SAS Publishing ® SAS 9.1.3 Language Reference: Dictionary ® Fifth Edition The correct bibliographic citation for this manual is as follows: SAS Institute Inc. 2006. SAS ® 9.1.3 Language Reference: Dictionary, Fifth Edition, Volumes 1-4. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. SAS® 9.1.3 Language Reference: Dictionary, Fifth Edition, Volumes 1-4 Copyright © 2002-2006, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA ISBN-13: 978-1-59994-098-4 ISBN-10: 1-59994-098-1 All rights reserved. Produced in the United States of America. For a hard-copy book: No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, SAS Institute Inc. For a Web download or e-book: Your use of this publication shall be governed by the terms established by the vendor at the time you acquire this publication. U.S. Government Restricted Rights Notice. 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Contents What's New vii Overview vii SAS System Features viii SAS Language Elements x PART 1 Dictionary of Language Elements Chapter 1 The SAS Language Reference: Dictionary 4 Introduction to the SAS 9.1 Language Reference: Dictionary 3 1 3 Chapter 2 Definition of Data Set Options Syntax 6 Using Data Set Options 6 Data Set Options by Category Dictionary 9 4 SAS Data Set Options 6 7 5 Chapter 3 Definition of Formats 73 Syntax 74 Using Formats 74 Byte Ordering for Integer Binary Data on Big Endian and Little Endian Platforms Data Conversions and Encodings 79 Working with Packed Decimal and Zoned Decimal Data 80 Formats by Category 84 Dictionary 95 4 Formats 69 77 Chapter 4 Definitions of Functions and CALL Routines 268 Syntax 269 Using Functions 271 Using Random-Number Functions and CALL Routines 273 Pattern Matching Using SAS Regular Expressions (RX) and Perl Regular Expressions (PRX) 276 Base SAS Functions for Web Applications 286 Functions and CALL Routines by Category 286 Dictionary 310 References 1005 4 Functions and CALL Routines 259 Chapter 5 Definition of Informats 1010 Syntax 1010 Using Informats 1011 4 Informats 1007 iv Byte Ordering for Integer Binary Data on Big Endian and Little Endian 1013 Platforms Working with Packed Decimal and Zoned Decimal Data Informats by Category 1019 Dictionary 1026 1015 Chapter 6 Definition of ARM Macros 1137 Using ARM Macros 1138 Defining User Metrics in ARM Macros 1145 Defining Correlators in ARM Macros 1146 Enabling ARM Macro Execution Setting the Macro Environment 1147 1149 4 SAS ARM Macros 1137 Using ARM Post-Processing Macros 1150 Troubleshooting Error Messages 1151 ARM Macros by Category 1152 Dictionary 1153 Chapter 7 Definition of Statements 1174 DATA Step Statements 1174 Global Statements Dictionary 1184 1179 4 Statements 1171 Chapter 8 Definition of System Options 1553 Syntax 1553 Using SAS System Options 1553 Comparisons 1558 SAS System Options by Category Dictionary 1568 1559 4 SAS System Options 1549 PART 2 Appendixes Appendix 1 The DATA Step Component Object Interface 4 DATA Step Object Attributes and Methods 1765 1766 1763 1765 Dot Notation and DATA Step Component Objects Dictionary 1767 Appendix 2 Introduction 4 DATA Step Debugger 1794 1793 Basic Usage 1795 Advanced Usage: Using the Macro Facility with the Debugger Examples 1797 Commands Dictionary 1809 1810 1796 v Appendix 3 Recommended Reading 4 SAS Utility Macro 1827 Appendix 4 4 Recommended Reading 1831 1831 Index 1833 vi vii What's New Overview New and enhanced features in Base SAS save you time, effort, and system resources by providing faster processing and easier data access and management, more robust analysis, and improved data presentation. 3 By using new SAS system options that enable threading and the use of multiple CPUs, the following SAS procedures take advantage of multi-processing I/O: SORT, SQL, MEANS, TABULATE, and REPORT. 3 The LIBNAME statement now supports secure access to SAS libraries on a WebDAV server. 3 You can now use longer, easier-to-read names for user-created formats and informats. See "Rules for Words and Names in the SAS Language" in SAS Language Reference: Concepts. 3 Two pre-defined component objects for the DATA step enable you to quickly store, search, and retrieve data based on lookup keys. 3 The FILENAME statement now supports directory services, multiple FTP service commands, and Secure Sockets Layering (SSL). 3 The Application Response Measurement (ARM) system enables you to monitor the availability and performance of transactions within and across diverse applications. 3 The Perl regular expression (PRX) functions and CALL routines use a modified version of Perl as a pattern-matching language to enhance search-and-replace operations on text. 3 New character functions search and compare character strings in addition to concatenating character strings. 3 There are several new descriptive statistic functions and mathematical functions. 3 New formats, informats, and functions support international and local values for money, datetime, and Unicode values. All data set options, formats, informats, functions, and system options that relate to national language support are documented in the new SAS National Language Support (NLS): User's Guide. 3 A new ODS statement enables you to render multiple ODS output formats without re-running a PROC or a DATA step. See the SAS Output Delivery System: User's Guide. viii What's New Note: 3 This section describes the features of Base SAS that are new or enhanced since SAS 8.2. 3 z/OS is the successor to the OS/390 operating system. SAS 9.1 (and later) is supported on both OS/390 and z/OS operating systems and, throughout this document, any reference to z/OS also applies to OS/390, unless otherwise stated. 4 SAS System Features Application Response Measurement (ARM) Application Response Measurement (ARM) enables you to monitor the availability and performance of transactions within and across diverse applications. The SAS ARM interface consists of the implementation of the ARM API as ARM macros and an ARM agent. An ARM agent generates calls to the ARM macros. New ARM system options enable you to manage the ARM environment and to log internal SAS processing transactions. See "Monitoring Performance Using Application Response Measurement (ARM)" in SAS Language Reference: Concepts, "ARM Macros" on page xx, and "System Options" on page xxi. Cross-Environment Data Access (CEDA) CEDA processes SAS files that were created on a different host. This is especially useful if you have upgraded from a 32­bit platform to a 64­bit platform. Messages in the SAS log notify you when CEDA is being used to process a SAS file. See "Processing Data Using Cross-Environment Data Access (CEDA)" in SAS Language Reference: Concepts. DATA Step Object Attributes and Methods SAS now provides two pre-defined component objects for use in a DATA step: the hash object and the hash iterator object. These objects enable you to quickly and efficiently store, search, and retrieve data based on lookup keys. The DATA step component object interface enables you to create and manipulate these component objects by using statements, attributes, and methods. You use the DATA step object dot notation to access the component object's attributes and methods. The hash and hash iterator objects have one attribute, fourteen methods, and two statements associated with them. See Appendix 1, "DATA Step Object Attributes and Methods," on page 1765. Engines 3 The default BASE engine in SAS supports longer format and informat names, thread-enabled procedures such as the SORT and SUMMARY procedures, and more than 32,767 variables in a SAS data set. 3 The metadata LIBNAME engine enables you to use metadata in order to access and augment data that is identified by the metadata. The metadata engine What's New ix 3 3 3 3 retrieves information about the target SAS data library from metadata objects in a specified SAS Metadata Repository on the SAS Metadata Server. The metadata engine provides a consistent method for accessing many data sources. That is, SAS provides different engines that have different options, behavior, and tuning requirements. By taking advantage of metadata, the necessary information that is required to access data can be created in one central location so that applications can use the metadata engine to access different sources of data, without having to understand the differences and details of each SAS engine. See the SAS Metadata LIBNAME Engine: User's Guide. The XML LIBNAME engine imports and exports a broader variety of XML documents. The XMLMAP= option specifies a separate XML document that contains specific XMLMap syntax. The XMLMap syntax, Version 1.2, tells the XML engine how to interpret the XML markup in order to successfully import an XML document. See the SAS Metadata LIBNAME Engine: User's Guide. The new SASEDOC LIBNAME engine enables you to bind output objects that persist in an ODS document. See the SAS Output Delivery System: User's Guide. The new SAS Information Maps LIBNAME Engine provides a read-only way to access data that is generated from a SAS Information Map and to bring it into a SAS session. After you retrieve the data, you can run almost any SAS procedure against it. See the Base SAS Guide to Information Maps. The new character variable padding (CVP) engine expands character variable lengths, using a specified expansion amount, so that character data truncation does not occur when a file requires transcoding. Character data truncation can occur when the number of bytes for a character in one encoding is different from the number of bytes for the same character in another encoding, such as when a single-byte character set (SBCS) is transcoded to a double-byte character set (DBCS). See the SAS National Language Support (NLS): User's Guide. Indexing When creating an index that requires sorting, SAS tries to sort the data by using the thread-enabled sort. By dividing the sorting task into separately executable processes, the time that is required to sort the data can be reduced. See the topic "Creating an Index" in Understanding SAS Indexes in SAS Language Reference: Concepts. Integrity Constraints Variables in a SAS data file can now be part of both a primary key (general integrity constraint) and a foreign key (referential integrity constraint). However, there are restrictions when defining a primary key constraint and a foreign key constraint that use the same variables. See the topic "Overlapping Primary Key and Foreign Key Constraints" in Understanding Integrity Constraints in SAS Language Reference: Concepts. Restricted System Options System administrators can restrict system options from being modified by a user. You can use the RESTRICT option in the OPTIONS procedure to list the restricted options. The implementation of restricted options is specific to the operating environment. For details about how to restrict options, see the configuration guide for your operating environment. For information about listing restricted options, see the OPTIONS procedure in the Base SAS Procedures Guide. x What's New SAS Utility Macro The SAS utility macro, %DS2CSV, is available now in Base SAS. This macro converts SAS data sets to comma-separated values (CSV) files. Prior to SAS 9.1, this macro was available only for SAS/IntrNet users. Universal Unique Identifiers A Universal Unique Identifier (UUID) is a 128-bit identifier that consists of date and time information, and the IEEE node address of a host. UUIDs are useful when objects such as rows or other components of a SAS application must be uniquely identified. For more information, see "Universal Unique Identifiers" in SAS Language Reference: Concepts. SAS Language Elements Descriptions of the new and enhanced language elements for national language support can be found in "What's New for SAS 9.0 and 9.1 National Language Support" in t ...