User manual SHARP EL-9900C

® MODEL EL-9900 GRAPHING CALCULATOR OPERATION MANUAL In the U.S.A. Declaration of Conformity Graphing Calculator: EL-9900 This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) This device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation. Responsible Party: SHARP ELECTRONICS CORPORATION Sharp Plaza, Mahwah, New Jersey 07430-1163 TEL: 1-800-BE-SHARP Tested To Comply With FCC Standards FOR HOME OR OFFICE USE WARNING -- FCC Regulations state that any unauthorized changes or modifications to this equipment not expressly approved by the manufacturer could void the user's authority to operate this equipment. Note: This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures: -- Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna. -- Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver. -- Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected. -- Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help. Note: A shielded interface cable is required to ensure compliance with FCC regulations for Class B certification. FOR YOUR RECORDS... For your assistance in reporting this product in case of loss or theft, please record the model number and serial number which are located on the bottom of the unit. Please retain this information. Model Number Serial Number Date of Purchase Place of Purchase Introduction This graphing calculator can handle many types of mathematical formulas and expressions for you. It is powerful enough to process very complex formulas used in rocket science, but yet so compact that it fits in your coat pocket. The main features of this graphing calculator are as follows: · Reversible Keyboard to suit the needs of students' levels, ranging from middleschool level arithmetic to high-school calculus, and beyond, · Graphing Capability to help you visualize what you are working on, · Slide Show Function to help you understand common formulas, prepare for presentations, · Large memory capacity, with fast processing speed, and more. We strongly recommend you read this manual thoroughly. If not, then browse through the very first chapter "Getting Started", at least. Last, but not least, congratulations on purchasing the Graphing Calculator! NOTICE · The material in this manual is supplied without representation or warranty of any kind. SHARP assumes no responsibility and shall have no liability of any kind, consequential or otherwise, from the use of this material. · SHARP strongly recommends that separate permanent written records be kept of all important data. Data may be lost or altered in virtually any electronic memory product under certain circumstances. Therefore, SHARP assumes no responsibility for data lost or otherwise rendered unusable whether as a result of improper use, repairs, defects, battery replacement, use after the specified battery life has expired, or any other cause. · SHARP assumes no responsibility, directly or indirectly, for financial losses or claims from third persons resulting from the use of this product and any of its functions, the loss of or alteration of stored data, etc. · The information provided in this manual is subject to change without notice. · Screens and keys shown in this manual may differ from the actual ones on the calculator. · Some of the accessories and optional parts described in this manual may not be available at the time you purchase this product. · Some of the accessories and optional parts described in this manual may be unavailable in some countries. · All company and/or product names are trademarks and/or registered trademarks of i their respective holders. Introduction Reversible Keyboard This calculator comes equipped with a reversible keyboard. Reverse the keyboard to select Basic Mode or Advanced Mode. Basic Mode A green background color keyboard with basic mathematical functions. This mode is suitable for learning mathematics in lower grades. ii Introduction Advanced Mode (Default mode) A blue background color keyboard with advanced mathematical functions. This mode is suitable for learning or studying mathematics in higher grades. iii Contents Caring for Your Calculator ............................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 Getting Started ..............................................................................................................2 Before Use ...................................................................................................................... 2 Using the Hard Cover ..................................................................................................... 3 Part Names and Functions ............................................................................................. 4 Main Unit ................................................................................................................. 4 Reversible Keyboard ............................................................................................... 6 Basic Key Operations ..................................................................................................... 8 Changing the Keyboard .................................................................................................. 9 Quick Run-through: Basic Mode ...................................................................................10 Chapter 2 Operating the Graphing Calculator ......................................................................... 13 Basic / Advanced Keyboard ..........................................................................................13 Basic Key Operations - Standard Calculation Keys ..................................................... 13 1. Entering numbers ............................................................................................. 14 2. Performing standard math calculations ............................................................ 15 Cursor Basics ............................................................................................................... 15 Editing Entries ..............................................................................................................17 Second Function Key .................................................................................................... 18 ALPHA Key ...................................................................................................................19 Math Function Keys ......................................................................................................20 MATH, STAT, and PRGM Menu Keys ........................................................................... 23 SETUP Menu ................................................................................................................ 24 SETUP Menu Items ......................................................................................................25 Precedence of Calculations ..........................................................................................27 Error Messages ............................................................................................................28 Resetting the Calculator ............................................................................................... 29 1. Using the reset switch ....................................................................................... 29 2. Selecting the RESET within the OPTION menu .............................................. 30 Chapter 3 Basic Calculations -- Basic Keyboard .................................................................... 31 1. Try it! ........................................................................................................................31 2. Arithmetic Keys .......................................................................................................33 3. Calculations Using Various Function Keys ............................................................. 35 4. Calculations Using MATH Menu Items ................................................................... 42 iv Contents Chapter 4 Basic Graphing Features -- Basic Keyboard ......................................................... 50 1. Try it! ........................................................................................................................50 2. Explanations of Various Graphing Keys ................................................................. 52 3. Other Useful Graphing Features ............................................................................. 58 Substitution feature ............................................................................................... 63 Chapter 5 Advanced Calculations -- Advanced Keyboard .................................................... 66 1. Try it! ........................................................................................................................66 2. Various Calculation Keys ........................................................................................ 67 3. Calculations Using MATH Menu ............................................................................. 70 4. More Variables: Single Value Variables and LIST Variables ................................... 80 5. TOOL Menu .............................................................................................................81 6. SETUP Menu .......................................................................................................... 83 Chapter 6 Advanced Graphing Features -- Advanced Keyboard .......................................... 84 1. Try it! ........................................................................................................................84 2. Graphing Parametric Equations .............................................................................. 87 3. Polar Graphing ........................................................................................................ 88 4. Graphing Sequences .............................................................................................. 89 5. The CALC Function ................................................................................................93 6. Format Setting ........................................................................................................ 95 7. Zoom Functions ......................................................................................................96 8. Setting a Window .................................................................................................... 98 9. Tables ...................................................................................................................... 99 10. The DRAW Function ............................................................................................. 102 11. Substitution Feature ..............................................................................................114 Chapter 7 SLIDE SHOW Feature .............................................................................................. 115 1. Try it! ..................................................................................................................... 115 2. The SLIDE SHOW menu ...................................................................................... 118 Chapter 8 Matrix Features ........................................................................................................ 120 1. Try it! ..................................................................................................................... 120 2. Entering and Viewing a Matrix ............................................................................. 122 Editing keys and functions ..................................................................................123 3. Normal Matrix Operations ..................................................................................... 124 4. Special Matrix Operations ..................................................................................... 125 Calculations using OPE menus ......................................................................... 125 Calculations using MATH menus ....................................................................... 129 Use of [ ] menus .................................................................................................. 130 v Contents Chapter 9 List Features ............................................................................................................ 131 1. Try it! ..................................................................................................................... 131 2. Creating a list ....................................................................................................... 133 3. Normal List Operations .........................................................................................133 4. Special List Operations .........................................................................................135 Calculations using the OPE menu functions ..................................................... 135 Calculations using MATH Menus ....................................................................... 139 5. Drawing multiple graphs using the list function ................................................... 141 6. Using L_DATA functions ........................................................................................142 7. Using List Table to Enter or Edit Lists .................................................................. 143 How to enter the list ............................................................................................ 143 How to edit the list ..............................................................................................144 Chapter 10 Statistics & Regression Calculations .................................................................... 145 1. Try it! ..................................................................................................................... 145 2. Statistics Features ................................................................................................149 1. STAT menus .................................................................................................. 149 2. Statistical evaluations available under the C CALC menu .......................... 150 3. Graphing the statistical data ................................................................................ 153 1. Graph Types .................................................................................................. 153 2. Specifying statistical graph and graph functions ......................................... 157 3. Statistical plotting on/off function ................................................................. 157 4. Trace function of statistical graphs .............................................................. 158 4. Data list operations ...............................................................................................159 5. Regression Calculations ....................................................................................... 160 6. Statistical Hypothesis Testing .............................................................................. 165 7. Distribution functions ............................................................................................ 177 Chapter 11 Financial Features ................................................................................................... 183 1. Try it! 1 .................................................................................................................. 183 Try it! 2 .................................................................................................................. 187 2. CALC functions .....................................................................................................189 3. VARS Menu .......................................................................................................... 193 Chapter 12 The SOLVER Feature ................................................................................................194 1. Three Analysis Methods: Equation, Newton, and Graphic .................................. 194 2. Saving/Renaming Equations for Later Use ......................................................... 200 3. Recalling a Previously Saved Equation ............................................................... 201 vi Contents Chapter 13 Programming Features ........................................................................................... 202 1. Try it! ..................................................................................................................... 202 2. Programming Hints ...............................................................................................204 3. Variables .............................................................................................................. 206 Setting a variable ................................................................................................206 4. Operands ............................................................................................................. 206 Comparison operands ........................................................................................206 5. Programming commands ...................................................................................... 207 A PRGM menu ....................................................................................................207 B BRNCH menu .................................................................................................. 209 C SCRN menu ....................................................................................................209 D I/O menu ......................................................................................................... 209 E SETUP menu .................................................................................................. 210 F FORMAT menu ................................................................................................211 G S_PLOT menu ................................................................................................213 6. Flow control tools .................................................................................................. 214 7. Other menus convenient for programming .......................................................... 216 H COPY menu ....................................................................................................216 VARS menu ....................................................................................................... 217 8. Debugging ............................................................................................................ 219 9. Sample programs .................................................................................................. 220 Chapter 14 OPTION Menu ........................................................................................................... 222 Accessing the OPTION Menu .................................................................................... 222 1. Adjusting the screen contrast ...................................................................... 222 2. Checking the memory usage ....................................................................... 222 3. Deleting files .................................................................................................. 224 4. Linking to another EL-9900 or PC ............................................................... 224 5. Reset function ...............................................................................................227 Appendix ................................................................................................................... 228 1. Replacing Batteries ...............................................................................................228 2. Troubleshooting Guide ..........................................................................................231 3. Specifications ....................................................................................................... 233 4. Error Codes and Error Messages ........................................................................ 235 5. Error Conditions Relating to Specific Tasks ........................................................ 237 1. Financial ....................................................................................................... 237 2. Error conditions during financial calculations .............................................. 239 3. Distribution function ...................................................................................... 239 6. Calculation Range ................................................................................................. 241 1. Arithmetic calculation .................................................................................... 241 2. Function calculation ...................................................................................... 241 vii Contents 3. Complex number calculation ........................................................................ 245 7. CATALOG Feature ................................................................................................246 8. List of Menu/Sub-menu Items .............................................................................. 247 1. MATH menus ................................................................................................. 247 2. LIST menus ................................................................................................... 249 3. STAT menus .................................................................................................. 251 4. STAT PLOT menus ........................................................................................253 5. DRAW menus ................................................................................................254 6. ZOOM menus ................................................................................................255 7. CALC menus ................................................................................................. 257 8. SLIDE SHOW menus ....................................................................................258 9. PRGM menus ................................................................................................258 10. MATRIX menus .............................................................................................261 11. FINANCE menus ...........................................................................................262 12. TOOL menus .................................................................................................263 13. SOLVER menus ............................................................................................264 INDEX ........................................................................................................................ 265 viii Caring for Your Calculator Caring for Your Calculator · Do not carry the calculator around in your back pocket, as it may break when you sit down. The display is made of glass and is particularly fragile. · Keep the calculator away from extreme heat such as on a car dashboard or near a heater, and avoid exposing it to excessively humid or dusty environments. · Since this product is not waterproof, do not use it or store it where fluids, for example water, can splash onto it. Raindrops, water spray, juice, coffee, steam, perspiration, etc. will also cause malfunction. · Clean with a soft, dry cloth. Do not use solvents. · Do not use a sharp pointed object or exert too much force when pressing keys. · Avoid excessive physical stress. 1 Chapter 1 Getting Started Before Use Inserting batteries resetting the memory 1. Open the battery cover located on the back of the calculator. Pull down the notch, then lift the battery cover up to remove it. 2. Insert the batteries, as indicated. Make sure that the batteries are inserted in the correct directions. 3. Pull off the insulation sheet from the memory backup battery. 4. Place the battery cover back, and make sure that the notch is snapped on. 5. Press O and you will see the following message on the display: PRESS [CL] KEY TO CLEAR ALL DATA PRESS [ON] KEY TO CANCEL Note: If the above message does not appear, check the direction of the batteries and close the cover again. If this does not solve the problem, follow the instruction described in "Resetting the Calculator - 1. Using the reset switch" on page 29. 6. Press C to reset the calculator's memory. The memory will be initialized. Press any key to set the calculator ready for normal calculation mode. 2 Chapter 1: Getting Started Adjusting display contrast Since the display contrast may vary with the ambient temperature and/or remaining battery power, you may want to adjust the contrast accordingly. Here's how: 1. Press @, then p. 2. Adjust the contrast by using the + and - keys. +: increases the contrast -: decreases the contrast 3. When done, press C to exit the mode. Turning the calculator OFF Press @ o to turn the calculator off. Automatic power off function · The calculator is automatically turned off when there is no key operation for approximately 10 minutes (The power-off time depends on the conditions.) · The calculator will not automatically power off while it is executing calculations ("" flashes on the upper right corner of the display.) Using the Hard Cover To open the cover: When in use: When not in use: 3 Chapter 1: Getting Started Part Names and Functions Main Unit 1 Display screen 2 Power ON/ OFF key 4 Graphing keys 5 Cursor keys 3 Key operation keys 4 Chapter 1: Getting Started 1 Display screen: Displays up to 132 pixels wide by 64 pixels tall of graphs and texts. 2 Power ON/OFF key: Turns calculator ON. To turn off the calculator, press @, then o. 3 Key operation keys: These keys are used to change the key functions. @: A: Note: Changes the cursor to "2", and the next keystroke enters the function or mode printed above each key in yellow. Changes the cursor to "A", and the next keystroke enters the alphabetical letter printed above each key in purple. Press @ . to lock the specific keys in the alphabet entering mode. (ALPHA-LOCK) 4 Graphing keys: These keys specify settings for the graphing-related mode. Y: G: T: W: Z: U: ,: ": y: d: f: k: Opens the formula input screen for drawing graphs. Draws a graph based on the formulas programmed in the Y window. Opens a Table based on the formulas programmed in Y. Sets the display ranges for the graph screen. Changes the display range of the graph screen. Places the cursor pointer on the graph for tracing, and displays the coordinates. Displays the substitution feature. Displays both a graph and a table at the same time. Opens the table setup screen. Draws items on the graph. Use this key also to save or recall the graph/pixel data. Sets the operations of the graph screen. Calculates specific values based on formulas programmed in Y 5 Chapter 1: Getting Started 5 Cursor keys: Enables you to move the cursor (appears as _, , etc. on the screen) in four directions. Use these keys also to select items in the menu. Reset switch (in the battery compartment): Used when replacing batteries or clear the calculator memory. # key: Returns calculator to calculation screen. p key: Sets or resets the calculator settings, such as LCD contrast and memory usage. n key: Obtains the screen for the slide show. l key: Accesses list features. ] key: Creates your own slide shows. [ key: Sets the statistical plotting. Reversible Keyboard Basic keyboard Basic Operation keys E: C / q: B: D: i: ;: 6 Advanced keyboard Used when executing calculations or specifying commands. Clear/Quit key Backspace delete key Delete key Toggle input mode between insert and overwrite (in one-line edit mode). Allows you to set up the basic behavior of this calculator, such as to set answers in scientific or normal notation. Chapter 1: Getting Started Menu keys (Function of these keys may vary between basic and advanced mode.) M: S: P: z: Enter the Math menu with additional mathematical functions. Enter the statistics menu. Enter the programming menu. Enter the menu for calculator specific variables. Advanced Mode specific keys V: Converts hexadecimal, decimal, octal and binary numbers or solves systems of linear equations, finds roots for quadratic and cubic equations. Enter menu for matrix functions Enter screen and menu for Solver features Enter menu for financial solver and functions m: ': g: Scientific Calculation keys (See each chapter for details.) Basic Mode specific keys Q / / / < / >: Fraction calculation keys i: %: Integer division and remainder calculation keys Percentage calculation key * In Advanced mode, you can access above functions from CATALOG menu. Advanced Mode specific keys s / c / t / s / c / t: Trigonometric function keys l / I / 0 / @: Logarithm and exponential functions. 7 Chapter 1: Getting Started Basic Key Operations Since this calculator has more than one function assigned to each key, you will need to follow a few steps to get the function you need. Example x-1 F @ x: Specify x-1 A F: Specify character F y: Specify x 2 Operation of y · Press "as is" to get the function and number printed on each key. · To access secondary function printed above each key in yellow, press @ first, then press the key. Press C to cancel. · To press the key printed above each key in purple, press A first, then press the key. When in Menu selection screen however, you do not have to press A to access the characters. Press C to cancel. · If you want enter alphabetical letters (purple) sequentially, use @ .. Press A to return to the normal mode. · In this manual, alphanumeric characters to be entered are indicated as they are (without using the key symbols). Use of the key symbol indicates that it is for selecting the menu specified by the character or number. The above example also indicates the key notation rules of this manual. 8 Chapter 1: Getting Started Changing the Keyboard This calculator is designed with a reversible keyboard, which by utilizing it will not only change the appearance, but will also change the internal functions and configurations of the calculator as well. To change the keyboard: 1. Press @ o to turn off the calculator's power. 2. Open the battery compartment cover. Hold the calculator as illustrated. 3. Slide the keyboard eject tab (KEYBOARD EJECT) down. The keyboard will be ejected. Be careful not to drop the keyboard on the floor, as this may damage it. 4. Turn the keyboard over, and replace in the calculator as illustrated. Secure by gently pressing the keyboard until you hear the notch click. Note: Clean the edges and contact points of the keyboard and the keyboard tap before reattaching the keyboard to the main unit. DO NOT touch the pad portion in the keyboard tap. 5. Replace the battery compartment cover. 6. Press O. 7. Make sure that the message shown on the right appears. 8. Press O. 9 Chapter 1: Getting Started When you reverse the keyboard, the following settings are automatically changed. Basic Advanced · Simplifying: Auto (Auto at SIMPLE in SETUP menu) Advanced Basic · Coordinate system: Rectangular coordinates (Rect at COORD in SETUP menu.) · Answer mode: Displays a mixed number if ANSWER is set to complex numbers. · Angle unit: Set to Deg if DRG is set to Grad. · Decimal format: Set to FloatPt if FSE is set to Eng. Quick Run-through: Basic Mode Here are the major ingredients for 18 doughnuts: 1 4 cup warm water 3 4 cup warm milk 1 3 cup sugar 4 cups all-purpose flour 2 eggs 3 tablespoons butter Based on these values, solve the following problems using the calculator. Question If you make 60 doughnuts according to the above recipe, how many cups of warm milk are required? At first, you may calculate how many cups of warm milk are required for 1 doughnut = 3 4 ÷ 18 As for the ordinary calculator, the answer is 0.041666666. But how much is 0.04166666 of a cup of warm milk? The Basic mode of this graphing calculator is initially set to the fraction answer mode instead of the decimal answer mode. You may easily obtain the answer in fraction. 10 Chapter 1: Getting Started Set up the calculator before calculation Enter fractions 1. Press # to enter the calculation screen. 2. Press C to clear the display. 3. Press 3 b 4 '. 4. Press b 18 '. 5. Press E. Now we have found 24 of a cup of warm milk is required per one doughnut, how many cups are required for 60 doughnuts? If you want to use the answer of the previous calculation, press b and you do not have to reenter the value. 6. Press @ b |, or directly | (multiplication). "Ans×" is displayed. ANS is a calculator specific variable which indicates the answer of calculations just before. * When you enter + (addition), ­ (subtraction), × (multiplication), ÷ (division), it is not required to press b. 7. Press 60. 1 8. Press E. Answer: 2 1 2 cups of warm milk are required for making 60 doughnuts. 11 Chapter 1: Getting Started On the Basic Mode, you can toggle between decimal values, mixed values, and improper fractions using >, /, and <, respectively. 1. Press > E. 2. Press < E. 3. Press / E. Change answer mode from fractions to decimals 1. Press @ ;. 2. Select F ANSWER and press 1. 3. Press C. Now the answer mode is set to the decimal answer mode and 2.5 is displayed. 12 Chapter 2 Operating the Graphing Calculator Basic / Advanced Keyboard This calculator comes equipped with a reversible keyboard to support two different keyboard configurations: Basic and Advanced keyboard. By reversing the keyboard, the calculator switches its set of functions and behaviors as well as its visual aspect. The Basic keyboard, with its key frame colored in dark green, is designed to be used by students at lower grades of math classes. Functions associated with complex calculations, such as matrix functions and various trigonometric functions, are not included in this layout to avoid confusing students. Menu items are also carefully chosen to meet the educational needs of the students at lower grades. With the Advanced keyboard however, all functions and features are accessible for higher grade math students and various professionals in the fields of architecture, finance, mathematics, and physics. How to switch the keyboard See page 9. Basic Key Operations - Standard Calculation Keys The standard calculation keys, located at the bottom four rows of the keyboard, enable you to access the basic functions of the calculator. 13 Chapter 2: Operating the Graphing Calculator 1. Entering numbers Use the number keys (0 ~ 9), decimal point key (.), and negative number key (_) to enter numbers into the calculator. To clear the screen entry, press C. Number entry Example Type 10.23456789 onto the Calculation screen. 1. Enter the Calculation screen, then clear the screen entry: #C 2. Enter numbers with the number keys and decimal point key, as follows: 10 . 23456789 Note: $ can be used to enter a value in scientific notation. Example 6.3 × 108 + 4.9 × 107 # C 6.3 $ 8 + 4.9 $7 Entering a negative value Note: The negative number key _ can be used to enter numbers, lists, and functions with negative values. Press _ before entering the value. Do not use the - key to specify a negative value. Doing so will result in an error. Example Type -9460.827513 into the Calculation screen. # C _ 9460.827513 14 Chapter 2: Operating the Graphing Calculator 2. Performing standard math calculations By utilizing the + - | and = keys, you can perform the standard arithmetic calculations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Press E to perform each calculation. Perform an arithmetic calculation Example Obtain the answer to "6 × 5 + 3 ­ 2". #C6|5+3 -2E Using parentheses With the ( and ) keys, parentheses (round brackets) can be added to group sections of expressions. Sections within the parentheses will be calculated first. Parentheses can also be used to close the passings of values in various functions, such as "ipart 3.14". Example Obtain the answer to "(9 + 7) × (5 ­ 3)". #C(9+7 )|(5-3 )E Note: The multiplication sign "×", as the one in the above example, can be abbreviated if it proceeds a math function, a parenthesis "(", or a variable. Abbreviating "(1 + 2) × 3" to "(1 + 2) 3" will result in an error. Cursor Basics The cursor indicates where the next entry will be placed. The cursor may be placed automatically to different areas by various functions and tools, or can be moved around by using the ; ' { } keys. Use the cursor keys to select a menu item, select a cell item in a matrix, and trace along a graph. 15 Chapter 2: Operating the Graphing Calculator Example Enter " 4 65536 × 3 8 " in the Calculation screen. Jump the cursor to the beginning of the expression (just for this exercise), then press E to calculate. 1. Press #, then C to clear the display. 2. Enter 4 for the root's depth, then press @ _. The root figure is entered, with the cursor automatically placed below the figure. For detailed instructions of how to use the @ key, refer to "Second Function Key" and "ALPHA Key" in this chapter. 3. Enter 65536. At this moment, the cursor is still placed under the root figure. 4. Press ' to move the cursor out of the area, then enter | at the cursor. 5. Press @ _ again. Notice that the cursor is automatically placed so that you can specify the depth of this root figure. Type 3, }, and 8. 6. Press E to obtain the answer. Cursor appearance and input method Mode Normal mode The cursor also displays information regarding the calculator's input method. See the following diagram. Symbol Remarks The appearance of the cursor pointer may vary according to the mode or position. The major shapes and the definitions are as follows: : Insert mode : Overwrite mode a When A is pressed When @ is pressed * , and appear at the insertion point within the functions such as a/b and . 16 Chapter 2: Operating the Graphing Calculator Editing Entries Editing modes The calculator has the following two editing modes: equation mode, and one line mode. You can select one from the G EDITOR menu of the SETUP menu. Equation editor One line editor * See page 26 for details. Cursor navigation Use ; ' { } to move the cursor around, and use the D B C keys to edit entries. · D key deletes an entry AT THE CURSOR. · B key erases one BEFORE THE CURSOR. · Use C to clear the entire entry line. About the Insert mode When the editing mode is set to one-line, insert mode needs to be manually specified. Press and release @, then i to set the insert mode. Press @ i again to return to the overwrite mode. The C key clears all screen entries in the Calculation screen, as well as clearing error messages. It also clears a single line equation in the Y screen. For more information on the Y key, refer to Chapters 4 and 6 of the manual. Example Type 3096, then change 3 to 4. When done, jump the cursor to the very end of the numbers. #C3096; ;;;D4 ''' 17 Chapter 2: Operating the Graphing Calculator Example Type 4500000, then remove 500. #C4500000; ;;BB B Tips: You can jump the cursor to the beginning or the end of line by using the @ and ; ' keys. To learn about how to use the @ key and its functions, refer to the section "Second Function Key" of this chapter. Second Function Key Use @ to call up the calculator's extended key functions, math functions and figures. All functions associated with @ are color coded light yellow, and are printed above each key. Note: Available Second function keys differ between the Basic keyboard and the Advanced keyboard. For example, a second function "ex" is not accessible within the Basic keyboard. Example Enter "2" on the screen. 1. Press # C to clear the screen, then enter "2" by pressing 2. 2. Press @. When the key is released, the cursor on the screen changes, indicating that a second function is now ready to be called up. 3. Press $. The entry appears on the screen. 18 Chapter 2: Operating the Graphing Calculator ALPHA Key Use A to enter an alphabet character. With the Basic keyboard, all 26 alphabet characters from "A" up to "Z", and space can be typed; the Advanced keyboard has all 26 characters accessible, as well as " ", "=", " : ", and space. All functions associated with A are color coded purple, and are printed above each key. Note: Do not type out math figures (sin, log, etc.), graph equation names (Y1, Y2, etc.), list names (L1, L2, etc.), or matrix names (mat A, mat B, etc.), etc. with A keys. If "SIN" is entered from A mode, then each alphabet character -- "S", "I" and "N" -- will be entered as a variable. Call up the figure and equation names from within the second functions and various menus instead. If a colon (:) is used, data may continue to be entered in more than one term. Example Enter 2 × A on the screen. 1. Press # C to clear the screen. Enter "2 ×" by pressing 2 |. Entering one Alphabet character 2. To enter "A", press A; the cursor pattern changes to "A" upon releasing the key. _ 3. Press A to call "A" at the cursor. After the entry, the cursor pattern changes back to normal. Entering 1 or More Alphabet characters To type more than one alphabet character, use @ then A to apply the "ALPHA-LOCK". When done, press A to escape from the mode. 19 Chapter 2: Operating the Graphing Calculator Math Function Keys Basic keyboard Advanced keyboard Mathematical functions can be called up quickly with the Math Function keys. The Math Function key sets for both the Basic and Advanced Keyboards are designed to suit the needs of calculations at each level. Math Function keys for the Basic keyboard: Q / < > i % x Reduces a fraction Converts a number to a mixed fraction, if possible Converts a number to an improper fraction Converts a number to decimal form Gives an answer in quotient and remainder Specifies a percentage number Enters an variable "x" at the cursor Math Function keys for the Advanced keyboard: s s c Enters a sine function at the cursor Enters an arc sine function at the cursor Enters a cosine function at the cursor 20 Chapter 2: Operating the Graphing Calculator c t t l 0 I @ Enters an arc cosine function at the cursor Enters a tangent function at the cursor Enters an arctangent function at the cursor Enters a logarithm function at the cursor Enters "10 to the xth power", then sets the cursor at the "x" Enters a natural logarithm function at the cursor Enters "e-constant to the power of "x" x", then sets the cursor at the X Enters a variable "x", "", "T", or "n". The variable is automatically determined according to the calculator's coordinate setup: "x" for rectangular, "" for polar, "T" for parametric, "n" for sequential. Common Math Function keys for both keyboards: y x Enters " 2 " at the cursor, to raise a number to the second power Enters " -1 " at the cursor, to raise a number to the negative first power Enters a mixed number. Enters a fraction. Enters an exponent. By itself enters a "root" figure; the cursor will be set at "a", the depth. d b a _ 21 Chapter 2: Operating the Graphing Calculator Note: If a number precedes d b a and _, then the number will be set as the first entry of the figure. Else, the first entry is blank and the cursor flashes. Examples 2d3} 4' d ;2'3}4' + , R r z Enters a "root" figure at the cursor Enters " , " (a comma) at the cursor Stores a number or a formula into a variable Recalls an item stored in a variable Brings up the VARS menu. 22 Chapter 2: Operating the Graphing Calculator MATH, STAT, and PRGM Menu Keys By using the M, S, and P keys, you can access many menu items for complex calculation tasks. The appendix "List of Menu/Sub-menu Items" shows the contents of each, with detailed descriptions of each sub-menu item. Note that the contents of menu items differ drastically between the Basic keyboard and the Advanced keyboard. For example, the P menu for the Basic mode contains only one item (A EXEC), while in the Advanced mode there are three menu items (A EXEC, B EDIT, and C NEW). Example Round the following number beyond the decimal point: 34.567 1. Press # C, then M. The MATH menu takes over the screen, as shown to the right. MATH menu items are displayed on the left side of the screen. Note: The example above is simulated on the Basic mode. There are more menu items available with the Advanced mode. 2. Use the { and } keys to move the cursor up and down the menu. As you scroll, you will see the corresponding sub-menu contents (shown on the right side of the screen) change. 3. Set the cursor at B NUM. Menu items can also be selected by using shortcut keys (A through H); in this example, simply press B to select B NUM. There is no need to use A for this operation. 4. Press a shortcut key 2 to select 2 round(. The screen now goes back to the calculation screen, as follows: Another way of selecting the sub-menu item is to press ' (or E) on the menu item B NUM. The cursor will be extended into the sub-menu on the right. Now, move the cursor on the sub-menu down to 2 round(, then press E. 23 Chapter 2: Operating the Graphing Calculator 5. Type 3 4 . 5 6 7 , 0 ), and press E. SETUP Menu Use this menu to verify basic configurations, such as to define the calculator's editing preferences, and scientific and mathematical base units. Checking the calculator's configuration To check the current configuration of the calculator, press @, then ;. By entering menu items (B DRG through H SIMPLE), various setups can be changed. To exit the SETUP menu, press C. Example Display the calculation result of "10002" in scientific notation. 1. Press @, then ;. Within the SETUP menu, press C, then 3 to select 3 Sci under the C FSE menu. Tips: Using the arrow keys, move the cursor down to the C FSE position, press E, and then move the cursor down to the 3 Sci position. Press E to select the sub-menu item. 2. The display goes back to the SETUP menu's initial screen. 3. Press C to exit the SETUP menu. 24 Chapter 2: Operating the Graphing Calculator 4. Press # C to clear the Calculation screen, type 1 0 0 0 y, then E. SETUP Menu Items DRG: For trigonometric calculations and coordinate conversions, various angle units can be selected: Deg Angle values to be set in degrees (default for Basic mode) Angle values to be set in radians (default for Advanced mode) Angle values to be set in gradients (for Advanced mode only) Rad Grad FSE: Various decimal formats can be set: FloatPt Answers are given in decimal form with a floating decimal point (default). Answers are given in decimal form. The decimal point can be set in the TAB menu. Answers are given in "scientific" notation. For example, "3500" is displayed as "3.500000000E3". The decimal point can be set in the TAB menu. Answers are given in "engineering" notation with exponents set to be multiples of 3. "100000" will be displayed as "100.0000000E3", and "1000000" will be shown as "1.000000000E6". The decimal point can be set in the TAB menu. (for Advanced mode only) If the value of the mantissa does not fit within the range ±0.000000001 to ±9999999999, the display changes to scientific notation. The display mode can be changed according to the purpose of the calculation. 25 Fix Sci Eng Note: Chapter 2: Operating the Graphing Calculator TAB: Sets the number of digits beyond the decimal point (0 through 9). The default is "9". Sets the calculator to various graph coordinate systems. Rect Param Rectangular coordinates (default) Parametric equation coordinates (for Advanced mode only) Polar coordinates (for Advanced mode only) Sequential graph coordinates (for Advanced mode only) COORD: Polar Seq ANSWER: Sets the answer preference to various number formats. Answers will be given in decimal form (default for Advanced mode) Answers will be given in mixed fractions, whenever appropriate (default for Basic mode) Answers will be given in improper fractions, whenever appropriate Answers will be given in complex rectangular form (for Advanced mode only) Answers will be given in complex polar form (for Advanced mode only) Decimal (Real) Mixed (Real) Improp (Real) x±yi (Complex) r (Complex) EDITOR: Sets the editing style to one of two available formats. Equation Formulas can be entered in a "type it as you see it approach" (default setting). Formulas will be displayed on one line. One line 26 Chapter 2: Operating the Graphing Calculator Notes: Immediately after changing the EDITOR, the calculator will return to the calculation screen and the following data will be cleared. · ENTRY memory · Equations stored in the graph equation window (Y) · Equations temporally stored in the SOLVER window (@ ') * Resetting to the default settings (@ p E 1) will also clear the above data. Expression of up to 114 bytes can be enetered in the Equation edit mode. If the expression exceed the screen width, it is horizontally extended. Expression of up to 160 bytes can be entered in One-line edit mode. if the expression exceed the screen width, it goes to the next line. SIMPLE: Sets the preference for handling reducible fractions. Auto Manual Fractions will automatically be reduced down (default) Fractions will not be reduced unless Q is pressed Note: All the procedures in this manual are explained using the default settings unless otherwise specified. Precedence of Calculations When solving a mathematical expression, this calculator internally looks for the following figures and methods (sorted in the order of evaluation): 1) Fractions (1/4, a/b, , etc.) 2) Complex angles () 3) Single calculation functions before a numerical value (X2, X-1, !, " ° ", " r ", and " g ") 4) Exponential functions (ab, a , etc) 5) Multiplications between a value and a stored variable/constant, with "×" abbreviated (2, 2A, etc.) 6) Single calculation functions after a numerical value (sin, cos, , abs, int, ipart, fpart, tan, sin-1, cos-1, tan-1, log, 10x, ln, ex, (­), not, neg, etc.) 27 Chapter 2: Operating the Graphing Calculator 7) Multiplications between a number and a function in #6 (3cos20, etc. "cos20" is evaluated first) 8) Permutations and combinations (nPr, nCr) 9) ×, ÷ 10) +, ­ 11) and 12) or, xor xnor 13) Equalities and nonequalities (<, , >, , , =, deg, dms, etc.) Example The key operation and calculation precedence 5 + 2 | s 30 + 25 | 5 a 3 E 1st 2nd 3rd 6th · If parentheses are used, parenthesized calculations have precedence over any other calculations. 5th 4th Error Messages The calculator will display an error message when a given command is handled incorrectly, or when instructions cannot be handled correctly such that the task cannot be processed further. Various types of error messages are given to inform users the types of situations to be remedied. For example, performing the following key strokes: 5|E will result in an error, and the error message will be displayed. In such a situation, you can go back to the expression to correct its syntax by pressing ; or ', or you can erase the entire line to start over by pressing C. For a list of various error codes and messages, refer to the appendix. 28 Chapter 2: Operating the Graphing Calculator Resetting the Calculator Use the reset when a malfunction occurs, to delete all data, or to set all mode values to the default settings. The resetting can be done by either pressing the reset switch located in the battery compartment, or by selecting the reset in the OPTION menu. Resetting the calculator's memory will erase all data stored by the user; proceed with caution. 1. Using the reset switch 1. Pull down the notch to open the battery cover located on the back of the calculator. 2. Place the battery cover back until the notch is snapped on. 3. Press O. The verification window will appear on the screen. 4. Press C to clear all the stored data. Press O to cancel resetting. After C is pressed, the calculator's memory will be initialized. Press any key to display the calculation screen. Note: If the above verification window does not appear, remove the battery cover and gently push the RESET switch with the tip of a ball-point pen or a similar object. DO NOT use a tip of a pencil or mechanical pencil, a broken lead may cause a damage to the button mechanism. 29 Chapter 2: Operating the Graphing Calculator · The message on the right may occasionally appear. In this case, repeat the procedure from step 1 to prevent loss of data. 2. Selecting the RESET within the OPTION menu 1. Press @, then p. The OPTION menu appears. 2. While in the OPTION menu, press E to select E RESET; the RESET submenu items should appear on the right side of the screen. 3. The first item 1 default set will initialize only the SETUP and FORMAT settings, while the second item 2 All memory will erase all memory contents and settings. To reset the memory, select 2 All memory by pressing 2. The verification window will appear. 4. Press the C key to clear all data stored on the calculator. Press any key to continue. 30 Chapter 3 Basic Calculations -- Basic Keyboard In this chapter, we explore more features of this calculator using the Basic Keyboard. Features such as fraction to decimal conversion and the quotient-remainder key, as well as basic arithmetic calculations, will be covered in this chapter. Note: To try the examples in the chapter, it is required that the Basic Keyboard is already set up by the user. To learn how to set up the Basic Keyboard, read "Changing the Keyboard" in Chapter 1. 1. Try it! The speed of light is known to be 186,282 miles (approximately 300,000 kilometers) per second. That means light can go around the earth 7 and a half times within a second! Suppose you are standing at the equator. While the earth rotates over the period of one day, you also rotate around the globe at a certain speed. Knowing the facts above, can you figure out how fast you are traveling, in miles per hour? Since distance traveled = average speed × time taken, the following equation can be formed to find out the circumference of the earth (x miles): x × 7.5 = 186282 Then, x = 186282 ÷ 7.5 Since you know the earth turns around once a day (which means, in 24 hours), divide the above "x" with 24 to get a value in miles per hour. 24 × v = x v = 24 x 31 Chapter 3: Basic Calculations -- Basic Keyboard CONCEPT 1. Enter a math expression, then perform the calculation. 2. Save a number into a variable, then recall the value later. PROCEDURE 1. First, press #, then C to clear any screen entries. 2. Type 186282 = 7.5, then press E. The circumference of the earth is thus obtained. 3. Store the answer in a variable. A variable is a symbol under which you can store a numerical value. We will use variable A to store the circumference of the earth. Press R to set the "store" mode. Press A A, then E to store the answer. To call up the stored answer, press A A E again. Note: While checking the stored values, you may see "0"; this means that no value is stored in the variable. 4. Now, since the value you have stored under "A" is the distance you will be travelling in 24 hours, divide the number by 24. Press A A = 24, then E. So, you are travelling at 1034.9 miles/hour. That is fast! 32 Chapter 3: Basic Calculations -- Basic Keyboard 2. Arithmetic Keys Performing addition, subtraction, multiplication and division E There are various keys for arithmetic calculations. Use the + - | =, _, ( and ) keys to perform basic arithmetic calculations. Press E to solve an equation. Executes an expression. Example · Calculate 1 + 2. #C1+2E A Note about expressions An expression is a mathematical statement that may use numbers and/or variables that represent numbers. This works just like a regular word sentence; one may ask "how are you?", and you may answer "okay." But what if an incomplete sentence is thrown, such as "how are"? You'll wonder, "how are... what?"; it just doesn't make sense. A math expression needs to be complete as well. 1 + 2, 4x, 2sinx + cosx form valid expressions, while "1 +" and "cos" do not. If an expression is not complete, the calculator will display an error message upon pressing the E key. Enters a "+" sign for addition. Example · Calculate 12 + 34. #C12+34 E + - Enters a "­" sign for subtraction. Example · Subtract 21 from 43. 43-21E 33 Chapter 3: Basic Calculations -- Basic Keyboard | Enters a "×" sign for multiplication. Example · Multiply 12 by 34. 12|34E = Enters a "÷" sign for division. Example · Divide 54 by 32. 54=32E When to leave out the "×" sign The multiplication sign can be left out when: a. It is placed in front of an open parenthesis. b. It is followed by a variable or a mathematical constant (, e, etc.): c. It is followed by a scientific function, such as sin, log, etc.: Entering a number with a negative value _ Sets a negative value. Example · Calculate -12 × 4. _12|4E Note: Do not use the - key to enter a negative value; use the _ key instead. 34 Chapter 3: Basic Calculations -- Basic Keyboard ( Enters an open parenthesis. Use with ")" as a pair, or the calculation will result in an error. Enters a closing parenthesis; a parenthesis left open will result in an error. Example · Calculate (4 + 6) ÷ 5. (4+6)= 5E ) Note: Functions, such as "round(", automatically include an open parentheses. Each of these functions needs to be closed with a closing parenthesis. 3. Calculations Using Various Function Keys Use the calculator's function keys to simplify various calculation tasks. The calculator's Basic Keyboard is specially designed to help you learn/solve fraction calculations easier. Q Simplifies a given fraction stored in the ANSWER memory. (Set the SIMPLE mode to Manual in the SETUP menu to use this key.) Specifying no common factor Simplify the fraction using the lowest common factor other than 1. Example 1 b 12 ' + 5 b 12 E Q E (Simplified by 2, the lowest common factor of 12 and 6.) Q E (Simplified by 3, the lowest common factor of 6 and 3.) 35 Chapter 3: Basic Calculations -- Basic Keyboard Specifying a common factor Simplify the fraction using the specified common factor. Example 1 b 12 ' + 5 b 12 E Q 6 E (Manually specify 6, the Greatest Common Factor of 12 and 6, to simplify the fraction.) Note: If the wrong number is specified for a common factor, an error will occur. Q is effective in a fraction calculation mode only (when the ANSWER mode is set to Mixed or Improp in the SETUP menu). / Converts an improper fraction to a mixed number. Example 12 · Change 5 to a mixed number. 12 b 5 ' / E < Converts a mixed number to an improper fraction. Example 2 · Change 2 5 to an improper fraction. Converts a fraction to a decimal number. Example 12 · Change 5 to a decimal number. >E Note: Above three conversions will not affect the ANSWER settings in the SET UP menu. If a decimal number is not rational, fraction conversion will not function and display the answer in decimal format. 36 Chapter 3: Basic Calculations -- Basic Keyboard i Performs an integer division, and returns a quotient and a remainder. Example · Get a quotient and a remainder of 50 ÷ 3. 50 i 3 E * Quotient value is set to Ans memory and remainder is not stored. y Squares the preceding number. Example · Obtain the answer to 122. (= 144) 12 y E Note: When no base number is entered, the base number area will be left blank and just the exponent appear. C y ;1 2 ' E d Enters a mixed number. Example 5 · Enter 4 6 4d5'6E Note: When no value is entered prior to this key, the number areas will be left blank. * If the calculator is set to one-line mode, d enters " " (integer-fraction separator) only. Use d in combination with b as follows. 5 · Enter 4 6 in one-line mode 4d5b6E * Integer part of the mixed number must be a natural number. A variable can not be used. Equation or use of parenthesis, such as (1+2) 2 ¬3 or (5) 2 ¬3, causes syntax error. * When a numerator or a denominator is negative, the calculator will cause error. 37 Chapter 3: Basic Calculations -- Basic Keyboard b Enters a fraction, setting the preceding number as its numerator. * If the calculator is set to one-line mode, then " ¬" will be entered 2 instead. For example, "2 ¬ 5" indicates " ". 5 Example 2 3 · Calculate 5 + 4 . 2b5'+b 3'4'E a Enters an exponent, setting the preceding number as its base. Example · Raise 4 to the 5th power. (= 1024) 4a5E Note: When no base value is entered, "ab" will be entered with both number areas left blank. Ca;4'5E When calculating x to the power of m-th power of n, enter as follows; · Calculate 232 (= 512) 2a3a2E The above calculation is interpreted as 232 = 29. If you wish to calculate (23)2 = 82, press ( 2 a 3 ' ) a 2 E. , Enters a comma " , " at the cursor. A comma is required in some of the MATH functions. For more information, refer to the next section "Calculations Using MATH Menu Items" in this chapter. Stores a number in a variable. Example · Let A = 4, and B = 6. Calculate A + B. 4RAAE 6RABE AA+ABE R 38 Chapter 3: Basic Calculations -- Basic Keyboard x Enters an "x", an unknown variable. Use this key when working with graph equations. Refer to Chapter 4 "Basic Graphing Features" to learn how to use this feature. To access the second function of a key (printed above the keys in yellow), press and release @, then press the key you want to use. Second functions % Set the preceding value as a percentage. Example · Get 25% of 1234. 1234|25@ %E * Percentage must be a positive value equal to or less than 100. x Enters "x-1", and returns an inverse by raising a value to the -1 1 power. The inverse of "5", for example, is " 5 ". Example · Raise 12 to the -1 power. (= 0.083333333) 12@xE When no base number is entered, "x-1" will be entered, with "x" left blank. C @ x ;1 2 E Note: _ Enters " a ". Example · Bring 4 to the 5th root. (= 1.319507911) 5@_4E Note: When no depth of power is entered, " a number areas left blank. C@_5'4E + Enters a square root symbol. Example · Obtain the square root of 64. (= 8) @+64E 39 " is entered, with both Chapter 3: Basic Calculations -- Basic Keyboard r Recalls a variable. Example · Set C = 8. 8RACE Recall the value of C. @rACE z Accesses the VARS menu. Refer to chapters 4 and 6 to learn how to use each item in this menu. Enter braces to group numbers as a list. Recalls the previous answer. Use this key to incorporate the answer to the previous calculation into an expression. Example · Perform 3 × 3. 3|3E Subtract the value of the previous answer from "10". 10-@bE b can be considered as a variable; its value is automatically set when E is pressed. If b is not empty, then pressing +, -, |, or = will recall "Ans" and places it at the beginning of an expression. If "1" was the previous answer, then pressing + 4 E will result in "5". {} b Note: 40