Page LIST OF ILLUST RATIO NS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LIST OF TA BLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OPERATORS SA FE TY SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sectio n 1 ii ii iii Sectio n 3 OPERATO RS FAMILIARIZATIO N (cont) PRECHARGI N G . . . . . . . . . OPERATOR 'S ADJU ST MENTS INTROD UCTIO N . . . . . . . . . BAS ELINE TRAC E . . . . . . . TRAC E ROTATIO N . . . . . . . PR OBE CO MPEN SATIO N . I NPUT CO UPLI NG CA PACITOR .. . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . GENER AL INF ORM ATIO N INTROD UCTIO N . . . . . . . . . . . . . SPECI FICATIO N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CA LIBR ATIO N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REPAC KAGING FOR SH IPMEN T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 1-1 1-9 1-9 Section 4 2-1 2-1 2-1 2-1 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 3-3 3-3 3-3 3-3 3-3 Section 2 PREPARATION FOR USE FIRST-TIME START UP . . . . . . . . . . . SA FETY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LINE VOLTAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . POWER CO R D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LINE FU SE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INSTRUMENT COO LIN G . . . . . . . . CO NTROLS, CO NNECTOR S, AND INDICATO RS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DISPLAY, POWER, AND PR OBE ADJU ST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VERTICA L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HORIZONTA L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TRIGGER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REAR PANEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OPERATING PROC EDURES BASIC APPL ICATIO NS . . . . . . . . . . . . I NTROD UCTIO N . . . . . . . . . . . . . I NDEX 0 B ASIC APPLICATIO N PR OC EDURE S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V OLTAGE MEAS UREMEN TS . . . TIME ME AS UREMEN TS . . . . . . TELEV ISIO N DIS PL AYS . . . . . . . DELAYED-SWEEP MAG N IFICATIO N . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 4-1 4-1 4-1 4-1 4-4 4-8 4-9 .. Sectio n 5 OPTIONS AND ACCESSORI E S INTROD UCTIO N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . POWER CO R DS STANDA R D ACCE SSORIES . . . . . OP TIONAL ACCESSORI ES . . . . . . Sectio n 3 OPERATORS FAMILIARIZATIO N GENER AL OPERATING I NF ORM ATIO N . . . . . . . . . . GRATIC ULE . . . . . . . . . . GROUN DI NG . . . . . . . . . SIGNAL CO NNECTIO N S . .. . . ... .... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 3-1 3-1 3-1 INTERNATIONAL 5-1 5-1 5-1 5-1 5-1 FR ONT PANEL I LLUSTRATIO N CH ANGE INF ORM ATIO N Fig ure The 1-1 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 Page 1-2 Maximum input voltage vs frequency derating curve for C H Fuse holder 2213 Oscilloscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 OR , Physical dimensions of the 2213 Oscilloscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Optional power cords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CH iv 1-7 2 O R , and I NPUT connectors . . Power an d Vertical 2-6 2-7 3-1 3-2 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-7 4-8 4-9 4-10 Trigger controls, connecto r, and indicator . . . . . . . . . . . Rear panel connector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Graticule measurement markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Probe compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pea k-to-peak waveform voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I nstantaneous voltage measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Common-mode rejection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Voltage ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Time Duration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R ise Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Time difference between pulses on time relate d signals Phase difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hig h-resolution phase difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Delayed-sweep magnification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Horizontal and power cord co n nector . . d isp lay co ntrols and indicators controls a n d connecto rs . . . . . . . controls 1-8 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . and PR O BE ADJU ST out p ut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6 2-7 3-1 3-4 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-6 4-7 4-8 4-9 Table 1-1 1-2 1-3 2-1 Electrical Characteristics . . . . . En vironmental Characteristics . Physical Characteristics . . . . . VERT MODE Trigger Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 1-2 1-6 1-7 2-7 The TEKTRONIX 2213 Oscilloscope is ru gged, lightweig ht, dual-channel 60 MH z instrument that features br ight, sharply defi ned trace on an 80- by 100 mm cathoderay tube (crt). Its vertical system supplies cali brated deflection factors from 2 mV per division to 5 V per divisio n. Trigger circuits e n able stable triggering over th e full bandwidth of the vertical system . Th e ho rizon tal system provides cali brated sweep speeds from 0.5 s pe r divisio n to 50 ns pe r division, along with delayed-sweep feature. X10 magnifier circuit extends the maximum sweep speed to 5 ns per divisio n when th e SEC/DI V switc h is set to 0.05 s per division . The instrument is shipped with accessories : 1 Operators manual 1 Power cord the following standard 2 Pro be packages For part numbers and information about instrument ac-cessories, refe r to the "Options and Accessories" sectio n of th is ma n ual . The service ma nual and all other optional accessories are ordera ble from Te ktronix, Inc . local Te ktronix Field Office, representative, or the Te ktronix pro d uct catalog can provide or dering and pr oduct information . Th e following electrical characteristics (Table 1-1) are valid for th e 2213 whe n it has been adjusted at an am b ient temperature betwee n +20°C and +30°C, has had warmup period of at least 20 minutes, and is operating at an am bient temperature between °C and +50°C (unless ot herwise noted) . Items listed in the " Performance Req ui remen ts" column are verifiable qu alitative o r quan titative limits, while items listed in th e "S upp leme ntal Information" column are either explanatory notes, calibration set up descri ption s, perfor- mance c haracteristics for which no absolute limits are specified, or c haracteristics that are imp ractical to check. En vironmental c h aracte ristics are given in Ta ble 1-2. The 2213 meets the req uireme n ts of MIL- -288000, paragraph s 4.5 .5 .1 .3, 4 .5 .5 .1 .4, and 4.5 .5 .1 .2 .2 for type , Class 5 equi pme nt, exce pt where ot herwise noted. Ph ysical characteristics of the instrument are listed in Table 1-3. Electrical Characte ristics Ch a racte ristics Deflection Factor Range 2 mV per division to 5 V per division in 1-2-5 sequ ence. ±3% Continuously variable between settings . Increases deflectio n factor by at least 2.5 to 1 . Rise time is calculated from the form ula : Ta ble 1-1 Performance Requ irements VERTICAL DEFLE CTION SYST EM Supplemental Info rmation 5 mV per division to 5 V per division gain is ad justed with VOLTS/DI V switch set to 10 mV per division. 2 mV per divisio n gain is adjusted with VOLTS/DIV switch set to 2 mV per division . Accuracy Range of V OLTS/DIV Varia ble Control Step R esponse Rise Time Rise Time 0°C to +35°C 5 mV per Division to 5 V per Division 0°C to 50°C 2 mV per Division to 5 V per Division 7.0 ns or less . 5.8 ns or less . Bandwidth (-3 dB) 0.35 Bandwidth (-3 d B) 0°C to +35°C 2 mV per Division 5 mV per Division to 5 V per Division 0°C to +50°C 2 mV per Division to 5 V per Division AC Coup led Lower Limit Dc to at least 50 MHz . 10 Hz or less at -3 dB. Up pe r limits (-3 dB) band pass at 10 MH z ± 15%. 500 kH z ±30% . 1 ±2%. 20 pF ±2 p F. Dc to at least 50 MH z. Dc to at least 60 MHz . Measu red with vertically centered 6-division reference sign al from 50 so urce driving 50 coaxial cable that is terminated in 50 , bot h at the input co nnector an d at t h e probe input, with the VOLTS/DIV V ariable control in the CA L detent . B a n dwidth Limiter Chop Mode Switching Rate In put Characteristics Resista nce Capacitance Maximum Safe Input Voltage A DC Co up led AC Coupled 400 V (d c + peak ac) or 800 V ac - to 10 kH z or less . 400 V (dc + pea k ac) or 800 V" - to 10 kH z or less . See Fig ure 1-1 for derating curve. Ta ble 1-1 (co nt) Characteristics Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (C MRR) Perfo rm ance R eq uireme nts VERTICAL DEFLE CTION SYST EM (cont) At least 20 to 1 at 25 MHz. Supplemental In formatio n Chec ked at 10 mV per division for common-mode signals of 6 divisions or less with VOLTS/DIV Varia ble cont rol adjusted fo r best CMRR at 50 kH z. V O LTS/DIV Variable co ntrol in CAL Trace Shift with Attenuator Rotation Trace S hift as V OLTS/DIV Varia ble Co ntrol is Rotated Trace Shift with Invert Channel Isolation 0.75 division or less . 1 .0 division or less . 1 .5 division or less . Greater than 100 to 1 at 25 . detent . TRIGGER SYST EM TRIGG ER Se nsitivity - AUTO/TV Modes LINE and NORM 5 MHz 0.3 div 40 mV 60 MH z 1 .0 div 150 mV Exter nal trigger signal from 50 source driving 50 coaxial cable terminated in 50 at the in put co nnecto r. Internal Extern al Lowest Useable Frequency in - AUTO Mode 20 Hz with 1 .0 division intern al or 100 mV external . 1 .0 division of com posite sync. 400 V (dc + peak ac) or 800 V ac - at 10 kH z or less . 1 ±2%. 20 pF ±2 .5 pF . 10 Hz or less at lower -3 d B point . Can be set to any point of the trace that can be displayed. At least ± 1 .6 V, 3.2 V -. At least ± 16 V, 32 V -. Increases Sweep holdoff time by at least factor of 10 . See Figure 1-1 for derating curve. TV FIELD Mode EXTI NPUT Maximum Input Voltage A Input Resista nce In p ut Capacitan ce AC Coupled LEVEL Control Range (NORM) , DC , DC - 10 VAR HO L DO FF Control Ta ble 1-1 (con t) Characteristics Perfo rma n ce R eq uirements HOR IZONTAL DEFLE CTION SYST EM Supplemental Information Sweep Rate 0.5 s per division to 0.05 As per division in 1-2-5 seq uen ce . 10 magnifier extends maximum sweep speed to 5 ns per divisio n. Un magnifie d ±3% ±4% Mag nifie d ±4% ±5% Sweep accuracy applies over the center 8 divisions . Exclude the fi rst 25 ns of the swee p for magnified sweep speeds and anyt hing beyond the 100t h magnified division. Accuracy +15°C to +35°C 0°C to +50°C POSITIO N Control Range Start of swee p to 10th division in 1 or 100t h divisions in X10 will position past the center vertical graticule line . ±7%. Swee p Linearity Linearity measured over any 2 of the center 8 divisions. W ith magnifier in 10, exclude the first 25 ns and anyt hing past the 100t h division. Variable Control Range Co n tinuo u sly variable between cali br ated settings . Extend s the sweep sp eed by at least factor of 2.5 . Delay Time Delay P ositions MULTI PL IER 0 .4 ms . Minimum less than 1 .0 As, 20 As, and Increases delay time by at least factor of 50 . One part or less in 10,000 (0 .01 %) of the maximum available delay time . - OPERATIO N (1 MAG NIFICATIO N) Jitter Deflection Facto rs Same as Vertical Deflection System (with VOLTS/DIV Variable controls in CA L detent) . Accuracy -Axis -Axis ±4%. Same as Vertical Deflection System . Measured with dc-coupled , 5-division reference signal . Bandwi dth (-3 dB) -Axis -Axis Ph ase Difference Between - and -Axis Amplifiers Dc to at least 2 MH z. Same as Vertical Deflection System . ±3° from do to 100 kH z. Measu red with 5-division refere nce signal . W it h dc-coupled inputs . Characte ristics P erfo rma n ce R equ i rements PROBE AD JUST Table 1-1 (cont) Supplemental Info rmation Out put Voltage of PROBE ADJU ST Jack 0.5 V ±5%. 1 kH z ±20% . Z-AXIS INPU T 5 V causes noticea ble modulation . Positive-going in put decreases intensity. Useable freque ncy ra nge is do to 10 MH z. Repetition Rate Sensitivity Maximum Safe Input Input Resistance Voltage 30 V (d c + peak ac) or 30 V C - ac at 1 kH z or less . 10 k ± 10%. POWER SO UR CE 90 V to 250 V . 48 Hz to 440 Hz. 40 W (70 VA) . 1 .0 , 250 V, slow-blow. CATHOD E-RAY TUBE 80 by 100 mm . 31 . Line Voltage Ranges Line Fre quency Maximum Power Consumption Line Fu se Display Area Standard Phosph or Nominal Accelerating Voltage 14 kV . Table 1-2 En vironmental Characteristics Characteristics Desc ription NOTE The instrument meets the requirements of MIL-T-288000, paragraphs 4.5 .5.1 .3, 4.5.5.1 .4, and 4.5.5.1 .2.2 for Type //, Class 5 equipment, except w here otherwise noted. Temperature Operating 0°C to +50°C (+32° F to +122° F). -55°C to +75°C (-67° F to +167°F). Tested to L--288000 paragraph s 4.5 .5 .1 .3 and 4.5 .5 .1 .4, exce pt in 4.5 .5 .1 .3 steps 4 and 5 (0°C operati ng test) are performed ahead of step 2 (-55°C nonoperating test). Equ ipment s hall remain off upon return to room am bient during step 6. Excessive condensation s hall be removed before operating duri ng step 7. Nonoperating Altitude Operating To 4,500 m (15,000 ft). Maximum operating temperatu re decrease d 1 °C per 1,000 ft above 5,000 ft . To 15,000 m (50,000 ft). 5 cycles (120 hours) refe renced to MI L--288000 paragraph 4.5 .5 .1 .2 .2 for Ty pe III, Class 5 instruments. Operati ng a n d non-operating at 95% +0% to -5% relative humidity. Operating at +50°C and +30°C. Non-operating at +30°C to +60°C. 15 mi nutes along each of 3 major axes at total d isplacementof 0.015 inch - (2 .4 g's at 55 Hz) with freq ue ncy varied from 10 Hz to 55 Hz to 10 Hz in 1-mi nute swee ps. Hold for 10 mi nutes at 55 Hz in eac h of the 3 major axes . All major resonances must be above 55 Hz . 30 g's, half-si ne, 11-ms duratio n , 3 shocks per axis each di rection, for total of 18 shocks. Nonoperating Humidity (Operating and Nonoperating) Vibration (Operating) Shoc k (Operati ng a nd Nonoperating) EMI Meets ra d iated and conducted emission requ irements per V DE 0871 Class . Table 1-3 Physical Characteristics Characteristics Weight With Power Cord With Cover, Probes, and Pouch Without Cover, Probes, and Pouch Domestic Shipping Weight Height With Feet and Handles Width With Handle Without Handle Depth With Front Cover Without Front Cover With Handle Extended 445 mm (17 .5 in). 440 mm (17.3 in). 511 mm (20.1 in). 360 mm (14.2 in). 327 mm (12.9 in). 137 mm (5 .4 in). 6.0 kg (13.1 Ib). 5.0 kg (10.9 Ib). 7 .0 kg (15.4 Ib). Description If th e in st rume nt is to be shipped to Te ktronix Service Center for service or repai r, attac h tag s howing; owner (with address) and t he name of an indivi dual at your firm t h at can be co ntacted . Include com plete instru ment serial number and desc ription of the service required . Save and reuse t he pac k age in whic h your instrument was sh ipped . If t he original packagi ng is unfit for use or not availa ble, repackage th e instrument as follows : Surround the in strume nt with polyet hylene sheeting to protect its fi nis h. Obtain carton of corrugated card board having carton test strength of 275 pounds and having inside dimensions of no less th an six in ch es more than the instrument dimensions. Cu sh ion th e i nstrument by tightly packing three inch es of du nnage or uret hane foam between carton and instru ment, on all sides. Seal carton with sh ipping tape or in dust rial staple r. SAFETY Refer to the "O perators Safety Summary" at the front of this manual for powe r source, grounding, and ot her safety considerations pertai ning to the use of the 2213 . Before connecting the instrument to power so urce, carefully read the following about li ne voltages, powe r cords, and fuses . LINE VOLTAGE The inst rument is capa ble of continuous operation using input voltages that range from 90 V to 250 V nominal at fre qu encies from 48 Hz to 440 Hz. POWER CORD detac hable three-wire power co rd with three-con tact plug is provided with each instrument to pe rmit connection to both t he power source and protective ground. The plug protective-ground contact connects (through t he protectivegrou nd co nductodto the accessible metal parts of the instrument. For electrical-shock protection, insert this plug only into power outlet that has securely grou nded protectivegrou nd contact . This inst ru men t is shipped with the required powe r cord as or dered by the customer . Available powe r-cord information is ill ust rated in Figure 2-1, an d part numbers are listed in Section 5 of this ma nual . Contact your Tektronix representative or local Tektro nix Field Office fo r additional powe rcord informatio n. 2. Press in and slig htly rotate the fuse-hol der cap counterclockwise to release it . LINE FUSE The instrument fuse holier is k)cated on the rear panel (see Figure 2-2) and contains the line fu se . The following procedure ca n be used to verify that the proper fuse is installed or to install replacement fuse . 3. Pull t h e cap (with the attached fuse inside) out of the fuse hol der. 4. Verify proper fuse value (1 .0 , 250 V, slow blow) . 1 . Unplug the power cord f rom the power-input source (if app licable) . 5. Reinstall the fuse (o r re placement fuse) and the fuseh older ca p. Always maintain adequate instrument cooling. The ventilation holes on both sides of the instrument cabinet and on the rear panel must remain free of obstruction . The following descri ption s ar e intended to familiarize t h e operator wit h t h e location , operation , a n d fu n ctio n of t h e instrument's controls, connectors, an d indicators . DISPLAY, POWER, AND PROBE AD JU ST Refer to Fig ure 2-3 for locatio n of items 1 t h rough 8. Internal Gratic ule- Elimi n ates parallax viewing error between t he t race and g raticule lines . R ise-time am plitud e an d meas ureme nt points are ind icated at th e left edge of th e g raticule . POWER Switch-Turn s strument power on and off. Press in for ON ; press again for OFF . Power Indicator-An LE D that illuminates when the inst ru ment is operating. PR OBE AD JU ST Co nn ecto r-Provides an approximately 0.5 V, negative-going, sq uare-wave voltage (at approximately 1 kH z) that permits an operator to compensate voltage probes and to c hec k operation of th e oscilloscope vertical system . It is not intended for verifying the acc u racy of th e vertical gain or time-base circuitry. BEAM FIND Switch-Wh en held in, compresses the display to within the graticule area and provides visible viewing intensity to ai d in locating off-screen displays . TRAC E ROTATIO N Contr ol-Screwdriver adjustment used to align the crt trace with th e horizontal graticule li n es . Co ntrol-Determines the brig htness of the sweep trace. in FOC US Co ntrol-Adjusts definitio n. for optimum display INTENSITY R efer to Figure 2-4 for location of items 9 through 16 . j2 Input Coupling (AC-GND-DC) Switches-Three-position switches that select the method of coup ling the input signals to the instrument deflection system . AC-Input signal is capacitively coupled to the vertical amplifier. The do component of the input signal is blocked . Low-fre q uency limit (-3 dB point) is approximately 10 Hz . CH 1 V OLTS/DIV and CH 2 VOLTS/DIV SwitchesUsed to select the vertical deflection factor in 1-2-5 sequence . To obtain calibrated d eflection factor, the V OLTS/DIV variable control must be in the calibrated (CAL) detent (fully clockwise) . 1X-Indicates the deflection factor selected when using either 1 probe or coaxial cable. 10 PROBE-Indicates the deflection factor selected when using 10 probe. VOLTS/DIV Variable Controls-When rotated counterclockwise out of their calibrated detent positions, these controls provide continuously variable, uncalibrated deflection factors between the calibrated settings of the VOLTS/DIV switches . POSITION Controls-Use d to vertically position the display on the crt. When the SEC/DIV switch is set to -, the Channel 2 POSITION control moves the display vertically (Y-axis), and the Horizontal POSITION control moves the display horizontally (X-axis) . GND-The input of the vertical amplifier is grounded to provide zero (ground) reference-voltage display (d oes not ground the input signal). This switch position allows precharging the input coupling ca p acitor . DC-All frequency components of the input signal are coup led to the vertical deflection systems. 3 CH 1 OR a nd CH 2 OR Input ConnectorsProvide for application of external signals to the vertical d eflection system or for an - display. In the - mode (SEC/DIV switch set to -), the signal connected to the CH 1 OR input connector provides horizontal deflection (X-axis) and the signal connecte d to the CH 2 OR input connector provides vertical deflection (y-axis) . VERTICAL MODE Switches-Two three-position switches and two button switches are used to select the mo d e of operation for the vertical amplifier system . CH 1-Selects only the Channel 1 in put signal for display. BOTH-Selects both Channel 1 and Channel 2 input signals for display. The CH 1-BOTH-CH 2 switch must be in the BOTH position for either ADD, ALT, or CHOP operation . CH 2-Selects only the Channel 2 input signal for display. ADD-Displays the algebraic sum of the Channel 1 and C hannel 2 inp ut signals. ALT-Alternately displays Channel 1 an d Channel 2 input signals . The alternation occurs during retrace at the en d of each sweep . This mode is useful for viewing both input signals at sweep speeds from 0.05 )us per division to 0.2 ms per division . CHOP-The display switches between the Channel 1 and Channel 2 input signals during the sweep. The switching rate is approximately 500 kHz. This mode is useful for viewing both Channel 1 and Channel 2 input signals at sweep j4 speeds from 0.5 ms per division to 0.5 s pe r division. BW LIMIT-Wh en pr essed in, this button switch limits the bandwidth of the vertical am plifier and the Trigger system to approximately 10 MHz. Bu tton must be pressed seco nd time to release it and regain full 60 MH z bandwidth operation. Provides meth od fo r reducing interference from hig h-freque ncy signals when viewing low-frequency signals. CH 2 INVERT Switch-I nverts the Channel 2 display when button is presse d in. Button must be pr essed in second time to release it and regain noni nverted display. GND Co nn ecto r-Provides direct connection to the instrument chassis ground. SER IAL and Mod Slots-The SER IA L slot is imp rinted with the instrume nt's se rial number . The M od slot contains the option nu mber that is installed in the inst rument. INTEN S- Horizontal deflection is provided by the sweep generator at swee p speed determined by the S EC/DI V switch . The sweep generator also provides an intensified zone on the disp lay. The start of the intensified zone represents the sweepstart point when DLY'D H ORIZONTA L M OD E is selected . DLY'D- Horizontal deflection is provided by the sweep generator at sweep speed determined by the SEC/DI V switch setting. The start of the swee p is delayed from th e initial swee p-trigger point by time determined by the setting of the DEL AY TIME Range Selector switch and MULTI PL IER control. 22 DEL AY TIME-Two controls are used in con junction with and D LY'D HOR IZONTAL MOD E to select the amount of delay time between th e start of the swee p and the beginning of the intensifie d zone . D 16 j5 INTENS Range Selector Switch--This three-positio n switch selects 0.4 ms, 20 s, and 1 .0 s of delay time . To increase the sweep delay from the calibrated setting of the Range Selector Switch, rotate the MULTI PL IER control clockwise . MULTI PL IER Control-Provi des variable sweep delay from less than 1 to greate r than 50 times the setting of the Range Selector switch. HORIZONTAL Refe r to Fig ure 2-5 for location of items 17 through 22 . 11 SEC/DI V Switches- Use d to select the sweep speeds for t he sweep generator in 1-2-5 sequence. To obtain calibrated sweep speeds, the SEC/DI V Variable control must be in the cali brated detent (fully cloc kwise). SEC/DI V Variable 6o ntrol-Provides contin uously variable, uncali brated sweep spee ds to at least 2 .5 times slower than the calibrated setting . It extends the slowest sweep spee d to at least 1 .25 s per division . 10 Mag nifier Switch-To increase displayed swee p spee d by factor of 10, pull out the SEC/DI V Varia ble kn ob. The fastest sweep speed can be exte nd ed to 5 ns per division. Push in the S E C/DI V Variable knob to regain the 1 sweep speed. POSITION Control- Positions the display horizontally in all modes. HORIZONTAL MODE Switch-T hree-positio n switch determines the mode of operation for th e horizontal deflection system . DLY- Horizontal deflection is sweep speed determi ned setting . $ j9 10 Zj sweep generator, without delayed start, at provided by the by the SEC/DI V switc h R efer to 2-6 for location of items 23 t hro ugh 31 . 2) SO UR CE Switch-Determi nes the source of the trigger sign al t h at is coupled to the inp ut of the trigger circuit. -Permits trigge r ing on signals that are applied to the CH 1 OR and CH 2 OR inp ut connectors . The source of the internal signal is selected by the switch. 23 TRIGGER Mod e Switches-Th ree section switch that determin es t h e trigger mode for the sweep. NORM -Sweep is in itiated when an adequate trigger signal is app lied . In th e abse nce of trigger signal, no baseline trace will be present . - AUTO-T V LINE -Pe rmits triggering on waveforms and television lines h aving re petition rates of at least 20 Hz. Sweep free-runs in the abse nce of an adeq uate trigger signal or when the repetition rate is below 20 Hz . The range of the TR IGG ER LEVEL control is rest ricted to th e peak-to- pea k range of t h e trigger signal . TV FIEL D- Press in bot h - A UTO and NORM buttons . Permits triggering on television fiel d signals. TRIGGER LEVEL control s hould be rotated fully counterclockwise when triggering on TV signals with negative going sync and cloc kwise for positive going sync . SGL SWP RE SET- Press in th e sp ring-ret urn button momentarily to arm the trigger circuit for single-sweep display. In this mode, the trigger system operates the same as NORM, except only one sweep is displayed for each trigger sign al . Anot her sweep cannot be displayed until the SG L SWP RE SET button is momentarily pressed in agai n to reset the trigger circuit. This mode is useful for displaying and photographing either nonrepetitive signals or signals that cause u nstable conventional displays (e .g ., signals that vary in amplit ude, shape, or time). 2$ LINE-The power-so urce waveform is the source of the trigger signal . Th is trigger source is useful when vertical input signals a r e time related (multiple or sub multip le) to the frequency of the powerin pu t source voltage. -Permits triggering on signals app lied to the INPUT connector . Switch-Selects the so urce of the internal triggering signal when the SO UR C E switch is set to INT. CH 1-The signal applied to the CH 1 O R in p ut connector is the so urce of the trigger sign al . VERT MOD E-The inte rn al trigger source is determi ned by the signals selected for dis play by the VERTICA L M OD E switches . See Table 2-1 for VERT MOD E trigger source . ,. 24 and the Swee p has been triggered (T RIG'D). In single swee p display, the LED illuminates to indicate that t h e Trigger circuit is armed (RE ADY) . T RIG'D-RE ADY Indicator-LE D illuminates when either - AUTO or NORM Trigger Mode is selected 5 TR IGGER LEVEL Control-Selects the amplitude point on the trigge r signal at wh ic h t he swee p is triggered . SLOPE Switch-Selects the slope of the signal that triggers the swee p. OUT- Wh en butto n is released out, sweep is triggered from the positive-going slope of the trigger signal . IN-When button is pressed in, swee p is triggered from th e negative-going slope of th e trigger signal . speeds from 0.5 ms per division to 0.5 s pe r division. BW LIMIT-Wh en pr essed in, this button switch limits the bandwidth of the vertical am plifier and the Trigger system to approximately 10 MHz. Bu tton must be pressed seco nd time to release it and regain full 60 MH z bandwidth operation. Provides meth od fo r reducing interference from hig h-freque ncy signals when viewing low-frequency signals. CH 2 INVERT Switch-I nverts the Channel 2 display when button is presse d in. Button must be pr essed in second time to release it and regain noni nverted display. GND Co nn ecto r-Provides direct connection to the instrument chassis ground. SER IAL and Mod Slots-The SER IA L slot is imp rinted with the instrume nt's se rial number . The M od slot contains the option nu mber that is installed in the inst rument. INTEN S- Horizontal deflection is provided by the sweep generator at swee p speed determined by the S EC/DI V switch . The sweep generator also provides an intensified zone on the disp lay. The start of the intensified zone represents the sweepstart point when DLY'D H ORIZONTA L M OD E is selected . DLY'D- Horizontal deflection is provided by the sweep generator at sweep speed determined by the SEC/DI V switch setting. The start of the swee p is delayed from th e initial swee p-trigger point by time determined by the setting of the DEL AY TIME Range Selector switch and MULTI PL IER control. 22 DEL AY TIME-Two controls are used in con junction with and D LY'D HOR IZONTAL MOD E to select the amount of delay time between th e start of the swee p and the beginning of the intensifie d zone . D 16 j5 INTENS Range Selector Switch--This three-positio n switch selects 0.4 ms, 20 s, and 1 .0 s of delay time . To increase the sweep delay from the calibrated setting of the Range Selector Switch, rotate the MULTI PL IER control clockwise . MULTI PL IER Control-Provi des variable sweep delay from less than 1 to greate r than 50 times the setting of the Range Selector switch. HORIZONTAL Refe r to Fig ure 2-5 for location of items 17 through 22 . 11 SEC/DI V Switches- Use d to select the sweep speeds for t he sweep generator in 1-2-5 sequence. To obtain calibrated sweep speeds, the SEC/DI V Variable control must be in the cali brated detent (fully cloc kwise). SEC/DI V Variable 6o ntrol-Provides contin uously variable, uncali brated sweep spee ds to at least 2 .5 times slower than the calibrated setting . It extends the slowest sweep spee d to at least 1 .25 s per division . 10 Mag nifier Switch-To increase displayed swee p spee d by factor of 10, pull out the SEC/DI V Varia ble kn ob. The fastest sweep speed can be exte nd ed to 5 ns per division. Push in the S E C/DI V Variable knob to regain the 1 sweep speed. POSITION Control- Positions the display horizontally in all modes. HORIZONTAL MODE Switch-T hree-positio n switch determines the mode of operation for th e horizontal deflection system . DLY- Horizontal deflection is sweep speed determi ned setting . $ j9 10 Zj sweep generator, without delayed start, at provided by the by the SEC/DI V switc h GRATICULE The graticule is inte rn ally marked on the face p late of th e crt to enable accu rate measurements with out parallax error (see Fig ure 3-1) . It is marked with eight vertical and ten horizo ntal major divisions. Each major division is divided into five subd ivisions . The vertical deflection factors and h orizontal timing are calibrated to the gr aticule so that accurate measurements can be made directly from th e c rt. Also, perce ntage mark e rs for the meas ur eme nt of rise and fall times are located on the left side of t h e g r aticule. probe. The probe's ground lead provides the best grounding method for signal interconnection and ensures the maximum amount of signal-lead shielding in the probe ca ble . sepa rate ground lead can also be connected from the unit under test to the oscillosco p e GND co nnector located on the front panel . SIGNAL CONNECTIONS Ge nerally, probes offer the most convenient mea ns of connecting an in put signal to the instrume nt. They are shielded to prevent pickup of electromagnetic interference, and the su pplied 10 probe offers hig h input impedance that minimizes circ uit loading. This allows the circuit under test to operate with minimum of change from its n ormal co nd ition as measurements are bei ng made. Coaxial cables may also be used to connect signals to the in put co nnectors, but they may have considerable effect on th e accuracy of displayed waveform . To maintain the original fre quency c haracteristics of an applied signal, only hig h-q uality, low-loss coaxial cables should be used. Coaxial cables should be terminated at both ends in their c h aracteristic im ped ance . If this is not possi ble, use suitable impedance-matc hing devices. I NPUT COUPLING CAPACITOR PRECHARGING G ROUN DING The most relia ble signal measu reme n ts are made when the 2213 and th e unit unde r test are connected by common refe re nce (ground lead), in addition to the signal lead or When the In put Coup ling switch is set to GND, the input signal is connected to ground through the in p ut coupling ca pacitor in series with 1 resistor to fo rm prechargi ng networ k. Th is n etwo rk allows the in p ut coupling capacitor to charge to t h e average dc-voltage level of the signal applied to t h e probe . Th us any large voltage transients that may accidentally be generated will not be applied to the am p lifier input when the Input Coupling switch is moved from GND to AC . The precharging network also provides measure of protectio n to the exte rnal ci rcuitry by redu cing the cu rrent levels that ca n be drawn from the external circuitry during ca p acitor charging . The following procedure should be used whenever the probe ti p is connected to signal source having different do level than that previously app lied, es p ecially if th e dc- Operators Familiarization-2213A Operators level difference is more than 10 times the VOLTS/DIV switch setting: 1 . Set the Input Coupling switch to GND. 2 . Insert the probe tip into the oscilloscope GND connector and wait several seconds for the input coupling capacitor to discharge . 4. Set the Input Coupling switch to AC . The display will remain on the screen, and the ac component of the signal can be measured in the normal manner . 3. Connect the probe tip to the signal source and wait several seconds for the input coupling capacitor to charge . OPERATOR'S ADJU ST MENTS INTRODUCTION To verify the operatio n and accuracy of yo ur instrument before ma king meas ureme nts, perform the followi ng adj ustment procedu res. If adjustments are required beyond the scope of the operators's ad justments, refer th e instrument to qualifie d service technician. TRIGGER VAR HOLDO FF Mode S LO PE LEVEL SO UR CE CO UPLING NORM - AUTO OUT Midrange VERT MOD E AC Before proceedi ng with these instructions, refer to " Preparation for Use" (Section 2) . Verify that t he POWER switch is OFF (button out), t h e n the power-source outlet . plug t he power co rd into 2. Press in the POWER switc h button (ON) and allow the instrument to warm up (20 minutes is recommended for maximum accuracy). 3 . Ad just the INTEN SITY control for desired display If indications specified in these procedures ca nn ot be obtained, refe r th e instrument to qualified service technician . brightness . 4 . Ad just the Vertical and Horizontal POSITIO N co ntrols as needed to center the trace on the screen . BASELINE TRACE First obtain baseline trace, proced ure . using the following TRACE ROTATION Normally, the resulting trace will be pa rallel to the center horizontal graticule line, and the Trace Rotation ad ju stment s hould not be req uired . If ad ju stment is needed, perform t h e following procedure : 1 . Preset instrument controls and obtain baseline trace. 2. Use the Channel 1 POSITIO N control to move the baseline trace to the center horizontal graticule line . 3. If the resulting trace is not parallel to the center horizontal graticule line, use small flat-bit screwdriver to adjust the TR AC E ROTATIO N control and alig n the trace with t h e ce nter ho rizontal graticule line . 1 . Preset the inst ru ment front- panel controls as follows: Display INTENSITY FOC U S Fu lly countercloc kwise Midrange V ertical (Bot h Chann els) Midrange POSITIO N CH 1 VERTICA L MOD E Off (butto n out) BW LI MIT mV V OLTS/DIV 50 VOLTS/DIV Varia ble CA L detent Off (button out) CH 2 I NVER T AC Input Coupling Horizontal POSITIO N H O RIZONTA L MOD E SEC/DI V 0 SEC/DI V Varia ble 10 Mag nifier Range Selector MULTI PLIER Midrange ID LY .5 ms CA L detent Off (knob in) 0.4 ms < 1 PR OBE CO MPEN SATION M isadj ustment of probe compensation is commo n source of measurement error. Most attenuator probes are equ ipped with comp ensation ad j ustment. To ensure optimum measurement accuracy, always compensate the oscilloscope pro bes before ma king measurements . Pro be compensation is accomp lished as follows : Operato r s Familiarization-2213A Operators 1 . Preset instrument cont rols and obtai n baseline trace. 2. Connect the two 10 p robes (supp lied with strument) to the CH 1 and CH 2 in pu t connectors . th e in- 3. Set bot h VOLTS/DIV switches to 10 mV and set bot h Coupling switch es to DC . Input 4. Select CH 1 VERTICA L MOD E and insert the tip of the C hannel 1 probe into the PROBE AD JU ST output jack . 5 . Using the approximately 1 kH z PR OBE AD JU ST sq uare-wave sign al as the input, obtain 5-division disp lay of t he signal . 6. Set th e S EC/DI V switch to display seve ral cycles of the PR OBE ADJU ST signal . Use the Channel 1 POSITIO N co ntrol to ve rtically center the display. 7. Chec k the wavefo rm presentation for overshoot and 8. Select CH 2 VERTICA L MOD E and connect the Channel 2 probe tip to t he PR OBE ADJU ST o utpu t jack . 9. Use the Channel 2 POSITIO N to vertically center the display a nd repeat step 7 for the Channel 2 probe. 10 . Disconnect the pro bes from the instru ment. rolloff (see Fig ure 3-2) . If necessary, ad just the probe compensation for flat tops on the waveforms . Refer to the in structions supp lied with the probe for details of compensation adjustment . INTRODUCTION After becoming familiar with the capabilities of the 2213 Oscilloscope an operator can then easily develop convenient methods for making particular measurements . The information in this section is designed to enhance operator understanding and to assist in developing efficient techni ques for making specific measurements . Recommended methods for making basic measurements with your instrument are described in the procedures contained in this section. When procedure first calls for presetting instrument controls and obtaining baseline trace, refer to the "Operator's Adjustments" part in Section 3 and perform steps 1 through 4 under "Baseline Trace" . AC Peak-to-Peak Voltage VOLTAG E MEAS UREMEN TS To make peak-to-peak voltage measurement, use the following procedure: This procedure may also be used to make voltage measurements between any two points on the waveform . 1 . Preset instrument controls and obtain baseline trace. 2. Apply the ac signal to either vertical-channel in p ut connector and set the VERTICAL MODE switch to display the channel used . INDEX TO BASIC APPLICATION PROCEDURES V OLTAGE MEASUREMENTS 3. Set the appropriate V OLTS/DIV switch to display about five divisions of the waveform, ensuring that the V OLTS/DIV Variable control is in the CAL detent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-3 4-4 4-4 4-4 4-5 4-5 4-6 4-7 4-8 4-8 4-8 4-9 4. Adjust the TRIGGER LEVEL control to obtain stable display. 5. Set the SEC/DIV switch to position that displays several cycles of the waveform . 6. Vertically position the display so that the negative peak of the waveform coincides with one of the h orizontal graticule lines (see Figure 4-1, Point ). 7 . Horizontally position the display so that one of the AC Peak-to-Peak Voltage Instantaneous Voltage . . Algebraic Addition . . . . . . Common-Mode Rejection Amplitude Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TIME MEASUREMENTS . . . . . . . Time Duration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rise Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Time Difference Between Pulses Related Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phase Difference . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... On ... ... ..... ..... .... . ..... Time .... . ..... ...... ...... TELEVISION DISPLAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . TV Line Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TV Field Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ..... .......... positive peaks coincides with the center vertical graticule line (see Figure 4-1, Point ). 8. Measure the vertical deflection from peak-to-peak (see Figure 4-1, Point to Point ). DELAYED-SWEEP MAGNIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . NOTE If the amplitude measurement is critical or if the trace is thick (as result of hum or noise on th e signal), more accurate value can be obtained by meas uring from the top of peak to th e top of valley. This will eliminate trace thickness from the measurement. 9. Calculate the peak-to-peak voltage, using the following formula: vertical deflection (divisions) V OLTS/DIV switch setting indicated by 1 (or 10 PROBE when 10 probe is used) 2. Apply the signal to either vertical-channel input connector and set the VERTICAL MODE switch to display the channel used . 3. Verify that the V OLTS/DIV Variable control is in the CAL detent an d set the Input Coupling switch to GND. Volts (-) = horizontal graticule line . This establishes the ground reference location . 4. Vertically position the baseline trace to the center EXAMPLE: The measured peak-to-peak vertical deflection is 4.6 divisions (see Figure 4-1) using 10 attenuator probe with the V OLTS/DIV switch set to 5 V (at 10 PROBE setting) . Substituting the given values : Volts (-) = 4.6 div 5 V/div = 23 V . NOTE If measurements are to be made relative to voltage level other than grou nd, set the Input Coupling switch to DC instead, and apply the reference voltage to the Input connector. Then position the trace to the reference (horizontal graticule) line . Instantaneous Voltage To measure instantaneous level at given point on waveform, referred to ground, use the following procedure : 1 . Preset instrument controls an d obtain baseline trace. 5 . Set the COUPLING switch to DC . Points on the waveform above the ground reference location are positive . Those points below are negative . NOTE If using Channel 2, ensure that the Chann el 2 INVER T switch is in its noninverting mo de (button out) . 6 . If necessary, re p eat Step 4 using different reference line which allows the waveform in Step 5 to be displayed on screen . 7 . Adjust the TRIGGER LEVEL control to obtain stable display . _ 8. Set the SEC/DIV switch to position that displays several cycles of the signal . 9. Measure the d ivisions of vertical deflection between the ground reference line and the point on the waveform at which the level is to be determined (see Figure 4-2) . 10 . Calculate th e instantaneous voltage, usi ng the following formula: V OLTS/DIV Instantavertical switch setting neo us = deflectio n polarity in dicated by 1 Voltage (divisio ns) (or 10 when 10 (+ or -) probe is used) EXA MPLE : The measured vertical deflection from the refe rence line is 4.6 divisio ns (see Figure 4-2), the wavefo rm point is above the reference li ne, 10 attenuator pro be is being used, and the V OLTS/DIV switch is set to 2 V (at 10 probe setting) . Su bstituting t he give n values : Instantaneous Voltage = 4.6 div (+1) 2 V/div = 9.2 V . Algebraic Add itio n W it h the VERTICA L MODE switches set to BOTH and ADD, the waveform dis playe d is the algebraic sum of the signals applied to the Ch annel 1 and C h a nn el 2 in p uts (C H 1 + CH 2) . If the Chan nel 2 INVERT button is pressed in, the waveform dis played is the difference between t he signals app lied to the Chann el 1 and Channel 2 inputs (CH 1 - CH 2) . Wh en both VOLTS/DIV switches are set to th e same deflection factor, the deflection factor i n the ADD mode is eq ual to th e deflection factor ind icated by either VO LTS/DIV switc h. d. To attain similar response from each ch annel, set both the Channel 1 an d Ch annel 2 Inp ut Coupling switches to th e same position. Common-Mode Rejection The following procedure shows how to eliminate unwanted ac input-power frequency components . Similar methods coul d be used either to eliminate other unwanted freq uency components or to provide do offset . 1 . Preset instrument controls and obtain baseline trace. 2 . Apply the signal contai ning the unwanted line-frequ ency components to the CH 1 in pu t connector. 3. Apply line-frequency signal to the CH 2 in put co nnector . To maximize cancellatio n, the signal ap plied to Chan nel 2 must be in ph ase with the unwanted line-frequ ency component on the Channel 1 input . 4. Select BOTH and ALT VERTICA L MOD E an d set Th e following ge neral p recautions should be observed when using the ADD mode. . Do not exceed oscilloscope . the input voltage rating of the b. Do not apply signals that exceed th e equivalent of about eight times the V OLTS/DI V switc h settings, since large voltages may distort the display. For exam ple, with V OLTS/DIV switch setting of 0.5 V, th e voltage app lied to that channel should not exceed approximately 4 volts. c. Use Channel 1 and Channel 2 P OSITIO N control settings whic h most nearly position the signal on each ch annel to mi d screen, when viewed in eithe r CH 1 or CH 2 VERTICA L MOD E . This ensures th e greatest dynamic range for ADD mode operation. bot h VOLTS/DIV switches to produce displays of approximately 4- or 5-d ivisio ns in am plitude . app roximately th e same am p litude as the undesired portion of th e Channel 1 display (see Figure 4-3). 5. Ad ju st the CH 2 V OLTS/DIV switc h and C H 2 V OLTS/DIV Variable control so that the Cha n nel 2 display is 3 . Set the am plitude of the refe rence signal to five vertical divisions by ad justi ng the V OLTS/DI V switch an d VOLTS/DI V Variable control. 4. Disconnect the reference signal an d apply t h e unknown signal to be measured to the same chan nel input . Adjust the ve rtical position of the waveform so that its bottom edge just touc hes the 0°/ line on the crt. 5. Horizontally position the waveform so that its top most features cross the center vertical graticule li ne (see Figu re 4-4). 6. R ead the percent ratio directly from the gradu ations of the center li n e, referring to the 0% and 100% percentage marks on the left edge of the graticule (1 minor division equals 4% for 5- d ivision display) . 6. Select ADD VERTICA L M OD E and press in the INVERT button, and slig h tly readju st the CH 2 V OLTS/DIV Variable control for maxim u m cancellation of the und esired signal component (see Figure 4-3). Am plitude Comparison (Ratio) In some app lications it may be necessary to esta blish set of deflection factors ot her than those indicated by t he V O LTS/DIV switch settings . This is useful for comparing un known signals to reference signal of known am p litude . To accomplish this, reference signal of kn own amplitude is first set to an exact number of vertical divisions by adj usti ng the V OLTS/DIV switch and Variable co ntrol . Un known sign als can then be quickly and accurately compared with t he reference signal without distur bing the setting of the V O LTS/DIV Variable control . This procedure is as follows: 1 . Preset instrume nt controls and obtain baseline trace. 2. Apply the reference signal to either vertical c hannel input and set the VERTICA L MOD E switch to display the channel used . / TIME MEASUREMENTS Time Du ration To measure time between two points on waveform, use the following procedure. 1 . Preset instrument controls an d obtai n baseline trace. 2 . Apply the signal to either ve rtical-chan nel input connector and set the VERTICA L MOD E switch to display the channel used . 3. Adjust the TRIGGER LEVEL control to obtain stable disp lay . 4. Set the S EC/DI V switch to display one complete period of the waveform . Ensure t h at t he SEC/DI V Variable control is in the CA L detent . 5. Position the display to place the time-measurement poi nts on the center ho rizontal graticule line (see Figure 4-5) . 6. Measure the Horizontal distance between the timemeas urement poi nts . 7. Calculate time duration u sing the following fo rmula : Fr eque ncy T he freque ncy of recu rrent signal ca n be determined from its time-d uration measureme nt as follows : 1 . Measure the time duration of one waveform cycle using the preceding "Time Duration" measurement procedure. 2 . Calculate the reci procal of the time-duratio n value to determine the fre que n cy of the waveform . of 16 .6 ms . EXAMPLE: The signal in F igure 4-5 has time du ration Calculating the reci procal of time du ration : Time Duration horizontal dista nce (division) S EC/DI V switch setting Frequency = 1 = 60 Hz 1 = time duration 16 .6 ms magnification factor Rise Time Rise-time measurements use the same met h ods as time duration, exce pt that the measurements are made between the 10% and 90% poi nts of the low to hig h transition of the selected waveform (see Figure 4-6) Fall time is measured between the 90% and 10% points of t he hig h to low transition of the waveform . 1. trace . EXA MPLE : The dista nce between t he time meas urement points is 8.3 divisions (see Figure 4-5), and the SEC/DI V switch is set to 2 ms per d ivision. The 10 Magnifier is off (kn ob in). Preset instrument controls and obtain baseline Substituting the given values : Time Duration = 8.3 div 2 ms/div = 16 .6 ms