no longer takes place. Instead, one clutch simply opens and the other closes at the same time. Gear changes therefore take place within a few hundredths of a second. Clutch 1 controls the odd gears (1, 3, 5, 7) and reverse. Clutch 2 controls the even gears (2, 4, 6). 911 Carrera Cabriolet · 54 · · 55 · The 911 | Transmission 4 6 2 R 1 3 7 5 Multi-plate clutch 1 Multi-plate clutch 2 4 6 2 R 1 3 7 5 Rear wheel Engine All-wheel drive models Front axle Semi-gearbox 2 (2nd, 4th, 6th gear) Semi-gearbox 1 (1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, R gear) Porsche Doppelkupplung (PDK) Rear wheel Differential PDK function diagram How Porsche Doppelkupplung (PDK) works. The crankshaft transmits engine torque to the dual-mass flywheel which is then channelled through the clutch housing and onto the multi-plate clutches, or to be more precise, the outer disc carrier. Under oil pressure, clutch 1 closes and forms a frictional connection with input shaft 1. The torque is now transmitted through the differential to the rear axle or, in the all-wheel drive variants of the 911, the front and rear axles. At this stage, PDK has already preselected the next gear. Engine torque is already acting on the other outer disc carrier and, in response to a gear change signal, the overlap shift is initiated, i.e. as clutch 1 opens, clutch 2 closes. The non-positive connection with input shaft 2 is established, and power is transmitted to the wheels. The gear which is engaged is displayed on the instrument cluster. PDK has distinct benefits. The very rapid gearshifts, with no interruption in the flow of power, produce faster acceleration. Driving feels even sportier and more dynamic, and agility is increased. Depending on the gearshift programme, the gear change is optimised for comfort or for sporty handling. The compact dimensions of the gearbox reduce rotational masses which means a more direct engine response, and the system is more lightweight. This, along with the long-ratioed 7th gear, helps to achieve reduced fuel consumption and emission figures comparable with those of a manual gearbox. In conjunction with the engines featuring direct fuel injection (DFI), it has been possible to reduce fuel consumption by up to 14 % and CO2 emissions by up to 17 % (compared with the previous model). With the optional Sport Chrono Package Plus, PDK is enhanced by the `Launch Control' and `motorsport-derived gearshift strategy' functions (p. 74). In essence, PDK combines sportiness with efficiency and comfort. What could be more appropriate to a Porsche 911? · 56 · · 57 · The 911 | Transmission Three-spoke sports steering wheel with gearshift switches. In conjunction with the optional Porsche Doppelkupplung (PDK), the standard three-spoke sports steering wheel features two ergonomic switches. One press with the thumb and PDK shifts up. One pull with the index finger and PDK shifts down. Either the right or left hand can be used. Gear selector for Porsche Doppelkupplung (PDK). The gear selector for PDK is ergonomic and designed for high functionality, enabling you to change gear manually. The control concept mirrors the logic of the paddles on the three-spoke sports steering wheel ­ press forwards to shift up, pull backwards to shift down. Even if the gear selector is set to automatic mode, you can still change gear manually using the paddles on the steering wheel. · 58 · · 59 · The 911 | Transmission 911 Carrera S Cabriolet Hill-start assist. The system automatically detects that the vehicle has been braked to a halt on an incline. Provided a gear is engaged, the brake pressure is maintained at all four wheels for approximately 2 seconds once the footbrake is released. The vehicle is therefore temporarily prevented from rolling backwards. This brake pressure is reduced once sufficient revs have been generated by the driver depressing the accelerator pedal (or, in the case of manual transmission, the accelerator pedal is depressed and the clutch is released). Inner strength alone is not enough. It somehow needs to be put to use. Six-speed manual gearbox. Hill-start assist comes as standard for manual and Porsche Doppelkupplung (PDK) transmissions. It assists the driver in making a comfortable, smooth Accurate and involving: the six-speed manual gearbox is the link to each and every gear. The cable-operated gearshift unit is designed for optimum progression through the gears and the gear lever is insulated from the engine and gearbox. The gear lever throw is short and precise, enabling a rapid gearshift action and positive response. An optional short shifter is available from Porsche Exclusive. In addition, all 911 models have a self-adjusting clutch. In comparison with conventional clutches, this reduces by up to 50 % the added release loads that normally occur as the clutch begins to wear. and roll-free start on an incline. · 60 · · 61 · The 911 | Transmission In comparison with a viscous multi-plate clutch, where clutch regulation is not initiated until there is a difference in speed between the front and rear axles, the electronically controlled multi-plate clutch responds much more rapidly. Through continuous monitoring of the driving conditions, the electronics are able to respond to a variety of situations. Sensors check, among other variables, the rotation speeds of all four wheels, the longitudinal and lateral acceleration of the vehicle, and the steering angle. By evaluating the sensor data, ever receive as much drive force as is necessary to prevent lateral instability. On uneven surfaces, the rear differential fitted as standard to all-wheel drive models, in combination with ABD, also improves traction. In this way, PTM, in conjunction with Porsche Stability Management (PSM, p. 70), ensures that the perfect distribution of drive is achieved every time. PTM really comes into its own in the wet or in ice and snow. In these conditions, the car's acceleration capability is simply breathtaking. The result: a high level of safety and outstanding performance. Put to use in the most intelligent way. Mechanically locking rear differential. A mechanically locking rear differential is standard in the 911 all-wheel drive variants and is available as an option for all other 911 models in conjunction with 19-inch wheels. It further enhances traction at the driven rear axle on uneven roads and when accelerating out of tight bends. This is accomplished by the damping of load-change reactions during fast cornering. At one time, bends would bow before the landscape. Now they bow before engineering. Porsche Traction Management (PTM). the system can quickly adjust the distribution of drive force to the front axle in order to achieve optimum balance. If the rear wheels threaten to spin under acceleration, a greater proportion In a 911, engine power is not the only priority. There is always the question of how this power can be effectively and consistently delivered to the road. One solution to this is all-wheel drive. An even better one is active Porsche Traction Management (PTM), comprising permanent all-wheel drive with an electronically controlled multi-plate clutch, an automatic brake differential (ABD) and anti-slip regulation (ASR). Featured as standard in 911 Carrera 4 and 911 Targa 4 models with all-wheel drive, the force between the front and rear axle is distributed actively by an electronically controlled multi-plate clutch. of drive force is sent forwards by a more powerful engagement of the multi-plate clutch. At the same time, ASR prevents the rear wheels from spinning. When cornering, the front wheels only · 62 · · 63 · The 911 | Transmission 2 10 6 4 3 5 8 11 14 12 13 1 7 15 9 1. Radiator module, left 2. Radiator module, right 3. Gear selector 4. Coolant line 5. 7-speed Porsche Doppelkupplung (PDK) 6. Intake manifold 7. Coolant expansion tank 8. Electronically controlled throttle valve 9. Rear silencer, left 10. Rear silencer, right · 64 · 11. Oil filler pipe 12. Air filter 13. Front silencer/ centre silencer 14. Oil filter 15. Alternator · 65 · Chassis Inner strength means Porsche, Weissach 911 Carrera nothing if it's kept hidden. It has to be shown if it is to achieve its full effect. In the case of the 911, this means that the power of the engine has to be unleashed onto the road. Effectively, directly and dynamically. For this reason, chassis engineering is the logical continuation of drive engineering. Image 000005 Chassis · 66 · · 67 · The 911 | Chassis This lightweight construction keeps the vehicle gross weight and the weight of the unsprung masses low. The chassis allows for safe manoeuvring, even at high speeds. The pitching of the body when pulling away and braking is minimal, as is body roll in corners. Rolling noises and vibrations are also kept to a minimum. 911 Carrera S front axle Steering. 911 Carrera 4 The power steering is sensitive and precise, providing excellent contact with the road and minimal steering effort by sportscar standards. It offers steering precision comparable with a racecar ­ even on those relaxing drives. of the wheel at high speed is reduced, with no loss of agility or feedback. When the steering wheel is turned harder, the ratio becomes more direct, allowing for easier cornering and parking. The car has a turning circle of just 10.9 m. 911 Carrera S rear axle To steer a true course, you sometimes have to be able to take the rough with the smooth. The axles. Standard suspension. The front axle is equipped with McPherson strut suspension and the wheels are located using a high-precision arrangement of longitudinal and transverse links and reinforced wheel bearings. The benefits on the road are precision wheel guidance, excellent straight-line stability and superior handling characteristics. The rear axle has a race-derived multi-link suspension, following the LSA concept (Lightweight, Stable, Agile) for exceptional driving dynamics. The axle kinematics significantly reduce the compression of the vehicle's suspension under acceleration. Lightweight spring struts with aluminium dampers on the rear axle help to maximise handling agility. A special feature is the variable steering ratio. Around the straight ahead position, such as during motorway driving, the ratio is less direct. The risk of losing control · 68 · · 69 · The 911 | Chassis Oversteer without PSM Vehicle yaw/ course deviation Oversteer with PSM Correction to vehicle course deviation and stabilisation Understeer without PSM Vehicle yaw/ course deviation Understeer with PSM Correction to vehicle course deviation and stabilisation